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{{Short description|Practice of judging the merits and faults of something}}
{{Short description|Practice of judging the merits and faults of something}}


[[File:Julio Ruelas - Criticism - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''La Crítica'', a 1906 self-portrait by [[Julio Ruelas]] where criticism is depicted as a creature atop his head]]
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'''Criticism''' is the construction of a judgement about the positive and negative qualities of someone or something. Criticism can range from impromptu comments to a written detailed response.<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite web |title=Critcism|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/criticism |publisher=Cambridge Dictionary}} | ''"the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad</ref> Criticism falls into several overlapping types including "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive"''.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Critcism|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095648600|publisher=Oxford Dictionary}} | ''"The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, mike is soapie, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."''</ref>


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'''Criticism''' is the construction of a judgement about the negative or positive qualities of someone or something. Criticism can range from impromptu comments to a written detailed response.<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite web |title=Criticism|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/criticism |publisher=Cambridge Dictionary}} | ''the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad''</ref> Criticism falls into several overlapping types including "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive".<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Criticism|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095648600|publisher=Oxford Dictionary}} | ''"The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."''</ref>
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Criticism may also refer to an expression of disapproval.<ref name="Cambridge"/> When criticism of this nature is constructive it can make an individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fong|first1=Carlton J.|last2=Warner|first2=Jayce R.|last3=Williams|first3=Kyle M.|last4=Schallert|first4=Diane L.|last5=Chen|first5=Ling-Hui|last6=Williamson|first6=Zachary H.|last7=Lin|first7=Shengjie|date=July 2016|title=Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|journal=Learning and Individual Differences|volume=49|pages=393–399|doi=10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|issn=1041-6080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Winstone|first1=Naomi E.|last2=Nash|first2=Robert A.|last3=Parker|first3=Michael|last4=Rowntree|first4=James|date=2017-01-02|title=Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes|journal=Educational Psychologist|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=17–37|doi=10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538|issn=0046-1520|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shute|first=Valerie J.|date=2008-03-01|title=Focus on Formative Feedback|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654307313795|journal=Review of Educational Research|volume=78|pages=153–189|language=en|doi=10.3102/0034654307313795|s2cid=145188268}}</ref> Research supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kluger|first1=Avraham N.|last2=DeNisi|first2=Angelo|date=March 1996|title=The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=119|issue=2|pages=254–284|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|issn=1939-1455}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2014-06-27|title=The Power of Feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315813875|doi=10.4324/9781315813875|isbn=9781315813875}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Gavin T.L.|last2=Harris|first2=Lois R.|last3=Harnett|first3=Jennifer|date=October 2012|title=Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|journal=Teaching and Teacher Education|volume=28|issue=7|pages=968–978|doi=10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|issn=0742-051X}}</ref>


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Criticism may also refer to an expression of disapproval of someone or something.<ref name="Cambridge"/> When criticism of this nature is constructive, it can make an individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fong|first1=Carlton J.|last2=Warner|first2=Jayce R.|last3=Williams|first3=Kyle M.|last4=Schallert|first4=Diane L.|last5=Chen|first5=Ling-Hui|last6=Williamson|first6=Zachary H.|last7=Lin|first7=Shengjie|date=July 2016|title=Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|journal=Learning and Individual Differences|volume=49|pages=393–399|doi=10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019|issn=1041-6080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Winstone|first1=Naomi E.|last2=Nash|first2=Robert A.|last3=Parker|first3=Michael|last4=Rowntree|first4=James|date=2017-01-02|title=Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes|journal=Educational Psychologist|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=17–37|doi=10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538|issn=0046-1520|doi-access=free|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30171632|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shute|first=Valerie J.|date=2008-03-01|title=Focus on Formative Feedback|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654307313795|journal=Review of Educational Research|volume=78|pages=153–189|language=en|doi=10.3102/0034654307313795|hdl=20.500.12749/2996|s2cid=145188268|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Research supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kluger|first1=Avraham N.|last2=DeNisi|first2=Angelo|date=March 1996|title=The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=119|issue=2|pages=254–284|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254|issn=1939-1455}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2014-06-27|title=The Power of Feedback|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315813875|doi=10.4324/9781315813875|isbn=9781315813875}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Gavin T.L.|last2=Harris|first2=Lois R.|last3=Harnett|first3=Jennifer|date=October 2012|title=Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|journal=Teaching and Teacher Education|volume=28|issue=7|pages=968–978|doi=10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003|issn=0742-051X}}</ref>
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'''Critique vs criticism''' In French, German, or Italian, no distinction is drawn between '[[critique]]' and 'criticism'. The two words both translate as ''critique'', ''Kritik'', and ''critica'', respectively.<ref name="Vattimo90p57">[[Gianni Vattimo]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=i7QOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57 ''Postmodern criticism: postmodern critique''] in David Wood (1990) ''Writing the future'', pp. 57–58</ref> In the English language, philosopher [[Gianni Vattimo]] suggests that ''criticism'' is used more frequently to denote [[literary criticism]] or [[art criticism]] while ''critique'' refers to more general and profound writing as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]'s ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''.<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/> Another distinction that is sometimes made is that ''critique'' is never personalized nor ''[[ad hominem]]''<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/> and is presented in a way that encourages rebuttal or expansion of the ideas expressed. Nonetheless, the distinctions are subtle and ambiguous at best.<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/>

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'''Critique''' vs. '''criticism''': In French, German, or Italian, no distinction is drawn between '[[critique]]' and 'criticism'. The two words both translate as ''critique'', ''Kritik'', and ''critica'', respectively.<ref name="Vattimo90p57">[[Gianni Vattimo]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=i7QOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57 ''Postmodern criticism: postmodern critique''] in David Wood (1990) ''Writing the future'', pp. 57–58</ref> In the English language, philosopher [[Gianni Vattimo]] suggests that ''criticism'' is used more frequently to denote [[literary criticism]] or [[art criticism]] while ''critique'' refers to more general and profound writing such as [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]'s ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''.<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/> Another distinction that is sometimes made is that ''critique'' is never personalized nor ''[[ad hominem]]''<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/> and is presented in a way that encourages rebuttal or expansion of the ideas expressed. Nonetheless, the distinctions are subtle and ambiguous at best.<ref name="Vattimo90p57"/>


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The term "''brickbat''" is sometimes used to mean "an unfavourable criticism, unkind remark or sharp put-down". The term originated in the 17th century, derived from the practice of throwing bricks as projectiles at a person who was disapproved of.<ref>{{cite web | title=Shashi Tharoor's Word Of The Week: Brickbat|first=Shashi |last=Tharoor | website=Hindustan Times | date=7 February 2020 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/shashi-tharoor-s-word-of-the-week-brickbat/story-1y8pKf15BvfAvyvXSbDPkO.html |author-link=Shashi Tharoor| access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Etymology">{{cite web |title=brickbat |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/brickbat |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
The term "''brickbat''" is sometimes used to mean "an unfavourable criticism, unkind remark or sharp put-down". The term originated in the 17th century, derived from the practice of throwing bricks as projectiles at a person who was disapproved of.<ref>{{cite web | title=Shashi Tharoor's Word Of The Week: Brickbat|first=Shashi |last=Tharoor | website=Hindustan Times | date=7 February 2020 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/shashi-tharoor-s-word-of-the-week-brickbat/story-1y8pKf15BvfAvyvXSbDPkO.html |author-link=Shashi Tharoor| access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Etymology">{{cite web |title=brickbat |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/brickbat |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>


In some contexts, such as ''[[literary criticism]]'' and ''[[art criticism]]'', the word ''criticism'' is used as a neutral word that is synonymous with ''evaluation.'' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/05/31/criticism/|title=Common Errors in English Usage: criticism|date=May 31, 2016}}</ref>
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== Criticism in Academia ==


== Critical theory and Postmodernism==
[[Critical Studies]] and [[Critical Theory]] programs teach the [[critique|method of critique]], also known as “criticism.” Both theory and studies programs often sample new works in addition to the classical texts. <ref>{{cite web |title=The Program in Critical Theory |url=https://criticaltheory.berkeley.edu/ |website=Critical Theory - UC Berkeley |publisher=UC Berkeley |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> UC Berkeley, CUNY, and Northwestern University offer programs in Critical Theory, while a number of other colleges and universities offer programs or sole courses in Critical Studies, Critical Theory, and sub-disciplines. Sub-disciplines include Critical Race Studies, Critical Asian Studies, Critical Black Studies, and Critical Disability Studies. <ref>{{cite web |title=Critical Race Studies |url=https://law.ucla.edu/academics/centers/critical-race-studies |website=UCLA Law |publisher=UCLA |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> The term “critical” can be found in course titles concerning a variety of topics, as the term refers to a method or approach to course materials.
{{Main|Critical theory|Postmodernism}}
Critical Theory and related Critical Studies criticize [[power structure]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical theory |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/critical-theory |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Critical Studies include [[Critical legal studies]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Critical Legal Theory |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/critical_legal_theory |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> [[Critical race theory]], and [[Critical Pedagogy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Critical Race Studies |url=https://law.ucla.edu/academics/centers/critical-race-studies |website=UCLA Law |publisher=UCLA |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> The critical legal studies include criticism of the distinction between political argument and legal argument (''Everything is political''),<ref name="Price">[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197300105318 Price, David Andrew. "Taking rights cynically: a review of critical legal studies." The Cambridge Law Journal 48.2 (1989): 271-301.]</ref> [[rule of law]] and [[separation of powers]].<ref>[https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/uwolr24&i=81 Belliotti, Raymond A. "The rule of law and the critical legal studies movement." UW Ontario L. Rev. 24 (1986): 67.]</ref>


Critical theory is distinct but related to [[Postmodernism]], which criticizes [[scientific rationalism]] and [[objective reality]].<ref name="Bryant, Johnston & Usher">{{Cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Ian |title=Adult Education and the Postmodern Challenge: Learning Beyond the Limits |last2=Johnston |first2=Rennie |last3=Usher |first3=Robin |date=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=203}}</ref>
Some claim “critical” studies have a particular focus in their perspective or opinion,<ref>{{cite web |title=Critical Legal Theory |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/critical_legal_theory |website=Legal Information Institue |publisher=Cornell Law School |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> confusing the method of critique with individual critiques. The recent appearance of “critical” studies and theory further compounds the conflation of particular authors with the new method and discipline. Additionally, the method and disciplines are distinguished from [[analysis]] or traditional objectivist or hard sciences by their allowances for subjectivity in the perspective of the author.


== See also ==
== Criticism of criticism ==
Journalist and writer [[H. L. Mencken]] argued that "criticism is little more than a branch of [[homiletics]]. They judge a work of art, not by its clarity and sincerity, not by the force and charm of its ideas, not by the technical virtuosity of the artist, not by his originality and artistic courage, but simply and solely by his orthodoxy."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Criticism of Criticism of Criticism |url=http://bactra.org/Mencken/criticism-of-criticism-of-criticism/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=bactra.org}}</ref>


== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
*[[Critique]]
*[[Literary criticism]]
* [[Critique]]
*[[Art criticism]]
* [[Literary criticism]]
*[[Film criticism]]
* [[Art criticism]]
*[[Theatre criticism]]
* [[Film criticism]]
*[[Criticism of religion]]
* [[Theatre criticism]]
*[[Criticism of science]]
* [[Criticism of religion]]
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* [[Criticism of science]]
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*[[Self-criticism]]
*[[Social criticism]]
* [[Self-criticism]]
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* [[Social criticism]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}

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{{Wiktionary|critic|critical|critique}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
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{{Wikiquote}}
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{{Wiktionary|critic|critical|critique}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Criticism |volume= 7 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 468&ndash;470 |short = 1}}

{{Criticism}}
{{Criticism}}
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{{Critical theory}}
{{Critical theory}}
{{Litcrit}}
{{Litcrit}}
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{{Arts criticism navigation}}
{{Criticism of religion}}
{{Criticism of religion}}
{{Humanities}}
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[[Category:Criticism| ]]
[[Category:Criticism| ]]

Revision as of 03:04, 13 July 2024

La Crítica, a 1906 self-portrait by Julio Ruelas where criticism is depicted as a creature atop his head

Criticism is the construction of a judgement about the negative or positive qualities of someone or something. Criticism can range from impromptu comments to a written detailed response.[1] Criticism falls into several overlapping types including "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive".[2]

Criticism may also refer to an expression of disapproval of someone or something.[1] When criticism of this nature is constructive, it can make an individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.[3][4][5] Research supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.[6][7][8]

Critique vs. criticism: In French, German, or Italian, no distinction is drawn between 'critique' and 'criticism'. The two words both translate as critique, Kritik, and critica, respectively.[9] In the English language, philosopher Gianni Vattimo suggests that criticism is used more frequently to denote literary criticism or art criticism while critique refers to more general and profound writing such as Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.[9] Another distinction that is sometimes made is that critique is never personalized nor ad hominem[9] and is presented in a way that encourages rebuttal or expansion of the ideas expressed. Nonetheless, the distinctions are subtle and ambiguous at best.[9]

The term "brickbat" is sometimes used to mean "an unfavourable criticism, unkind remark or sharp put-down". The term originated in the 17th century, derived from the practice of throwing bricks as projectiles at a person who was disapproved of.[10][11]

In some contexts, such as literary criticism and art criticism, the word criticism is used as a neutral word that is synonymous with evaluation. [12]

Critical theory and Postmodernism

Main articles: Critical theory and Postmodernism

Critical Theory and related Critical Studies criticize power structures.[13] Critical Studies include Critical legal studies,[14] Critical race theory, and Critical Pedagogy.[15] The critical legal studies include criticism of the distinction between political argument and legal argument (Everything is political),[16] rule of law and separation of powers.[17]

Critical theory is distinct but related to Postmodernism, which criticizes scientific rationalism and objective reality.[18]

Criticism of criticism

Journalist and writer H. L. Mencken argued that "criticism is little more than a branch of homiletics. They judge a work of art, not by its clarity and sincerity, not by the force and charm of its ideas, not by the technical virtuosity of the artist, not by his originality and artistic courage, but simply and solely by his orthodoxy."[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Criticism". Cambridge Dictionary. | the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad
  2. ^ "Criticism". Oxford Dictionary. | "The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."
  3. ^ Fong, Carlton J.; Warner, Jayce R.; Williams, Kyle M.; Schallert, Diane L.; Chen, Ling-Hui; Williamson, Zachary H.; Lin, Shengjie (July 2016). "Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback". Learning and Individual Differences. 49: 393–399. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019. ISSN 1041-6080.
  4. ^ Winstone, Naomi E.; Nash, Robert A.; Parker, Michael; Rowntree, James (2017-01-02). "Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes". Educational Psychologist. 52 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30171632. ISSN 0046-1520.
  5. ^ Shute, Valerie J. (2008-03-01). "Focus on Formative Feedback". Review of Educational Research. 78: 153–189. doi:10.3102/0034654307313795. hdl:20.500.12749/2996. S2CID 145188268.
  6. ^ Kluger, Avraham N.; DeNisi, Angelo (March 1996). "The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory". Psychological Bulletin. 119 (2): 254–284. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254. ISSN 1939-1455.
  7. ^ The Power of Feedback. 2014-06-27. doi:10.4324/9781315813875. ISBN 9781315813875.
  8. ^ Brown, Gavin T.L.; Harris, Lois R.; Harnett, Jennifer (October 2012). "Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being". Teaching and Teacher Education. 28 (7): 968–978. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003. ISSN 0742-051X.
  9. ^ a b c d Gianni Vattimo Postmodern criticism: postmodern critique in David Wood (1990) Writing the future, pp. 57–58
  10. ^ Tharoor, Shashi (7 February 2020). "Shashi Tharoor's Word Of The Week: Brickbat". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  11. ^ "brickbat". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Common Errors in English Usage: criticism". May 31, 2016.
  13. ^ "Critical theory". Britannica. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
  14. ^ "Critical Legal Theory". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  15. ^ "Critical Race Studies". UCLA Law. UCLA. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  16. ^ Price, David Andrew. "Taking rights cynically: a review of critical legal studies." The Cambridge Law Journal 48.2 (1989): 271-301.
  17. ^ Belliotti, Raymond A. "The rule of law and the critical legal studies movement." UW Ontario L. Rev. 24 (1986): 67.
  18. ^ Bryant, Ian; Johnston, Rennie; Usher, Robin (2004). Adult Education and the Postmodern Challenge: Learning Beyond the Limits. Routledge. p. 203.
  19. ^ "Criticism of Criticism of Criticism". bactra.org. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
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