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{{Short description|German military officer and colonial administrator}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Friedrich von Schele
| name = Friedrich von Schele
| order = 3rd Governor of [[German East Africa]]
| order = 3rd [[Reichskommissar]] of [[German East Africa]]
| predecessor = [[Julius von Soden]]
| predecessor = [[Julius von Soden]]
| successor = [[Hermann Wissmann]]
| successor = [[Hermann Wissmann]]
| image = Friedrich von Schele.png
| image = Friedrich von Schele.png
| termstart = 30 September 1893
| termstart = 15 September 1893
| termend = 14 April 1895
| termend = 25 April 1895
| birth_date = 15 September 1847
| birth_date = 15 September 1847
| death_date = 20 July 1904
| death_date = 20 July 1904
| birth_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]]
| birth_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]]
| death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
| death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
| branch = {{flagicon image|Kaiserstandarte.svg}} [[Prussian Army]]
| branch = {{army|Prussia}}
| allegiance = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Prussia}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]] (1865&ndash;1871)<br/>{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German Empire]] (1871&ndash;1904)
| allegiance = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Prussia}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]] (1863&ndash;1871)<br/>{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German Empire]] (1871&ndash;1904)
| serviceyears = 1865&ndash;1904
| serviceyears = 1863&ndash;1904
| battles = [[Austro-Prussian War]]<br/>[[Franco-Prussian War]]<br/>[[German colonization of Africa]]
| battles = [[Austro-Prussian War]]<br/>[[Franco-Prussian War]]<br/>[[Hehe people|Wahehe rebellion]]
| rank = [[Colonel]]
| rank = [[Generalleutnant]]
| awards = [[Pour le Merite]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Freiherr]]
| deputy = [[Lothar von Trotha]]
}}
}}


'''Friedrich Rabod Freiherr von von Schele''' (15 September 1847-20 July 1904) was a German military officer and colonial administrator who served as governor of [[German East Africa]] from 1893 to 1895.
'''Friedrich Rabod Freiherr{{efn|{{German title Freiherr}}}} von Schele''' (15 September 1847 – 20 July 1904) was a German military officer and colonial administrator who served as governor of [[German East Africa]] from 1893 to 1895.


== Biography ==
== Early life and career ==
Friedrich was born in [[Berlin]] to Werner Von Schele (1814-1869) and Marie Eichhorn (1822-1861). He joined the officer corps of the [[Prussian Army]] in 1865 and was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]]. Von Schele first saw combat during the [[Austro-Prussian War]] as an officer in the cavalry. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]], von Schele was appointed Deputy [[Adjutant]] of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Brigade, and served as an orderly officer to [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906)|Prince Albert von Hohenzollern]]. In 1877, von Schele was promoted to [[Rittmeister]] of the 2nd Hanoverian Dragoons.
Friedrich was born in [[Berlin]] to Werner Von Schele (1814-1869) and Marie Eichhorn (1822-1861).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friedrich Freiherr von Scheele (Schele) – Personen in Deutsch-Ostafrika |url=https://www.doa-pdb.de/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Scheele_(Schele) |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.doa-pdb.de}}</ref> He joined the officer corps of the [[Prussian Army]] in 1865 and was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]]. Von Schele first saw combat during the [[Austro-Prussian War]] as an officer in the cavalry. During the [[Franco-Prussian War]], von Schele was appointed Deputy [[Adjutant]] of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Brigade, and served as an orderly officer to [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906)|Prince Albert of Prussia]]. In 1877, von Schele was promoted to [[Rittmeister]] of the 2nd Hanoverian Dragoons.<ref name=":1" />


By 1891, von Schele had attained the rank of [[major]] and was appointed head of the cavalry department in the [[Ministry of War (Prussia)|Ministry of War]].
By 1891, von Schele had attained the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]] and was appointed head of the cavalry department in the [[Ministry of War (Prussia)|Ministry of War]].


== Colonial service ==
In 1892, von Schele was promoted to [[colonel]], and was assigned commander of the ''[[Schutztruppe]]'' in [[German East Africa]]. In September 1893, Friedrich von Schele was appointed [[Reichskommissar]] of the colony, and was immediately tasked with the pacification of the [[Mbunga people|Mbunga]] tribe, which had been fighting a rebellion against German rule since 1889. Von Schele led the ''Schutztruppe'' in an expedition along the [[Rufiji River]] in search of Mbunga chieftain Lubiki-w-mtu. During the expedition, German troops torched and looted villages and killed around 250 Mbunga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boasblogs » Pompeii in Africa |url=https://boasblogs.org/dcntr/pompeii-in-africa/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |language=en}}</ref> Lubiki-w-mtu was eventually captured and was hanged in front of his own subjects on December 20, 1893, after which von Schele declared that all the Mbunga were now subjects of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], and any further "marauding, plundering or slaving" by the Mbunga would be prohibited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pizzo |first=David |title=“To Devour the Land of Mkwawa”: Colonial Violence and the German-Hehe War in East Africa c. 1884-1914 |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/df65v7991?locale=en}}</ref>
In 1892, von Schele was promoted to [[colonel]], and was assigned commander of the ''[[Schutztruppe]]'' in [[German East Africa]], beginning a gradual conquest of the East African interior. He crushed a revolt by the [[Nyamwezi people|Nyamwezi]] under chief Isike,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Iliffe |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0dalboHfXgC&q=schele&pg=PA97 |title=A Modern History of Tanganyika |date=1979-05-10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29611-3 |language=en}}</ref> before leading a campaign against [[Chaga people|Chaga]] king [[Mangi Meli]], capturing the king's base at [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]] in [[Kilimanjaro Region|Kilimanjaro]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Beachey |first=R. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSS6wgEACAAJ |title=A history of east africa, 1592-1902 |date=1996 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies |language=it}}</ref> In September 1893, Schele was appointed [[Reichskommissar]] of the colony.


In 1894, von Schele initiated a new military campaign against the [[Hehe people|Hehe]] tribe and their leader, [[Chief Mkwawa]]. The ''Schutztruppe'' attacked and took Mkwawa's encampment at [[Kalenga]] on 28 October, though were unable to capture the chief, who had escaped during the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log into Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Flegacy%2Fnotes%2F186207184787217%2F |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref> Nonetheless, von Schele was awarded the [[Pour le Mérite]], the highest order of merit in the Imperial German army, on 20 November, 1894 for his successful suppression of the Hehe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boochs |first=Wolfgang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4slEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA202&dq=Friedrich+von+Schele&hl=de |title=Deutsche Kolonien in Afrika: Afrikaner unter deutscher Flagge |date=2021-03-24 |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-7534-3256-4 |language=de}}</ref>
Upon his appointment as governor, Schele quickly began a pacification campaign against the [[Mbunga people|Mbunga]] tribe, which had been fighting a rebellion against German rule since 1889. Von Schele led the ''Schutztruppe'' in an expedition along the [[Rufiji River]] in search of Mbunga chieftain Lubiki-w-mtu, during which German troops torched and looted villages and killed around 250 Mbunga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boasblogs » Pompeii in Africa |url=https://boasblogs.org/dcntr/pompeii-in-africa/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |language=en}}</ref> Lubiki-w-mtu was eventually captured and was hanged in front of his own subjects on 20 December 1893, after which von Schele declared that all the Mbunga were now subjects of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], and any further "marauding, plundering or slaving" by the Mbunga would be prohibited.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pizzo |first=David |title="To Devour the Land of Mkwawa": Colonial Violence and the German-Hehe War in East Africa c. 1884-1914 |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/df65v7991?locale=en}}</ref>


In March 1894, Schele's troops suppressed an uprising led by slave trader Bwana Heri, who had previously rebelled against the Germans during the [[Abushiri revolt]] three years earlier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Finke |first=Jens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&dq=bwana+heri&pg=PA154 |title=Tanzania |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-783-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macke |first=Alberta |date=July 1970 |title=Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960, Vol. I, The History and Politics of Colonialism, 1870–1914 edited by L. H. Gann and Peter Duignan Cambridge University Press. 1969. Pp. xi+532. 100s. $17.50. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/colonialism-in-africa-18701960-vol-i-the-history-and-politics-of-colonialism-18701914-edited-by-l-h-gann-and-peter-duignan-cambridge-university-press-1969-pp-xi532-100s-1750/4CF9EAD02CE36F165A693FB61C509C28 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=316–318 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00019789 |s2cid=154437983 |issn=1469-7777}}</ref> In October of that year, von Schele initiated a new military campaign against the [[Hehe people|Hehe]] tribe and their leader, [[Chief Mkwawa]]. The ''Schutztruppe'' attacked and took Mkwawa's stone fortress at [[Kalenga]] on 28 October, though were unable to capture the chief, who had escaped during the attack.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Log into Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Flegacy%2Fnotes%2F186207184787217%2F |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref> Nonetheless, von Schele was awarded the [[Pour le Mérite]], the highest order of merit in the Imperial German army, on 20 November 1894 for his successful suppression of the Hehe.<ref name="PLM">{{Cite book |last=Boochs |first=Wolfgang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4slEAAAQBAJ&dq=Friedrich+von+Schele&pg=PA202 |title=Deutsche Kolonien in Afrika: Afrikaner unter deutscher Flagge |date=2021-03-24 |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-7534-3256-4 |language=de}}</ref>
⚫
Von Schele was relieved from his post as Reichkommissar in March of 1895 and returned to Berlin, where he became an [[aide-de-camp]] to Wilhelm II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Röhl |first=John C. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-KGQYUc5AEC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA817&dq=Schele+Ostafrika&hl=de |title=Wilhelm II: der Aufbau der persönlichen Monarchie, 1888-1900 |date=2001 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=978-3-406-48229-8 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Friedrich Freiherr von Schele |url=http://prussianmachine.com/prussia/schele.htm |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=prussianmachine.com}}</ref> He then served as the military governor of [[Mainz]] before being discharged from the army for medical reasons in May of 1904. He died in Berlin on 20 July 1904.


== References ==
== Later life and death ==
⚫
Despite his successes, Schele's brutal methods in quelling revolts were met with harsh criticism from the German government. Furthermore, Schele's policies and campaigns were often at odds with the [[Imperial Colonial Office]], and as a result he often clashed with civilian administrators. Eventually, in April 1895, von Schele resigned from his post in protest.<ref name=":2" /> Following his resignation, Schele returned to Berlin, where he became an [[aide-de-camp]] to Wilhelm II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Röhl |first=John C. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-KGQYUc5AEC&dq=Schele+Ostafrika&pg=PA817 |title=Wilhelm II: der Aufbau der persönlichen Monarchie, 1888-1900 |date=2001 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=978-3-406-48229-8 |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Friedrich Freiherr von Schele |url=http://prussianmachine.com/prussia/schele.htm |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=prussianmachine.com}}</ref> He then served as the military governor of [[Mainz]] before being discharged from the army for medical reasons in May 1904.


Schele was married to Emma Clothilde Wilhelmine von Hammerstein (1855-1918). They had one daughter, Marie Agnes. Schele died in Berlin on 20 July 1904, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1847-09-15 |title=Friedrich Richard Frhr. von Schele |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Friedrich-Richard-Frhr-von-Schele/6000000090312800114 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]]:<ref name="rangliste">{{citation|title=Rangliste de Königlich Preußischen Armee|year=1904|chapter=Militärisches Gefolge Seiner Majestät des Kaisers und Königs|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015062308245&seq=551 521]|location=Berlin|publisher=Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn|language=German|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** Knight of the [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|Royal Order of the Crown]], 4th Class with Swords, ''20 September 1866'';<ref name="prus1">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|volume=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&seq=455 455], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&seq=831 797]|language=German|location=Berlin|publisher=Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei|year=1886|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref> 2nd Class with Star, ''10 June 1899''
** [[Iron Cross]] (1870), 2nd Class
** Service Award Cross
** Knight of the [[Order of the Red Eagle]], 4th Class, ''7 September 1881'';<ref name="prus1"/> 3rd Class with Bow and Swords, ''1893''; 2nd Class with Oak leaves and Swords on Ring, ''15 September 1898''; with Crown, ''1899''; with Star and Swords on Ring, ''18 January 1902'';<ref name="prus2">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.)|volume=1|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&seq=627 11], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&seq=272 16]|language=German|location=Berlin|publisher=Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei|year=1895|chapter=Rother Adler-orden|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref> 1st Class, ''1904''
** Knight of the [[Pour le Mérite]] (military), ''20 November 1894''<ref name="PLM"/>
* {{flag|Baden}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Zähringer Lion]]<ref name="rangliste"/>
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: Commander of the [[Friedrich Order]], 1st Class<ref name="rangliste"/>
* {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}: Commander of the [[Order of Franz Joseph|Imperial Austrian Order of Franz Joseph]], with Star<ref name="rangliste"/>
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}: Knight of the [[Order of St. Vladimir|Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir]], 4th Class<ref name="rangliste"/>

== Bibliography ==
* Heinrich Schnee (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon.'' Band 3, Leipzig 1920, S. 262.
* Heinrich Schnee (Hrsg.): ''Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon.'' Band 3, Leipzig 1920, S. 262.
* ''Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Freiherrlichen Häuser. 1939.'' 89. Jg. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1938. Zugleich Adelsmatrikel der Deutschen Adelsgenossenschaft.
* ''Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Freiherrlichen Häuser. 1939.'' 89. Jg. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1938. Zugleich Adelsmatrikel der Deutschen Adelsgenossenschaft.
* Kurt von Priesdorff: ''Soldatisches Führertum.'' Band 10, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1942], DNB 986919810, S. 267–269, Nr. 3208.
* Kurt von Priesdorff: ''Soldatisches Führertum.'' Band 10, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1942], DNB 986919810, S. 267–269, Nr. 3208.
* Karl-Friedrich Hildebrand, Christian Zweng: ''Die Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite des I. Weltkriegs.'' Band 3: ''P–Z.'' Biblio Verlag, Bissendorf 2011, <nowiki>ISBN 3-7648-2586-3</nowiki>, S. 195–197.
* Karl-Friedrich Hildebrand, Christian Zweng: ''Die Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite des I. Weltkriegs.'' Band 3: ''P–Z.'' Biblio Verlag, Bissendorf 2011, {{ISBN|3-7648-2586-3}}, S. 195–197.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schele, Friedrich von}}
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Franz Joseph]]
[[Category:German mass murderers]]
[[Category:German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War]]
[[Category:German war criminals]]
[[Category:Governors of German East Africa]]
[[Category:Lieutenant generals of Prussia]]
[[Category:People from Berlin]]
[[Category:Prussian people of the Austro-Prussian War]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 2nd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)]]
[[Category:Schutztruppe personnel]]

Latest revision as of 14:48, 30 July 2024

Freiherr
Friedrich von Schele
3rd Reichskommissar of German East Africa
In office
15 September 1893 – 25 April 1895
DeputyLothar von Trotha
Preceded byJulius von Soden
Succeeded byHermann Wissmann
Personal details
Born15 September 1847
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
Died20 July 1904
Berlin, Prussia, German Empire
AwardsPour le Merite
Military service
AllegianceKingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia (1863–1871)
German Empire German Empire (1871–1904)
Branch/service Prussian Army
Years of service1863–1904
RankGeneralleutnant
Battles/warsAustro-Prussian War
Franco-Prussian War
Wahehe rebellion

Friedrich Rabod Freiherr[a] von Schele (15 September 1847 – 20 July 1904) was a German military officer and colonial administrator who served as governor of German East Africa from 1893 to 1895.

Early life and career

[edit]

Friedrich was born in Berlin to Werner Von Schele (1814-1869) and Marie Eichhorn (1822-1861).[1] He joined the officer corps of the Prussian Army in 1865 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. Von Schele first saw combat during the Austro-Prussian War as an officer in the cavalry. During the Franco-Prussian War, von Schele was appointed Deputy Adjutant of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Brigade, and served as an orderly officer to Prince Albert of Prussia. In 1877, von Schele was promoted to Rittmeister of the 2nd Hanoverian Dragoons.[2]

By 1891, von Schele had attained the rank of major and was appointed head of the cavalry department in the Ministry of War.

Colonial service

[edit]

In 1892, von Schele was promoted to colonel, and was assigned commander of the Schutztruppe in German East Africa, beginning a gradual conquest of the East African interior. He crushed a revolt by the Nyamwezi under chief Isike,[3] before leading a campaign against Chaga king Mangi Meli, capturing the king's base at Moshi in Kilimanjaro.[4] In September 1893, Schele was appointed Reichskommissar of the colony.

Upon his appointment as governor, Schele quickly began a pacification campaign against the Mbunga tribe, which had been fighting a rebellion against German rule since 1889. Von Schele led the Schutztruppe in an expedition along the Rufiji River in search of Mbunga chieftain Lubiki-w-mtu, during which German troops torched and looted villages and killed around 250 Mbunga.[5] Lubiki-w-mtu was eventually captured and was hanged in front of his own subjects on 20 December 1893, after which von Schele declared that all the Mbunga were now subjects of Wilhelm II, and any further "marauding, plundering or slaving" by the Mbunga would be prohibited.[3][6]

In March 1894, Schele's troops suppressed an uprising led by slave trader Bwana Heri, who had previously rebelled against the Germans during the Abushiri revolt three years earlier.[7][8] In October of that year, von Schele initiated a new military campaign against the Hehe tribe and their leader, Chief Mkwawa. The Schutztruppe attacked and took Mkwawa's stone fortress at Kalenga on 28 October, though were unable to capture the chief, who had escaped during the attack.[4][9] Nonetheless, von Schele was awarded the Pour le Mérite, the highest order of merit in the Imperial German army, on 20 November 1894 for his successful suppression of the Hehe.[10]

Later life and death

[edit]

Despite his successes, Schele's brutal methods in quelling revolts were met with harsh criticism from the German government. Furthermore, Schele's policies and campaigns were often at odds with the Imperial Colonial Office, and as a result he often clashed with civilian administrators. Eventually, in April 1895, von Schele resigned from his post in protest.[3] Following his resignation, Schele returned to Berlin, where he became an aide-de-camp to Wilhelm II.[11][2] He then served as the military governor of Mainz before being discharged from the army for medical reasons in May 1904.

Schele was married to Emma Clothilde Wilhelmine von Hammerstein (1855-1918). They had one daughter, Marie Agnes. Schele died in Berlin on 20 July 1904, aged 56.[12]

Honours and awards

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Heinrich Schnee (Hrsg.): Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon. Band 3, Leipzig 1920, S. 262.
  • Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Freiherrlichen Häuser. 1939. 89. Jg. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1938. Zugleich Adelsmatrikel der Deutschen Adelsgenossenschaft.
  • Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 10, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1942], DNB 986919810, S. 267–269, Nr. 3208.
  • Karl-Friedrich Hildebrand, Christian Zweng: Die Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite des I. Weltkriegs. Band 3: P–Z. Biblio Verlag, Bissendorf 2011, ISBN 3-7648-2586-3, S. 195–197.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a former title (translated as 'Baron'). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Friedrich Freiherr von Scheele (Schele) – Personen in Deutsch-Ostafrika". www.doa-pdb.de. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  2. ^ a b "Friedrich Freiherr von Schele". prussianmachine.com. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  3. ^ a b c Iliffe, John (1979-05-10). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29611-3.
  4. ^ a b Beachey, R. W. (1996). A history of east africa, 1592-1902 (in Italian). Tauris Academic Studies.
  5. ^ "Boasblogs » Pompeii in Africa". Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  6. ^ Pizzo, David. ""To Devour the Land of Mkwawa": Colonial Violence and the German-Hehe War in East Africa c. 1884-1914".
  7. ^ Finke, Jens (2003). Tanzania. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-783-6.
  8. ^ Macke, Alberta (July 1970). "Colonialism in Africa, 1870–1960, Vol. I, The History and Politics of Colonialism, 1870–1914 edited by L. H. Gann and Peter Duignan Cambridge University Press. 1969. Pp. xi+532. 100s. $17.50". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 8 (2): 316–318. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00019789. ISSN 1469-7777. S2CID 154437983.
  9. ^ "Log into Facebook". Facebook. Retrieved 2023-04-24. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  10. ^ a b Boochs, Wolfgang (2021-03-24). Deutsche Kolonien in Afrika: Afrikaner unter deutscher Flagge (in German). Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-7534-3256-4.
  11. ^ Röhl, John C. G. (2001). Wilhelm II: der Aufbau der persönlichen Monarchie, 1888-1900 (in German). C.H.Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-48229-8.
  12. ^ "Friedrich Richard Frhr. von Schele". geni_family_tree. 1847-09-15. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Militärisches Gefolge Seiner Majestät des Kaisers und Königs", Rangliste de Königlich Preußischen Armee (in German), Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, 1904, p. 521 – via hathitrust.org
  14. ^ a b Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1886, pp. 455, 797 – via hathitrust.org
  15. ^ "Rother Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.) (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1895, p. 11, 16 – via hathitrust.org
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