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{{short description|Letter in the Greek alphabet}}
{{short description|Twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet}}
{{About|||MU (disambiguation){{!}}MU}}
{{Other uses|MU (disambiguation){{!}}MU}}
{{Dist|Nu (letter)|M|Em (Cyrillic)}}
{{technical reasons|µ|the micro sign|Micro-}}
{{Greek Alphabet|letter=mu}}
{{Greek Alphabet|letter=mu}}


'''Mu''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|(|j|)|uː}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|publisher=Chambers|year=2003|isbn=0-550-10105-5|edition=9th|chapter=mu}}</ref><ref>{{OED|mu}}</ref> (uppercase '''Μ''', lowercase '''μ'''; [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|μῦ}} {{IPA-el|mŷː|}}, {{lang-ell|μι}} or μυ—both {{IPA-el|mi|}}) is the 12th [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Greek alphabet]], representing the [[voiced bilabial nasal]] {{IPA-el|m|IPA}}. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 40.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Greek Grammar for Schools and Colleges |last=Hadley |first=James |location=New York |publisher=American Book |year=1884 |page=79}}</ref> Mu was derived from the [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]ic symbol for water, which had been simplified by the [[Phoenicia]]ns and named after their word for water, to become [[𐤌]]{{ref|mem|img}} (mem). Letters that derive from mu include the [[M|Roman M]] and the [[Em (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic М]].
'''Mu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|(|j|)|uː}};<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|publisher=Chambers|year=2003|isbn=0-550-10105-5|edition=9th|chapter=mu}}</ref><ref>{{OED|mu}}</ref> uppercase '''Μ''', lowercase '''μ'''; [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|μῦ}} {{IPA-el|mŷː|}}, {{lang-ell|μι}} or μυ—both {{IPA-el|mi|}}) is the twelfth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Greek alphabet]], representing the [[voiced bilabial nasal]] {{IPA-el|m|IPA}}. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 40.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Greek Grammar for Schools and Colleges |last=Hadley |first=James |location=New York |publisher=American Book |year=1884 |page=79}}</ref> Mu was derived from the [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]ic symbol for water, which had been simplified by the [[Phoenicia]]ns and named after their word for water, to become [[𐤌]]{{ref|mem|img}} (mem). Letters that derive from mu include the [[M|Roman M]] and the [[Em (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic М]], though the lowercase resembles a small [[U|Latin U]] (u).
[[File:Greek mu.png|thumb|Greek letter mu]]
[[File:Mu uc lc.svg|thumb|Greek letter mu]]


==Names==
==Names==


===Ancient Greek===
===Ancient Greek===
In Ancient Greek, the name of the letter was written {{lang|grc|μῦ}} and pronounced {{IPA|[mŷː]}}
In Greek, the name of the letter was written {{lang|grc|μῦ}} and pronounced {{IPA|[mŷː]}}.


===Modern Greek===
===Modern Greek===
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The lowercase letter mu (μ) is used as a special symbol in many [[academic field]]s. Uppercase mu is not used, because it appears identical to Latin [[M]].
The lowercase letter mu (μ) is used as a special symbol in many [[academic field]]s. Uppercase mu is not used, because it appears identical to Latin [[M]].


===Prefix for units of measurement===
===Measurement===
"μ" is used as a [[unit prefix]] denoting a factor of 10<sup>−6</sup> (one [[millionth]]), in this context, the symbol's name is "[[Micro-|micro]]".
*the [[SI prefix]] ''[[micro-]]'', which represents one millionth, or 10<sup>&minus;6</sup>. Lowercase letter "u" is often [[typographic approximation|substituted]] for "μ" when the Greek character is not typographically available; for example the unit "micro[[farad]]", correctly "μF", is often rendered as "uF" or "ufarad" in technical documents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130038341 |title=US20130038341A1 - Contactor health monitor circuit and method|website=Google Patents |date=19 April 2010 |author=Albert Flack |access-date= 10 September 2018}} Example of document using both "ufarad" and "microFarad"</ref>
* [[Metric prefix]]
*the micron "μ", an old unit now named the [[micrometre]] and denoted "μm"
* [[International System of Units]] prefix, also known as "SI prefix"
* The micrometre with a symbol of "μm" can also be referred to as the non-SI term "[[micron]]".


===Mathematics===
===Mathematics===


"μ" is conventionally used to denote certain things; however, any Greek letter or other symbol may be used freely as a variable name.
"μ" is conventionally used to denote certain things; however, any Greek letter or other symbol may be used freely as a variable name.
* a [[measure (mathematics)|measure]] in [[measure theory]]

* [[Mu operator|minimalization]] in [[Computability theory (computer science)|computability theory]] and [[Recursion theory]]
*a [[measure (mathematics)|measure]] in [[measure theory]]
* the [[integrating factor]] in [[ordinary differential equations]]
*[[Mu operator|minimalization]] in [[Computability theory (computer science)|computability theory]] and [[Recursion theory]]
* the degree of [[Membership (set theory)|membership]] in a [[fuzzy set]]
*the [[integrating factor]] in [[ordinary differential equations]]
*the degree of [[Membership (set theory)|membership]] in a [[fuzzy set]]
* the [[Möbius function]] in [[number theory]]
*the [[Möbius function]] in [[number theory]]
* the population [[mean]] or [[expected value]] in [[probability]] and [[statistics]]
* the [[Ramanujan–Soldner constant]]
*the population [[mean]] or [[expected value]] in [[probability]] and [[statistics]]
*the [[Ramanujan–Soldner constant]]


===Physics and engineering===
===Physics and engineering===
In [[classical physics]] and [[engineering]]:
In [[classical physics]] and [[engineering]]:
*the [[friction#Coefficient of friction|coefficient of friction]] (also used in aviation as braking coefficient (see [[Braking action]])
* the [[friction#Coefficient of friction|coefficient of friction]] (also used in aviation as braking coefficient (see [[Braking action]]))
*[[reduced mass]] in the [[two-body problem]]
* [[reduced mass]] in the [[two-body problem]]
*[[Standard gravitational parameter]] in celestial mechanics
* [[Standard gravitational parameter]] in celestial mechanics
*[[linear density]], or mass per unit length, in strings and other one-dimensional objects
* [[linear density]], or mass per unit length, in strings and other one-dimensional objects
*[[permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] in electromagnetism
* [[permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] in electromagnetism
*the [[magnetic dipole moment]] of a [[Electric current|current]]-carrying [[Coil (electrical engineering)|coil]]
* the [[magnetic dipole moment]] of a [[Electric current|current]]-carrying [[Coil (electrical engineering)|coil]]
*[[Viscosity#Dynamic (shear) viscosity|dynamic viscosity]] in fluid mechanics
* [[Viscosity#Dynamic (shear) viscosity|dynamic viscosity]] in fluid mechanics
*the [[Amplifier|amplification]] factor or [[Gain (electronics)|voltage gain]] of a [[triode vacuum tube]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ballou |first=Glen |author-link=Glen Ballou |title=Handbook for Sound Engineers: The New Audio Cyclopedia |publisher=Howard W. Sams Co. |year=1987 |edition=1 |page=250 |isbn=0-672-21983-2 |quote=''Amplification factor or voltage gain'' is the amount the signal at the control grid is increased in amplitude after passing through the tube, which is also referred to as the Greek letter μ (mu) or voltage gain (V<sub>g</sub>) of the tube.}}</ref>
* the [[Amplifier|amplification]] factor or [[Gain (electronics)|voltage gain]] of a [[triode]] [[vacuum tube]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ballou |first=Glen |author-link=Glen Ballou |title=Handbook for Sound Engineers: The New Audio Cyclopedia |publisher=Howard W. Sams Co. |year=1987 |edition=1 |page=250 |isbn=0-672-21983-2 |quote=''Amplification factor or voltage gain'' is the amount the signal at the control grid is increased in amplitude after passing through the tube, which is also referred to as the Greek letter μ (mu) or voltage gain (V<sub>g</sub>) of the tube.}}</ref>
*the [[electrical mobility]] of a charged particle
* the [[electrical mobility]] of a charged particle
*the [[Slowed rotor#Theory|rotor advance ratio]], the ratio of aircraft [[airspeed]] to rotor-tip speed in [[rotorcraft]]<ref>"[http://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/tutorial/Nomenclature.htm#mu Nomenclature]" ''NASA''</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/advance+ratio Definition]</ref><!--large download <ref>Oliver, Michael. "[http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28910/60495046.pdf;jsessionid=4914214DD2723B08238E70B668D773DC?sequence=1 A parametric analysis of the start-up procedure and flight characteristiscs of a gliding autogyro]" page 43. ''[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering#Aeronautics and Astronautics|MIT Aero]]'', February 2005. Accessed: December 2013. Size: 15MB and 114 pages</ref> -->
* the [[Slowed rotor#Theory|rotor advance ratio]], the ratio of aircraft [[airspeed]] to rotor-tip speed in [[rotorcraft]]<ref>"[http://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/tutorial/Nomenclature.htm#mu Nomenclature]" ''NASA''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/advance+ratio|title=Definition}}</ref><!--large download <ref>Oliver, Michael. "[http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28910/60495046.pdf;jsessionid=4914214DD2723B08238E70B668D773DC?sequence=1 A parametric analysis of the start-up procedure and flight characteristiscs of a gliding autogyro]" page 43. ''[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering#Aeronautics and Astronautics|MIT Aero]]'', February 2005. Accessed: December 2013. Size: 15MB and 114 pages</ref> -->
*the [[pore water pressure]] in saturated soil
* the [[pore water pressure]] in saturated soil


In [[particle physics]]:
In [[particle physics]]:
*the elementary particles called the [[muon]] and antimuon
* the elementary particles called the [[muon]] and antimuon
*the [[proton-to-electron mass ratio]]
* the [[proton-to-electron mass ratio]]


In [[thermodynamics]]:
In [[thermodynamics]]:
*the [[chemical potential]] of a system or component of a system
* the [[chemical potential]] of a system or component of a system


=== Computer science ===
=== Computer science ===
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===Chemistry===
===Chemistry===
In [[chemistry]]:
In [[chemistry]]:
*the prefix given in [[IUPAC]] nomenclature for a [[bridging ligand]]
* the prefix given in [[IUPAC]] nomenclature for a [[bridging ligand]]


===Biology===
===Biology===
In [[biology]]:
In [[biology]]:
*the [[mutation rate]] in population genetics
* the [[mutation rate]] in population genetics
* A class of [[Immunoglobulin heavy chain]] that defines [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] type [[Antibody|Antibodies]]


===Pharmacology===
===Pharmacology===
In [[pharmacology]]:
In [[pharmacology]]:
*an important [[opiate receptor]]
* an important [[opiate receptor]]


===Orbital mechanics===
===Orbital mechanics===
In [[orbital mechanics]]:
In [[orbital mechanics]]:
*[[Standard gravitational parameter]] of a [[celestial body]], the product of the [[gravitational constant]] ''G'' and the [[mass]] ''M''
* [[Standard gravitational parameter]] of a [[celestial body]], the product of the [[gravitational constant]] ''G'' and the [[mass]] ''M''
*planetary discriminant, represents an experimental measure of the actual degree of [[Clearing the neighbourhood|cleanliness]] of the orbital zone, a [[wiktionary:criterion|criterion]] for [[IAU definition of planet|defining]] a [[planet]]. The value of μ is calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone.
* planetary discriminant, represents an experimental measure of the actual degree of [[Clearing the neighbourhood|cleanliness]] of the orbital zone, a [[wikt:criterion|criterion]] for [[IAU definition of planet|defining]] a [[planet]]. The value of μ is calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone.


===Music===
===Music===
*[[Steely Dan|Mu chord]]
* [[Steely Dan|Mu chord]]
*Electronic musician [[Mike Paradinas]] runs the label [[Planet Mu]] which utilizes the letter as its logo, and releases music under the pseudonym μ-Ziq, pronounced "music"
* Electronic musician [[Mike Paradinas]] runs the label [[Planet Mu]] which utilizes the letter as its logo, and releases music under the pseudonym μ-Ziq, pronounced "music"
*Used as the name of the school idol group μ's, pronounced "muse", consisting of nine singing idols in the anime [[Love Live! School Idol Project]]
* Used as the name of the school idol group μ's, pronounced "muse", consisting of nine singing idols in the anime [[Love Live! School Idol Project]]
*Official [[fandom name]] of Kpop group [[F(x) (band)|f(x)]], appearing as either '''MeU''' or 'μ'
* Official [[fandom name]] of Kpop group [[F(x) (band)|f(x)]], appearing as either '''MeU''' or 'μ'
*Hip-hop artist Muonboy has taken inspiration from the particle for his stage name and his first EP named Mu uses the letter as its title.
* Hip-hop artist Muonboy has taken inspiration from the particle for his stage name and his first EP named Mu uses the letter as its title.


===Cameras===
===Cameras===
The [[Olympus Corporation]] manufactures a series of digital cameras called Olympus μ {{IPA|[mju:]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympus-global.com/en/corc/history/camera/m_series/ |title=Olympus History : μ[mju:] (Stylus) Series}}</ref> (known as Olympus Stylus in North America)
The [[Olympus Corporation]] manufactures a series of digital cameras called Olympus μ {{IPA|[mju:]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympus-global.com/en/corc/history/camera/m_series/ |title=Olympus History : μ[mju:] (Stylus) Series}}</ref> (known as [[Olympus Stylus Epic|Olympus Stylus]] in North America).


===Linguistics===
===Linguistics===
In [[phonology]]:
In [[phonology]]:

* [[mora (linguistics)|mora]]
* [[mora (linguistics)|mora]]


In [[syntax]]:
In [[syntax]]:

* μP (mu phrase) can be used as the name for a functional projection.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Kyle|title=Object Positions|journal=Natural Language and Linguistic Theory|year=1991|volume=9|pages=577–636|doi=10.1007/BF00134751|issue=4|s2cid=189901613}}</ref>
* μP (mu phrase) can be used as the name for a functional projection.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Kyle|title=Object Positions|journal=Natural Language and Linguistic Theory|year=1991|volume=9|pages=577–636|doi=10.1007/BF00134751|issue=4|s2cid=189901613}}</ref>


In [[celtic languages|Celtic]] linguistics:
In [[celtic languages|Celtic]] linguistics:

* /μ/ can represent an [[Old Irish]] nasalized labial [[fricative]] of uncertain articulation, the ancestor of the sound represented by [[irish language|Modern Irish]] ''mh''.
* /μ/ can represent an [[Old Irish]] nasalized labial [[fricative]] of uncertain articulation, the ancestor of the sound represented by [[irish language|Modern Irish]] ''mh''.


==Character encodings==
==Character encodings==


<ref>Unicode Code Charts: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)]</ref>
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2015}}

* Greek Mu / Coptic Mu<ref>Unicode Code Charts: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)]</ref>


{{charmap
{{charmap
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|namedref1=[[TeX]]|ref1char2=\mu |ref1char3=\micro<!-- at least in LaTeX -->
|namedref1=[[TeX]]|ref1char2=\mu |ref1char3=\micro<!-- at least in LaTeX -->
}}
}}

* Mathematical Mu


{{charmap
{{charmap
Line 140: Line 137:
|1D7B5|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Mu
|1D7B5|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Mu
}}
}}

These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.


==Image list for readers with font problems==
==Image list for readers with font problems==
#{{note|mem}}[[Image:Phoenician mem.svg|50px]]
# {{note|mem}}[[Image:Phoenician mem.svg|50px]]


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 19:56, 16 July 2024

Mu (/ˈm(j)/;[1][2] uppercase Μ, lowercase μ; Ancient Greek μῦ [mŷː], Greek: μι or μυ—both [mi]) is the twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiced bilabial nasal IPA: [m]. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 40.[3] Mu was derived from the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for water, which had been simplified by the Phoenicians and named after their word for water, to become 𐤌img (mem). Letters that derive from mu include the Roman M and the Cyrillic М, though the lowercase resembles a small Latin U (u).

Greek letter mu

Names

Ancient Greek

In Greek, the name of the letter was written μῦ and pronounced [mŷː].

Modern Greek

In Modern Greek, the letter is spelled μι and pronounced [mi]. In polytonic orthography, it is written with an acute accentμί.[4][5]

Use as symbol

The lowercase letter mu (μ) is used as a special symbol in many academic fields. Uppercase mu is not used, because it appears identical to Latin M.

Prefix for units of measurement

"μ" is used as a unit prefix denoting a factor of 10−6 (one millionth), in this context, the symbol's name is "micro".

Mathematics

"μ" is conventionally used to denote certain things; however, any Greek letter or other symbol may be used freely as a variable name.

Physics and engineering

In classical physics and engineering:

In particle physics:

In thermodynamics:

Computer science

In evolutionary algorithms:

  • μ, population size from which in each generation λ offspring will generate (the terms μ and λ originate from evolution strategy notation)

In type theory:

  • Used to introduce a recursive data type. For example, is the type of lists with elements of type (a type variable): a sum of unit, representing nil, with a pair of a and another (represented by ). In this notation, is a binding form, where the variable () introduced by is bound within the following term () to the term itself. Via substitution and arithmetic, the type expands to , an infinite sum of ever-increasing products of (that is, a is any -tuple of values of type for any ). Another way to express the same type is .

Chemistry

In chemistry:

Biology

In biology:

Pharmacology

In pharmacology:

Orbital mechanics

In orbital mechanics:

Music

  • Mu chord
  • Electronic musician Mike Paradinas runs the label Planet Mu which utilizes the letter as its logo, and releases music under the pseudonym μ-Ziq, pronounced "music"
  • Used as the name of the school idol group μ's, pronounced "muse", consisting of nine singing idols in the anime Love Live! School Idol Project
  • Official fandom name of Kpop group f(x), appearing as either MeU or 'μ'
  • Hip-hop artist Muonboy has taken inspiration from the particle for his stage name and his first EP named Mu uses the letter as its title.

Cameras

The Olympus Corporation manufactures a series of digital cameras called Olympus μ [mju:][9] (known as Olympus Stylus in North America).

Linguistics

In phonology:

In syntax:

  • μP (mu phrase) can be used as the name for a functional projection.[10]

In Celtic linguistics:

Character encodings

[11]


Character information
Preview Μ μ µ
Unicode name GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU GREEK SMALL LETTER MU MICRO SIGN COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER MI COPTIC SMALL LETTER MI
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 924 U+039C 956 U+03BC 181 U+00B5 11416 U+2C98 11417 U+2C99
UTF-8 206 156 CE 9C 206 188 CE BC 194 181 C2 B5 226 178 152 E2 B2 98 226 178 153 E2 B2 99
Numeric character reference &#924; &#x39C; &#956; &#x3BC; &#181; &#xB5; &#11416; &#x2C98; &#11417; &#x2C99;
Named character reference &Mu; &mu; &micro;
ISO/IEC 8859-1 181 B5
ISO/IEC 8859-7 204 CC 236 EC
Code page 437, 850 230 E6 230 E6
Code page 737 139 8B 163 A3
Code page 851, 869 183 B7 230 E6
Code page 1253 204 CC 236 EC
Roman-8, Roman-9 243 F3 243 F3
TeX \mu \micro


Character information
Preview 𝚳 𝛍 𝛭 𝜇 𝜧 𝝁
Unicode name MATHEMATICAL BOLD
CAPITAL MU
MATHEMATICAL BOLD
SMALL MU
MATHEMATICAL ITALIC
CAPITAL MU
MATHEMATICAL ITALIC
SMALL MU
MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC
CAPITAL MU
MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC
SMALL MU
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 120499 U+1D6B3 120525 U+1D6CD 120557 U+1D6ED 120583 U+1D707 120615 U+1D727 120641 U+1D741
UTF-8 240 157 154 179 F0 9D 9A B3 240 157 155 141 F0 9D 9B 8D 240 157 155 173 F0 9D 9B AD 240 157 156 135 F0 9D 9C 87 240 157 156 167 F0 9D 9C A7 240 157 157 129 F0 9D 9D 81
UTF-16 55349 57011 D835 DEB3 55349 57037 D835 DECD 55349 57069 D835 DEED 55349 57095 D835 DF07 55349 57127 D835 DF27 55349 57153 D835 DF41
Numeric character reference &#120499; &#x1D6B3; &#120525; &#x1D6CD; &#120557; &#x1D6ED; &#120583; &#x1D707; &#120615; &#x1D727; &#120641; &#x1D741;


Character information
Preview 𝝡 𝝻 𝞛 𝞵
Unicode name MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF
BOLD CAPITAL MU
MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF
BOLD SMALL MU
MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF
BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL MU
MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF
BOLD ITALIC SMALL MU
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 120673 U+1D761 120699 U+1D77B 120731 U+1D79B 120757 U+1D7B5
UTF-8 240 157 157 161 F0 9D 9D A1 240 157 157 187 F0 9D 9D BB 240 157 158 155 F0 9D 9E 9B 240 157 158 181 F0 9D 9E B5
UTF-16 55349 57185 D835 DF61 55349 57211 D835 DF7B 55349 57243 D835 DF9B 55349 57269 D835 DFB5
Numeric character reference &#120673; &#x1D761; &#120699; &#x1D77B; &#120731; &#x1D79B; &#120757; &#x1D7B5;

Image list for readers with font problems

  1. ^

See also

References

  1. ^ "mu". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
  2. ^ "mu". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  3. ^ Hadley, James (1884). A Greek Grammar for Schools and Colleges. New York: American Book. p. 79.
  4. ^ Neoelliniki Grammatiki (Tis Dimotikis).
  5. ^ Grammatiki tis Dimotikis Glossas.
  6. ^ Ballou, Glen (1987). Handbook for Sound Engineers: The New Audio Cyclopedia (1 ed.). Howard W. Sams Co. p. 250. ISBN 0-672-21983-2. Amplification factor or voltage gain is the amount the signal at the control grid is increased in amplitude after passing through the tube, which is also referred to as the Greek letter μ (mu) or voltage gain (Vg) of the tube.
  7. ^ "Nomenclature" NASA
  8. ^ "Definition".
  9. ^ "Olympus History : μ[mju:] (Stylus) Series".
  10. ^ Johnson, Kyle (1991). "Object Positions". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 9 (4): 577–636. doi:10.1007/BF00134751. S2CID 189901613.
  11. ^ Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)