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Non-human (also spelled nonhuman) is any entity displaying some,^[1] but not enough, human characteristics to be considered a human. The term has been used in a variety of contexts and may refer to objects that have been developed with human intelligence, such as robots or vehicles.

Animal rights and personhood

In the animal rights movement, it is common to distinguish between "human animals" and "non-human animals". Participants in the animal rights movement generally recognize that non-human animals have some similar characteristics to those of human persons. For example, various non-human animals have been shown to register pain, compassion, memory, and some cognitive function. Some animal rights activists argue that the similarities between human and non-human animals justify giving non-human animals rights that human society has afforded to humans, such as the right to self-preservation, and some even wish for all non-human animals or at least those that bear a fully thinking and conscious mind, such as vertebrates and some invertebrates such as cephalopods, to be given a full right of personhood.

The non-human in philosophy

Contemporary philosophers have drawn on the work of Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Claude Lévi-Strauss (among others) to suggest that the non-human poses epistemological and ontological problems for humanist and post-humanist ethics,^[2] and have linked the study of non-humans to materialist and ethological approaches to the study of society and culture.^[3]

Artificial intelligence

The term non-human has been used to describe computer programs and robot-like devices that display some human-like characteristics. In both science fiction and in the real world, computer programs and robots have been built to perform tasks that require human-computer interactions in a manner that suggests sentience and compassion. There is increasing interest in the use of robots in nursing homes and to provide elder care.^[4] Computer programs have been used for years in schools to provide one-on-one education with children. The Tamagotchi toy required children to provide care, attention, and nourishment to keep it "alive".

References

^ "the definition of nonhuman". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
^ Laurie, Timothy (2015), "Becoming-Animal Is A Trap For Humans: Deleuze and Guattari in Madagascar", Deleuze and the Non-Human eds. Hannah Stark and Jon Roffe.
^ Whatmore, Sarah (2006), 'Materialist Returns: Practising Cultural Geography In and For a More-Than-Human World', Cultural Geographies, 13, pp. 600-09.
^ Nick Bilton (May 19, 2013), "Disruptions: Helper Robots Are Steered, Tentatively, to Care for the Aging", The New York Times, retrieved 2013-05-24

External links

Johnson, Jim. "Mixing Humans and Nonhumans Together: The Sociology of a Door-Closer"^{[permanent dead link]}.
Latour, Bruno. "Will Non-humans be Saved? An Argument in Ecotheology".

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[1] "the definition of nonhuman". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019.

[2] Laurie, Timothy (2015), "Becoming-Animal Is A Trap For Humans: Deleuze and Guattari in Madagascar", Deleuze and the Non-Human eds. Hannah Stark and Jon Roffe.

[3] Whatmore, Sarah (2006), 'Materialist Returns: Practising Cultural Geography In and For a More-Than-Human World', Cultural Geographies, 13, pp. 600-09.

[4] Nick Bilton (May 19, 2013), "Disruptions: Helper Robots Are Steered, Tentatively, to Care for the Aging", The New York Times, retrieved 2013-05-24

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{refimprove|date=May 2013}}
-'''Non-human''' (also spelled '''nonhuman''') is any entity displaying some,{{cn|date=August 2016}} but not enough, human characteristics to be considered a [[human]]. The term has been used in a variety of contexts and may be used to refer to objects that have been developed with human intelligence, such as robots or vehicles.
+'''Non-human''' (also spelled '''nonhuman''') is any entity displaying some,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/nonhuman|title=the definition of nonhuman|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> but not enough, [[human]] characteristics to be considered a human. The term has been used in a variety of contexts and may refer to objects that have been developed with [[human intelligence]], such as robots or vehicles.
 ==Animal rights and personhood==
 {{Further information|Personhood#Non-human animals}}
-In the [[animal rights]] movement, it is common to distinguish between "human animals" and "non-human animals". Participants in the animal rights movement generally recognize that non-human animals have some similar characteristics to those of human [[personhood|person]]s. For example, various non-human animals have been shown to register pain, compassion, memory, and some [[Animal cognition|cognitive]] function.  Some animal rights activists argue that the similarities between human and non-human animals justify giving non-human animals rights that human society has afforded to humans, such as the right to self-preservation, and some even wish for all non-human animals or at least those that bear a fully thinking and conscious mind, such as [[vertebrate]]s and some [[invertebrate]]s such as [[cephalopod]]s, to be given a full right of personhood.
+In the [[animal rights]] movement, it is common to distinguish between "[[Personhood#Humans|human animal]]s" and "[[non-human animal]]s". Participants in the animal rights movement generally recognize that non-human animals have some similar characteristics to those of human [[personhood|person]]s. For example, various non-human animals have been shown to register pain, compassion, memory, and some [[Animal cognition|cognitive]] function.  Some animal rights activists argue that the similarities between human and non-human animals justify giving non-human animals rights that human society has afforded to humans, such as the right to self-preservation, and some even wish for all non-human animals or at least those that bear a fully thinking and conscious mind, such as [[vertebrate]]s and some [[invertebrate]]s such as [[cephalopod]]s, to be given a full right of personhood.
 ==The non-human in philosophy==
+{{Clarify section|date=January 2022}}
 Contemporary philosophers have drawn on the work of [[Henri Bergson]], [[Gilles Deleuze]], [[Félix Guattari]], and [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] (among others) to suggest that the non-human poses [[epistemological]] and [[ontological]] problems for humanist and post-humanist ethics,<ref>{{Citation | title= Becoming-Animal Is A Trap For Humans: Deleuze and Guattari in Madagascar | first= Timothy | last= Laurie | journal=Deleuze and the Non-Human | year=2015 | url= https://www.academia.edu/10912960}} eds. Hannah Stark and Jon Roffe.</ref> and have linked the study of non-humans to materialist and [[ethological]] approaches to the study of society and culture.<ref>Whatmore, Sarah (2006), 'Materialist Returns: Practising Cultural Geography In and For a More-Than-Human World', ''Cultural Geographies'', 13, pp. 600-09.</ref>
 ==Artificial intelligence==
-The term non-human has been used to describe computer programs and robot-like devices that display some human-like characteristics. In both [[science fiction]] and in the real world, [[artificial intelligence|computer programs]] and [[robots]] have been built to perform tasks that require human-computer interactions in a manner that suggests [[sentience]] and compassion. There is increasing interest in the use of robots in nursing homes and to provide elder care.<ref>{{citation |author=Nick Bilton| newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2013 |title=Disruptions: Helper Robots Are Steered, Tentatively, to Care for the Aging |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/disruptions-helper-robots-are-steered-tentatively-to-elder-care/?ref=technology |accessdate=2013-05-24}}</ref> Computer programs have been used for years in schools to provide one-on-one education with children. The [[Tamagotchi]] toy required children to provide care, attention, and nourishment to keep it "alive".
+The term non-human has been used to describe computer programs and robot-like devices that display some human-like characteristics. In both [[science fiction]] and in the real world, [[artificial intelligence|computer programs]] and [[robots]] have been built to perform tasks that require human-computer interactions in a manner that suggests [[sentience]] and compassion. There is increasing interest in the use of robots in nursing homes and to provide elder care.<ref>{{citation |author=Nick Bilton| newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 19, 2013 |title=Disruptions: Helper Robots Are Steered, Tentatively, to Care for the Aging |url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/disruptions-helper-robots-are-steered-tentatively-to-elder-care/?ref=technology |access-date=2013-05-24}}</ref> Computer programs have been used for years in schools to provide one-on-one education with children. The [[Tamagotchi]] toy required children to provide care, attention, and nourishment to keep it "alive".
 ==See also==
 * [[Animal]]
+*[[Animal rights by country or territory]]
 * [[Artificial intelligence]]
+* [[Dehumanization]]
 * [[Person]]
@@ Line 22: / Line 25: @@
 == External links ==
 {{refbegin}}
-*Johnson, Jim. [http://www.psf.wur.nl/en/workshops/Latour;%20Sociology%20of%20a%20Door.pdf "Mixing Humans and Nonhumans Together: The Sociology of a Door-Closer"].
+*Johnson, Jim. [http://www.psf.wur.nl/en/workshops/Latour;%20Sociology%20of%20a%20Door.pdf "Mixing Humans and Nonhumans Together: The Sociology of a Door-Closer"]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
-*Latour, Bruno. [http://www.bruno-latour.fr/articles/article/113-MYERS-ECOTHEO.pdf "Will Non-humans be Saved? An Argument in Ecotheology"].
+*Latour, Bruno. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429072506/http://www.bruno-latour.fr/articles/article/113-MYERS-ECOTHEO.pdf "Will Non-humans be Saved? An Argument in Ecotheology"].
 {{refend}}
-[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
-[[Category:Animals]]
 [[Category:Personhood]]
 [[Category:Artificial intelligence]]
 [[Category:Critical theory]]
+{{critical-theory-stub}}
+{{ai-stub}}