Fart (word): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|English profanity}} |
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[[File:The Papal Belvedere.jpg|thumb|240px|German peasants greet the fire and brimstone from a papal bull of [[Pope Paul III]] in [[Martin Luther]]'s 1545 ''Depictions of the Papacy'']] |
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'''Fart''' is a word in the [[English language]] most commonly used in reference to [[flatulence]] |
'''Fart''' is a word in the [[English language]] most commonly used in reference to [[flatulence]] that can be used as a [[noun]] or a [[verb]].<ref name = "vxstmm">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fart |title=Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2010-11-12}}</ref> The immediate roots are in the Middle English words ''ferten'', ''feortan'' and ''farten'', kin of the Old High German word ''ferzan''. Cognates are found in [[Old Norse]], Slavic and also Greek and Sanskrit. The word ''fart'' has been incorporated into the [[colloquialism|colloquial]] and [[jargon|technical speech]] of a number of occupations, including computing. It is often considered unsuitable in formal situations as it may be considered vulgar or offensive. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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The English word ''fart'' is one of the oldest words in the English lexicon. Its [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] origins are confirmed by the many [[cognate]] words in some other [[Indo-European languages]]: It is cognate with [[Greek language|Greek]] verb πέρδομαι (perdomai),<ref>[ |
The English word ''fart'' is one of the oldest words in the English lexicon. Its [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] origins are confirmed by the many [[cognate]] words in some other [[Indo-European languages]]: It is cognate with [[Greek language|Greek]] verb πέρδομαι (perdomai),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*p%3Aentry+group%3D93%3Aentry%3Dpe%2Frdomai H.G.Liddell, R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon.]</ref> as well as the [[Latin obscenity#Pēdere|Latin]] ''pēdĕre'', [[Sanskrit]] ''pardate'', [[Askunu language|Ashkun]] ''pidiṅ'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Strand |first=Richard |title=Saňu-vi:ri Lexicon|url=https://nuristan.info/lngFrameL.html}}</ref> [[Avestan language|Avestan]] {{lang|ae|pərəδaiti}}, [[Italian language|Italian]] {{lang|it|fare un peto}}, [[French language|French]] "péter", [[Russian language|Russian]] пердеть (perdet') and [[Polish language|Polish]] "{{lang|pl|pierd}}" << [[PIE]] *{{lang|pl|perd}} [break wind loudly] or *{{lang|pl|pezd}} [the same, softly], all of which mean the same thing. Like most Indo-European roots in the [[Germanic languages]], it was altered under [[Grimm's law]], so that Indo-European ''/p/'' > ''/f/'', and ''/d/'' > ''/t/'', as the [[German language|German]] cognate ''furzen'' also manifests.<ref>[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]] (4th edition, 2000)</ref><ref>''Dictionnaire Hachette de la Langue Française'', (Hachette, 1995) {{ISBN|0-317-45629-6}}</ref><ref>T. G. Tucker, ''Etymological Dictionary of Latin'', (Halle, 1931, repr. Ares Publishers, 1985) {{ISBN|0-89005-172-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Liberman |first=Anatoly |title=Puzzling heritage: The verb 'fart' |url=http://blog.oup.com/2012/07/word-origin-fart-fist-etymology/ |date=July 25, 2012 |publisher=OUPBlog |access-date=July 25, 2012}}</ref> |
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{{anchor|old fart}} |
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==Vulgarity and offensiveness== |
==Vulgarity and offensiveness== |
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[[File:The Papal Belvedere.jpg|thumb|right|From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the ''Papstspotbilder'' or ''Papstspottbilder'' in German or ''Depictions of the Papacy'' in English,<ref name=Oberman>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61|title=The Impact of the Reformation: Essays|first=Heiko Augustinus|last=Oberman|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=9780802807328 |via=Google Books}}</ref> by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder|Lucas Cranach]], commissioned by [[Martin Luther]].<ref name=Edwards-1>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4 ''Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46'' By Mark U. Edwards, Jr.] Fortress Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8006-3735-4}}</ref> Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet.<ref>In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"</ref> German peasants respond to a papal bull of [[Pope Paul III]]. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."<ref>"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"</ref><ref name=Edwards-2>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198 Mark U. Edwards, Jr., ''Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46'' (2004), p. 199]</ref>]] |
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[[File:Fart.svg|thumb|right|220px|A humorous fart sign.]] |
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In certain circles the word is considered merely a common [[profanity]] with an often [[humor]]ous [[connotation]]. For example, a person may be referred to as a 'fart', or an 'old fart', not necessarily depending on the person's age. This may convey the sense that a person is boring or unduly fussy and be intended as an insult, mainly when used in the second or third person. For example, '"he's a boring old fart!" However the word may be used as a colloquial term of [[endearment]] or in an attempt at humorous self-deprecation (e.g., in such phrases as "I know I'm just an old fart" or "you do like to fart about!"). 'Fart' is often only used as a term of endearment when the subject is personally well known to the user. |
In certain circles the word is considered merely a common [[profanity]] with an often [[humor]]ous [[connotation]]. For example, a person may be referred to as a 'fart', or an 'old fart', not necessarily depending on the person's age. This may convey the sense that a person is boring or unduly fussy and be intended as an insult, mainly when used in the second or third person. For example, '"he's a boring old fart!" However the word may be used as a colloquial term of [[endearment]] or in an attempt at humorous self-deprecation (e.g., in such phrases as "I know I'm just an old fart" or "you do like to fart about!"). 'Fart' is often only used as a term of endearment when the subject is personally well known to the user. |
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In both cases though, it tends to refer to personal habits or traits that the user considers to be a negative feature of the subject, even when it is a self-reference. For example, when concerned that a person is being overly methodical they might say 'I know I'm being an old fart', potentially to forestall negative thoughts and opinions in others. When used in an attempt to be offensive, the word is still considered vulgar, but it remains a mild example of such an insult. This usage dates back to the Medieval period, where the phrase 'not worth a fart' would be applied to an item held to be worthless.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Geoffrey |title=A History of English Words |year=2000 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-18855-X |page=130}}</ref> |
In both cases though, it tends to refer to personal habits or traits that the user considers to be a negative feature of the subject, even when it is a self-reference. For example, when concerned that a person is being overly methodical they might say 'I know I'm being an old fart', potentially to forestall negative thoughts and opinions in others. When used in an attempt to be offensive, the word is still considered vulgar, but it remains a mild example of such an insult. This usage dates back to the Medieval period, where the phrase 'not worth a fart' would be applied to an item held to be worthless.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Geoffrey |title=A History of English Words |year=2000 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-18855-X |page=130}}</ref> |
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===Historical examples=== |
===Historical examples=== |
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[[File:Newton Bull farts G3.jpg|thumb|right|220px| |
[[File:Newton Bull farts G3.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[John Bull]] emits an explosive bout of flatulence at a poster of [[George III]] as an outraged [[William Pitt the Younger]] admonishes him. [[Richard Newton (caricaturist)|Newton]]'s etching was probably a comment on Pitt's threat (realized the following month) to suspend [[habeas corpus]].]] |
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The word ''fart'' in [[Middle English]] occurs in "[[Sumer Is Icumen In]]", where one sign of summer is "bucke uerteþ" (the [[deer|buck]] farts). It appears in several of [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[Canterbury Tales]]''. In "[[The Miller's Tale]]", Absolon has already been tricked into kissing Alison's buttocks when he is expecting to kiss her face. Her boyfriend Nicholas hangs his [[buttocks]] out of a window, hoping to trick Absolon into kissing his buttocks in turn and then farts in the face of his rival. In "[[The Summoner's Tale]]", the friars in the story are to receive the smell of a fart through a twelve-spoked wheel. |
The word ''fart'' in [[Middle English]] occurs in "[[Sumer Is Icumen In]]", where one sign of summer is "bucke uerteþ" (the [[deer|buck]] farts). It appears in several of [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[Canterbury Tales]]''. In "[[The Miller's Tale]]", Absolon has already been tricked into kissing Alison's buttocks when he is expecting to kiss her face. Her boyfriend Nicholas hangs his [[buttocks]] out of a window, hoping to trick Absolon into kissing his buttocks in turn and then farts in the face of his rival. In "[[The Summoner's Tale]]", the friars in the story are to receive the smell of a fart through a twelve-spoked wheel. |
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In the early modern period, the word ''fart'' was not considered especially vulgar; it even surfaced in literary works. For example, [[Samuel Johnson]]'s ''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'', published in 1755, included the word. Johnson defined it {{vague|date=August 2016}} with two poems, one by [[Jonathan Swift]], the other by [[John Suckling (poet)|Sir John Suckling]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Ron |title=Coming Home: Saskatchewan Remembered |year=2002 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd |isbn=1-55002-379-9 |page=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davyking.com/fart.htm |title=An ill wind. Some fascinating facts about farting |publisher=Davyking.com |date=c. 1985 | |
In the early modern period, the word ''fart'' was not considered especially vulgar; it even surfaced in literary works. For example, [[Samuel Johnson]]'s ''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'', published in 1755, included the word. Johnson defined it {{vague|date=August 2016}} with two poems, one by [[Jonathan Swift]], the other by [[John Suckling (poet)|Sir John Suckling]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Ron |title=Coming Home: Saskatchewan Remembered |year=2002 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd |isbn=1-55002-379-9 |page=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davyking.com/fart.htm |title=An ill wind. Some fascinating facts about farting |publisher=Davyking.com |date=c. 1985 |access-date=2010-11-12 |archive-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527145100/http://www.davyking.com/fart.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Benjamin Franklin prepared [[Fart Proudly|an essay on the topic]] for the Royal Academy of Brussels in 1781 urging scientific study. In 1607, a group of [[Members of Parliament]] had written a ribald poem entitled ''The Parliament Fart'', as a symbolic protest against the conservatism of the [[House of Lords]] and the king, [[James I of England|James I]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Marotti |first=Arthur |title=Manuscript, print, and the English renaissance lyric |year=1995 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-8238-0 |page=113}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Curtis |first=Polly |title=Ode to fart gets airing at last |date= 2005-06-23 | |
Benjamin Franklin prepared [[Fart Proudly|an essay on the topic]] for the Royal Academy of Brussels in 1781 urging scientific study. In 1607, a group of [[Members of Parliament]] had written a ribald poem entitled ''The Parliament Fart'', as a symbolic protest against the conservatism of the [[House of Lords]] and the king, [[James I of England|James I]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Marotti |first=Arthur |title=Manuscript, print, and the English renaissance lyric |url=https://archive.org/details/manuscriptprinte00maro |url-access=registration |year=1995 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-8238-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/manuscriptprinte00maro/page/113 113]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Curtis |first=Polly |title=Ode to fart gets airing at last |date= 2005-06-23 |newspaper=Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/jun/23/research.highereducation |access-date=2010-11-12}}</ref> |
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===Modern usage=== |
===Modern usage=== |
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While not one of [[George Carlin]]'s original [[seven dirty words]], he noted in a later routine that the word ''fart'' |
While not one of [[George Carlin]]'s original [[seven dirty words]], he noted in a later routine that the word ''fart'' ought to be added to "the list" of words that were not acceptable (for broadcast) in any context (which have non-offensive meanings), and described television as (then) a "fart-free zone".<ref>{{cite web |title=Verbatim transcript of George Carlin's "Filthy Words" prepared by the Federal Communications Commission |publisher=George Carlin |url=http://www.georgecarlin.com/dirty/dirty3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715090842/http://www.georgecarlin.com/dirty/dirty3.html |archive-date=2007-07-15 |access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref><ref name=seven>{{cite web|url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/filthywords.html|title=Filthy Words|last=Carlin|first=George|publisher=[[University of Missouri-Kansas City]]|access-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> [[Thomas Wolfe]] had the phrase "a fizzing and sulphuric fart" cut out of his 1929 work ''[[Look Homeward, Angel]]'' by his publisher. [[Ernest Hemingway]], who had the same publisher, accepted the principle that "fart" could be cut, on the grounds that words should not be used purely to shock.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leff |first=Arthur |title=Hemingway and His Conspirators: Hollywood, Scribners, and the Making of American Celebrity Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/hemingwayhiscons00leff |url-access=registration |year=1997 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=0-8476-8545-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hemingwayhiscons00leff/page/105 105]}}</ref> The [[hippie]] movement in the 1970s saw a new definition develop, with the use of "fart" as a personal noun, to describe a "detestable person, or someone of small stature or limited mental capacity", gaining wider and more open usage as a result.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCleary |title=The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s |year=2004 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=1-58008-547-4 |page=174}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | [[Rhyming slang]] developed the alternative form "raspberry tart", later shortened to "raspberry", and occasionally abbreviated further to "razz". This was associated with the phrase "[[blowing a raspberry]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Burridge |first=Kate |title=Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-85313-3 |page=28}}</ref> The word has become more prevalent, and now features in children's literature, such as the ''[[Walter the Farting Dog]]'' series of children's books, [[Robert Munsch]]'s ''Good Families Don't'' and ''[[The Gas We Pass]]'' by Shinta Cho. |
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| ⚫ | [[Rhyming slang]] developed the alternative form "raspberry tart", later shortened to "raspberry", and occasionally abbreviated further to "razz". This was associated with the phrase "[[blowing a raspberry]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Burridge |first=Kate |title=Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/weedsingardenofw00burr |url-access=registration |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-85313-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/weedsingardenofw00burr/page/28 28]}}</ref> The word has become more prevalent, and now features in children's literature, such as the ''[[Walter the Farting Dog]]'' series of children's books, [[Robert Munsch]]'s ''Good Families Don't'' and ''[[The Gas We Pass]]'' by Shinta Cho. |
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According to ''The Alphabet of Manliness'', the assigning of blame for farting is part of a ritual of behaviour. This may involve deception and a [[Flatulence humor#Assigning of blame|back and forth rhyming game]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Maddox |first=Angelo Vildasol |title=Alphabet of Manliness |year= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud58Z64QwjMC&pg=PA66&dq=dutch+oven+fart#PPA64,M1 |accessdate= |page=64}}</ref> for example, "He who smelt it, dealt it" and "He who denied it, supplied it". Derived terms include ''fanny fart'' (queef), ''[[brain fart]]'' (slang for a special kind of abnormal brain activity which results in human error while performing a repetitive task, or more generally denoting a degree of mental laxity or any task-related forgetfulness, such as forgetting how to hold a fork) and ''old fart''. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Flatulence humor]] |
* [[Flatulence humor]] |
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*[[Le Pétomane]] |
* [[Le Pétomane]] |
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*[[Queef]] |
* [[Queef]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Jim | |
*{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Dawson |title=Did somebody step on a duck?: a natural history of the fart |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, Calif |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-58008-133-7}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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[[Category:Flatulence]] |
[[Category:Flatulence]] |
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[[Category:Digestive system]] |
[[Category:Digestive system]] |
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[[Category:English words]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:47, 12 July 2024
Fart is a word in the English language most commonly used in reference to flatulence that can be used as a noun or a verb.[1] The immediate roots are in the Middle English words ferten, feortan and farten, kin of the Old High German word ferzan. Cognates are found in Old Norse, Slavic and also Greek and Sanskrit. The word fart has been incorporated into the colloquial and technical speech of a number of occupations, including computing. It is often considered unsuitable in formal situations as it may be considered vulgar or offensive.
Etymology
The English word fart is one of the oldest words in the English lexicon. Its Indo-European origins are confirmed by the many cognate words in some other Indo-European languages: It is cognate with Greek verb πέρδομαι (perdomai),[2] as well as the Latin pēdĕre, Sanskrit pardate, Ashkun pidiṅ,[3] Avestan pərəδaiti, Italian fare un peto, French "péter", Russian пердеть (perdet') and Polish "pierd" << PIE *perd [break wind loudly] or *pezd [the same, softly], all of which mean the same thing. Like most Indo-European roots in the Germanic languages, it was altered under Grimm's law, so that Indo-European /p/ > /f/, and /d/ > /t/, as the German cognate furzen also manifests.[4][5][6][7]
Vulgarity and offensiveness
In certain circles the word is considered merely a common profanity with an often humorous connotation. For example, a person may be referred to as a 'fart', or an 'old fart', not necessarily depending on the person's age. This may convey the sense that a person is boring or unduly fussy and be intended as an insult, mainly when used in the second or third person. For example, '"he's a boring old fart!" However the word may be used as a colloquial term of endearment or in an attempt at humorous self-deprecation (e.g., in such phrases as "I know I'm just an old fart" or "you do like to fart about!"). 'Fart' is often only used as a term of endearment when the subject is personally well known to the user.
In both cases though, it tends to refer to personal habits or traits that the user considers to be a negative feature of the subject, even when it is a self-reference. For example, when concerned that a person is being overly methodical they might say 'I know I'm being an old fart', potentially to forestall negative thoughts and opinions in others. When used in an attempt to be offensive, the word is still considered vulgar, but it remains a mild example of such an insult. This usage dates back to the Medieval period, where the phrase 'not worth a fart' would be applied to an item held to be worthless.[13]
Historical examples
The word fart in Middle English occurs in "Sumer Is Icumen In", where one sign of summer is "bucke uerteþ" (the buck farts). It appears in several of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. In "The Miller's Tale", Absolon has already been tricked into kissing Alison's buttocks when he is expecting to kiss her face. Her boyfriend Nicholas hangs his buttocks out of a window, hoping to trick Absolon into kissing his buttocks in turn and then farts in the face of his rival. In "The Summoner's Tale", the friars in the story are to receive the smell of a fart through a twelve-spoked wheel.
In the early modern period, the word fart was not considered especially vulgar; it even surfaced in literary works. For example, Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language, published in 1755, included the word. Johnson defined it [vague] with two poems, one by Jonathan Swift, the other by Sir John Suckling.[14][15]
Benjamin Franklin prepared an essay on the topic for the Royal Academy of Brussels in 1781 urging scientific study. In 1607, a group of Members of Parliament had written a ribald poem entitled The Parliament Fart, as a symbolic protest against the conservatism of the House of Lords and the king, James I.[16][17]
Modern usage
While not one of George Carlin's original seven dirty words, he noted in a later routine that the word fart ought to be added to "the list" of words that were not acceptable (for broadcast) in any context (which have non-offensive meanings), and described television as (then) a "fart-free zone".[18][19] Thomas Wolfe had the phrase "a fizzing and sulphuric fart" cut out of his 1929 work Look Homeward, Angel by his publisher. Ernest Hemingway, who had the same publisher, accepted the principle that "fart" could be cut, on the grounds that words should not be used purely to shock.[20] The hippie movement in the 1970s saw a new definition develop, with the use of "fart" as a personal noun, to describe a "detestable person, or someone of small stature or limited mental capacity", gaining wider and more open usage as a result.[21]
Rhyming slang developed the alternative form "raspberry tart", later shortened to "raspberry", and occasionally abbreviated further to "razz". This was associated with the phrase "blowing a raspberry".[22] The word has become more prevalent, and now features in children's literature, such as the Walter the Farting Dog series of children's books, Robert Munsch's Good Families Don't and The Gas We Pass by Shinta Cho.
See also
References
- ^ "Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ H.G.Liddell, R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- ^ Strand, Richard. "Saňu-vi:ri Lexicon".
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th edition, 2000)
- ^ Dictionnaire Hachette de la Langue Française, (Hachette, 1995) ISBN 0-317-45629-6
- ^ T. G. Tucker, Etymological Dictionary of Latin, (Halle, 1931, repr. Ares Publishers, 1985) ISBN 0-89005-172-0
- ^ Liberman, Anatoly (July 25, 2012). "Puzzling heritage: The verb 'fart'". OUPBlog. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
- ^ Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1 January 1994). The Impact of the Reformation: Essays. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802807328 – via Google Books.
- ^ Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46 By Mark U. Edwards, Jr. Fortress Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8006-3735-4
- ^ In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"
- ^ "Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"
- ^ Mark U. Edwards, Jr., Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46 (2004), p. 199
- ^ Hughes, Geoffrey (2000). A History of English Words. Blackwell Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 0-631-18855-X.
- ^ Evans, Ron (2002). Coming Home: Saskatchewan Remembered. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 95. ISBN 1-55002-379-9.
- ^ "An ill wind. Some fascinating facts about farting". Davyking.com. c. 1985. Archived from the original on 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ Marotti, Arthur (1995). Manuscript, print, and the English renaissance lyric. Cornell University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-8014-8238-0.
- ^ Curtis, Polly (2005-06-23). "Ode to fart gets airing at last". Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ "Verbatim transcript of George Carlin's "Filthy Words" prepared by the Federal Communications Commission". George Carlin. Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ Carlin, George. "Filthy Words". University of Missouri-Kansas City. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
- ^ Leff, Arthur (1997). Hemingway and His Conspirators: Hollywood, Scribners, and the Making of American Celebrity Culture. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105. ISBN 0-8476-8545-4.
- ^ McCleary (2004). The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s. Ten Speed Press. p. 174. ISBN 1-58008-547-4.
- ^ Burridge, Kate (2005). Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-521-85313-3.
Further reading
- Dawson, Jim (2010). Did somebody step on a duck?: a natural history of the fart. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-58008-133-7.
External links
Look up fart in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.