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Coordinates: 40°06′N 124°24′E / 40.1°N 124.4°E / 40.1; 124.4
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{{Short description|Province of North Korea}}
{{about|the [[Administrative divisions of North Korea|province]] of [[North Korea]]|the hypothetical province claimed by the [[Republic of Korea]]|North Pyeongan Province, Republic of Korea}}
{{About|the [[provinces of North Korea|province]] of [[North Korea]]|the hypothetical province claimed by [[South Korea]]|Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces#North Pyeongan}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = North Pyongan Province
| name = {{raise|0.2em|North Pyongan Province}}
| native_name = {{nobold|평안북도}}
| native_name_lang = ko
| native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|평안북도}}}}
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of North Korea|Province]]
| native_name_lang = ko
| settlement_type = Province
| translit_lang1 = Korean
| translit_lang1_type = [[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
| translit_lang1 = Korean
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|ko|평안북도}}
| translit_lang1_type = [[Chosŏn'gŭl]]
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hanja|Hancha]]
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|평|안|북|도}}}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|平|安|北|道}}}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hancha]]
| translit_lang1_type2 = McCune-Reischauer
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|平|安|北|道}}}}
| translit_lang1_type3 = Revised Romanization
| translit_lang1_type2 = McCune&#8209;Reischauer
| translit_lang1_info2 = P'yŏng'anbuk-to
| translit_lang1_type3 = Revised&nbsp;Romanization
| translit_lang1_info2 = P'yŏng'anbuk-to
| translit_lang1_info3 = Pyeong-anbuk-do
| image_blank_emblem =
| translit_lang1_info3 = Pyeong-anbuk-do
| image_map = [[File:North Pyongan NK.png|250px]]<br />[[File:Pyonganbuk-do in North Korea.svg|250px]]
| image_blank_emblem =
| map_caption = Maps showing North Pyongan both with and without the [[Sinuiju Special Administrative Region]]
| image_map = Pyonganbuk-do in North Korea.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|40.1|124.4|region:KP|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|40.1|124.4|region:KP|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[North Korea]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|North Korea}}
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Korea|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kwanso|Kwansŏ]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kwanso|Kwansŏ]]
| seat_type = Capital
| seat_type = [[Capital city|Capital]]
| seat = [[Sinuiju|Sinŭiju]]
| seat = [[Sinuiju|Sinŭiju]]
| parts_type = Subdivisions
| parts_type = [[List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea|Subdivisions]]
| parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) -->
| parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) -->
| parts = 3 cities; 22 counties
| parts = 3 [[list of cities in North Korea|cities]]; 22 counties
| leader_party = [[Workers' Party of Korea|WPK]]
| leader_name = [[Kim Nung-o]]<ref name=unikorea>{{Cite web|title=Organizational Chart of North Korean Leadership
| leader_title = Party Committee Chairman
|location=Seoul|publisher=Political and Military Analysis Division, Intelligence and Analysis Bureau; Ministry of Unification |date=January 2018|accessdate=17 October 2018|url=https://www.unikorea.go.kr/cms/getFile.do?file=2018012913454378143.pdf&orgname=north_korean_Leadership.pdf&mgmtId=MGMT_0000000754&siteId=SITE_00003&filePath=eng_unikorea/common/file/&count=Y#.pdf}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = People's Committee Chairman
| leader_name = [[Park Seong-cheol]]
| leader_title2 = People's Committee Chairman
| leader_name2 = [[Jong Kyong-il]]<ref name=unikorea/>
| leader_name2 = [[Jong Kyong-il]]<ref name=unikorea>{{Cite web|title=Organizational Chart of North Korean Leadership
| area_total_km2 = 12,191
|location=Seoul|publisher=Political and Military Analysis Division, Intelligence and Analysis Bureau; Ministry of Unification |date=January 2018|access-date=17 October 2018|url=https://www.unikorea.go.kr/cms/getFile.do?file=2018012913454378143.pdf&orgname=north_korean_Leadership.pdf&mgmtId=MGMT_0000000754&siteId=SITE_00003&filePath=eng_unikorea/common/file/&count=Y#.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12,191
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2,728,662
| area_rank =
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2008
| population_total = 2,728,662
| population_rank =
| population_as_of = 2008
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = Dialect
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Pyongan Dialect|P'yŏngan]]
| website =
| timezone = [[Time in North Korea|Pyongyang Time]]
| utc_offset = +09:00
| blank_name_sec1 = Dialect
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Pyongan dialect|P'yŏngan]]
| website =
}}
}}


'''North Pyongan Province''' ('''Phyŏnganbukto'''; {{IPA-ko|pʰjʌŋ.an.buk̚.t͈o}}, also spelled '''North P'yŏngan'''), written before 1925 in English as ''Yeng Byen''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-265443.html|title=Yeng-byen, North Pyongan Province, North Korea|website=www.mindat.org|access-date=2017-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=[http://images.library.yale.edu/divinitycontent/dayrep/Methodist%20Episcopal%20Church.%20Korea%20Annual%20Conference%20%201914%20v7.pdf&#124; Minutes of the Korea Annual Conference]|publisher=The Fukuin Printing Company|year=1914|location=Seoul, South Korea|page=27}}</ref>) is a western [[Administrative divisions of North Korea|province]] of [[North Korea]]. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former [[Pyongan|P'yŏng'an]] Province, remained a province of [[Korea]] until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is [[Sinuiju|Sinŭiju]]. In 2002, [[Sinuiju Special Administrative Region|Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region]]—near the city of Sinuiju—was established as a separately governed Special Administrative Region.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
'''North Pyongan Province''' (also spelled '''North P'yŏngan'''; {{korean|hangul=평안북도|mr=Phyŏnganbukto}}; {{IPA|ko|pʰjʌŋanbuk̚t͈o|IPA}}) is a western [[provinces of North Korea|province]] of [[North Korea]]. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former [[Pyongan Province|P'yŏng'an Province]], remained a province of [[Korea]] until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is [[Sinuiju|Sinŭiju]]. In 2002, [[Sinuiju Special Administrative Region|Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region]]—near the city of Sinuiju—was established as a separately governed Special Administrative Region.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}


==Geography==
==Geography==
The [[Yalu River]] forms the northern border with [[China]]'s [[Liaoning]] province. The province is also bordered on the east by [[Chagang Province]] and on the south by [[South Pyong'an Province]]. The [[Sinuiju Special Administrative Region|Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region]] is located in the western corner of the province, and was created as an administrative entity separate from North Pyongan in 2002. North Pyongan is bounded by water on the west with [[Korea Bay]] and the [[Yellow Sea]].
The [[Yalu River]] forms the northern border with [[China]]'s [[Liaoning]] province. The province is also bordered to the east by [[Chagang Province]] and to the south by [[South Pyong'an Province]]. The [[Sinuiju Special Administrative Region|Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region]] is located in the western corner of the province, and was created as an administrative entity separate from North Pyongan in 2002. North Pyongan is surrounded by water to the west with the [[Korea Bay]] and the [[Yellow Sea]].


==Administrative divisions==
==Administrative divisions==
North Pyongan is divided into 3 cities ("[[Administrative divisions of South Korea#Si .28city.29|Si]]") and 22 counties ("[[Administrative divisions of South Korea#Gun .30city.31|Kun]]").
North Pyongan is divided into 3 cities ([[List of cities in North Korea|''si'']]) and 22 counties ([[List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea|''kun'']]). Each entity is listed below in English, [[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]], and [[Hanja|Hancha]].
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="font-size:90%;"
!Name
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hanja|Hancha]]
!Population<br>(2008)<ref>{{cite web|date=2009|title=DPR Korea 2008 Population Census: National Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514111837/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/Final%20national%20census%20report.pdf|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/Final%20national%20census%20report.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2011|access-date=25 November 2020|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
!Subdivisions
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| colspan="5" align=center|[[List of cities in North Korea|'''City''']]
|-
|[[Chongju]]
|정주시
|定州市
|align=right|189,742
|14 ''dong'', 18 ''ri''
|-
|[[Kusong]]
|구성시
|龜城市
|align=right|196,515
|25 ''dong'', 18 ''ri''
|-
|[[Sinuiju]] (capital)
|신의주시
|新義州市
|align=right|359,341
|49 ''dong'', 9 ''ri''
|- bgcolor="lightblue"
| colspan="5" align=center|[[List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea|'''County''']]
|-
|[[Changsong County]]
|창성군
|昌城郡
|align=right|26,577
|1 ''up'', 1 ''rodongjagu'', 15 ''ri''
|-
|[[Cholsan County]]
|철산군
|鐵山郡
|align=right|85,525
|1 ''up'', 2 ''rodongjagu'', 25 ''ri''
|-
|[[Chonma County]]
|천마군
|天摩郡
|align=right|50,462
|1 ''up'', 20 ''ri''
|-
|[[Hyangsan County]]
|향산군
|香山郡
|align=right|52,350
|1 ''up'', 20 ''ri''
|-
|[[Kujang County]]
|구장군
|球場郡
|align=right|139,337
|1 ''up'', 5 ''rodongjagu'', 22 ''ri''
|-
|[[Kwaksan County]]
|곽산군
|郭山郡
|align=right|97,660
|1 ''up'', 19 ''ri''
|-
|[[Nyongbyon County]]
|녕변군
|寧邊郡
|align=right|113,852
|1 ''up'', 1 ''rodongjagu'', 26 ''ri''
|-
|[[Pakchon County]]
|박천군
|博川郡
|align=right|98,128
|1 ''up'', 1 ''rodongjagu'', 20 ''ri''
|-
|[[Pihyon County]]
|피현군
|枇峴郡
|align=right|110,637
|1 ''up'', 2 ''rodongjagu'', 21 ''ri''
|-
|[[Pyoktong County]]
|벽동군
|碧潼郡
|align=right|35,601
|1 ''up'', 19 ''ri''
|-
|[[Ryongchon County]]
|룡천군
|龍川郡
|align=right|135,634
|1 ''up'', 3 ''rodongjagu'', 19 ''ri''
|-
|[[Sakju County]]
|삭주군
|朔州郡
|align=right|159,707
|1 ''up'', 6 ''rodongjagu'', 18 ''ri''
|-
|[[Sindo County]]
|신도군
|薪島郡
|align=right|11,810
|1 ''up'', 2 ''rodongjagu'', 1 ''ri''
|-
|[[Sonchon County]]
|선천군
|宣川郡
|align=right|126,350
|1 ''up'', 24 ''ri''
|-
|[[Taechon County]]
|태천군
|泰川郡
|align=right|108,894
|1 ''up'', 1 ''rodongjagu'', 21 ''ri''
|-
|[[Taegwan County]]
|대관군
|大館郡
|align=right|69,565
|1 ''up'', 22 ''ri''
|-
|[[Tongchang County]]
|동창군
|東倉郡
|align=right|28,665
|1 ''up'', 1 ''rodongjagu'', 16 ''ri''
|-
|[[Tongrim County]]
|동림군
|東林郡
|align=right|104,614
|1 ''up'', 2 ''rodongjagu'', 20 ''ri''
|-
|[[Uiju County]]
|의주군
|義州郡
|align=right|110,018
|1 ''up'', 2 ''rodongjagu'', 17 ''ri''
|-
|[[Unjon County]]
|운전군
|雲田郡
|align=right|101,130
|1 ''up'', 25 ''ri''
|-
|[[Unsan County]]
|운산군
|雲山郡
|align=right|102,928
|1 ''up'', 1 ''rodongjagu'', 27 ''ri''
|-
|[[Yomju County]]
|염주군
|鹽州郡
|align=right|113,620
|1 ''up'', 1 ''rodongjagu'', 22 ''ri''
|}


==Gallery==
All parenthetical entries given in [[Chosŏn'gŭl]] / [[Hancha]] format.

===Cities===
* [[Sinuiju|Sinŭiju]] (capital)<br>({{lang|ko|신의주시/{{linktext|新|義|州|市}}}})
* [[Chongju, North Korea|Chŏngju]]<br>({{lang|ko|정주시/{{linktext|定|州|市}}}})
* [[Kusong|Kusŏng]]<br>({{lang|ko|구성시/{{linktext|龜|城|市}}}})

===Counties===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Changsong|Ch'angsŏng]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|창성군/{{linktext|昌|城|郡}}}})
* [[Cholsan|Ch'ŏlsan]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|철산군/{{linktext|鐵|山|郡}}}})
* [[Chonma|Ch'ŏnma]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|천마군/{{linktext|天|摩|郡}}}})
* [[Hyangsan]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|향산군/{{linktext|香|山|郡}}}})
* [[Kujang County|Kujang]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|구장군/{{linktext|球|場|郡}}}})
* [[Kwaksan]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|곽산군/{{linktext|郭|山|郡}}}})
* [[Nyŏngbyŏn]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|녕변군/{{linktext|寧|邊|郡}}}})
* [[Pakchon|Pakch'ŏn]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|박천군/{{linktext|博|川|郡}}}})
* [[Pihyon|P'ihyŏn]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|피현군/{{linktext|枇|峴|郡}}}})
* [[Pyokdong|Pyŏkdong]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|벽동군/{{linktext|碧|潼|郡}}}})
* [[Ryongchon|Ryongch'ŏn]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|룡천군/{{linktext|龍|川|郡}}}})
* [[Sakju]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|삭주군/{{linktext|朔|州|郡}}}})
* [[Sindo (North Korea)|Sindo]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|신도군/{{linktext|薪|島|郡}}}})
* [[Sonchon|Sŏnch'ŏn]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|선천군/{{linktext|宣|川|郡}}}})
* [[Taechon|T'aech'ŏn]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|태천군/{{linktext|泰|川|郡}}}})
* [[Taegwan]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|대관군/{{linktext|大|館|郡}}}})
* [[Tongchang|Tongch'ang]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|동창군/{{linktext|東|倉|郡}}}})
* [[Tongrim]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|동림군/{{linktext|東|林|郡}}}})
* [[Uiju|Ŭiju]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|의주군/{{linktext|義|州|郡}}}})
* [[Unjon|Unjŏn]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|운전군/{{linktext|雲|田|郡}}}})
* [[Unsan]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|운산군/{{linktext|雲|山|郡}}}})
* [[Yomju|Yŏmju]]-gun<br>({{lang|ko|염주군/{{linktext|鹽|州|郡}}}})
{{div col end}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" widths="150" heights="120">
<gallery mode="packed" widths="150" heights="120">
File:Heian-Hoku Provincial Office.JPG|North Pyongan Provincial Office during [[Japanese rule in Korea]]
File:Heian-Hoku Provincial Office.JPG|North Pyongan Provincial Office during [[Japanese rule in Korea]], administering the Province as [[Heianhoku-dō]]
File:Interior of Devil House.jpg|A [[Korean Confucianism|Korean Confucianist]] temple with offerings in [[Sinuiju]], circa 1909
File:Scenes from every land, second series; a collection of 250 illustrations picturing the people, natural phenomena, and animal life in all parts of the world. With one map and a bibliography of (14580635387).jpg|A [[Korean Confucianism|Korean Confucianist]] temple with offerings in [[Sinuiju]], circa 1909
File:Aerial view of Downtown Sinuiju.jpg|An aerial view of downtown Sinuiju - North Pyongan's capital
File:Aerial view of Downtown Sinuiju.jpg|An aerial view of downtown Sinuiju - North Pyongan's capital
File:North Korea - Coastguard in Sinuiju (6146710835).jpg|The North Korean Coastguard in Sinuiju
File:North Korea - Coastguard in Sinuiju (6146710835).jpg|The North Korean Coastguard in Sinuiju
Line 95: Line 228:


== References ==
== References ==
{{Commons category|Pyonganbuk-to}}
{{Wiktionary|North Pyongan|North Phyongan}}
<references />{{portal|North Korea}}
<references />{{portal|North Korea}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = North Pyongan
| North =
| Northeast = [[Chagang]]
| East =
| Southeast = [[South Pyongan]]
| South =
| Southwest = ''[[Korea Bay]]''
| West =
| Northwest = {{flagdeco|China}} [[Liaoning]], China
}}


{{Regions and administrative divisions of North Korea}}
{{Regions and administrative divisions of North Korea}}

Latest revision as of 14:37, 11 August 2024

This article is about the province of North Korea. For the hypothetical province claimed by South Korea, see Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces § North Pyeongan.
North Pyongan Province
평안북도
Province
Korean transcription(s)
 • Chosŏn'gŭl평안북도
 • Hancha平安北道
 • McCune-ReischauerP'yŏng'anbuk-to
 • Revised RomanizationPyeong-anbuk-do

Maps showing North Pyongan both with and without the Sinuiju Special Administrative Region
Coordinates: 40°06′N 124°24′E / 40.1°N 124.4°E / 40.1; 124.4
Country North Korea
RegionKwansŏ
CapitalSinŭiju
Subdivisions3 cities; 22 counties
Government
 • Party Committee ChairmanPark Seong-cheol (WPK)
 • People's Committee ChairmanJong Kyong-il[1]
Area
 • Total12,191 km2 (4,707 sq mi)
Population
 (2008)
 • Total2,728,662
 • Density220/km2 (580/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+09:00 (Pyongyang Time)
DialectP'yŏngan

North Pyongan Province (also spelled North P'yŏngan; Korean: 평안북도; MR: Phyŏnganbukto; IPA: [pʰjʌŋanbuk̚t͈o]) is a western province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former P'yŏng'an Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Sinŭiju. In 2002, Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region—near the city of Sinuiju—was established as a separately governed Special Administrative Region.[citation needed]

Geography

[edit]

The Yalu River forms the northern border with China's Liaoning province. The province is also bordered to the east by Chagang Province and to the south by South Pyong'an Province. The Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region is located in the western corner of the province, and was created as an administrative entity separate from North Pyongan in 2002. North Pyongan is surrounded by water to the west with the Korea Bay and the Yellow Sea.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

North Pyongan is divided into 3 cities (si) and 22 counties (kun). Each entity is listed below in English, Chosŏn'gŭl, and Hancha.

Name Chosŏn'gŭl Hancha Population
(2008)[2] 		Subdivisions
City
Chongju 정주시 定州市 189,742 14 dong, 18 ri
Kusong 구성시 龜城市 196,515 25 dong, 18 ri
Sinuiju (capital) 신의주시 新義州市 359,341 49 dong, 9 ri
County
Changsong County 창성군 昌城郡 26,577 1 up, 1 rodongjagu, 15 ri
Cholsan County 철산군 鐵山郡 85,525 1 up, 2 rodongjagu, 25 ri
Chonma County 천마군 天摩郡 50,462 1 up, 20 ri
Hyangsan County 향산군 香山郡 52,350 1 up, 20 ri
Kujang County 구장군 球場郡 139,337 1 up, 5 rodongjagu, 22 ri
Kwaksan County 곽산군 郭山郡 97,660 1 up, 19 ri
Nyongbyon County 녕변군 寧邊郡 113,852 1 up, 1 rodongjagu, 26 ri
Pakchon County 박천군 博川郡 98,128 1 up, 1 rodongjagu, 20 ri
Pihyon County 피현군 枇峴郡 110,637 1 up, 2 rodongjagu, 21 ri
Pyoktong County 벽동군 碧潼郡 35,601 1 up, 19 ri
Ryongchon County 룡천군 龍川郡 135,634 1 up, 3 rodongjagu, 19 ri
Sakju County 삭주군 朔州郡 159,707 1 up, 6 rodongjagu, 18 ri
Sindo County 신도군 薪島郡 11,810 1 up, 2 rodongjagu, 1 ri
Sonchon County 선천군 宣川郡 126,350 1 up, 24 ri
Taechon County 태천군 泰川郡 108,894 1 up, 1 rodongjagu, 21 ri
Taegwan County 대관군 大館郡 69,565 1 up, 22 ri
Tongchang County 동창군 東倉郡 28,665 1 up, 1 rodongjagu, 16 ri
Tongrim County 동림군 東林郡 104,614 1 up, 2 rodongjagu, 20 ri
Uiju County 의주군 義州郡 110,018 1 up, 2 rodongjagu, 17 ri
Unjon County 운전군 雲田郡 101,130 1 up, 25 ri
Unsan County 운산군 雲山郡 102,928 1 up, 1 rodongjagu, 27 ri
Yomju County 염주군 鹽州郡 113,620 1 up, 1 rodongjagu, 22 ri
[edit]
  • North Pyongan Provincial Office during Japanese rule in Korea, administering the Province as Heianhoku-dō
    North Pyongan Provincial Office during Japanese rule in Korea, administering the Province as Heianhoku-dō
  • A Korean Confucianist temple with offerings in Sinuiju, circa 1909
    A Korean Confucianist temple with offerings in Sinuiju, circa 1909
  • An aerial view of downtown Sinuiju - North Pyongan's capital
    An aerial view of downtown Sinuiju - North Pyongan's capital
  • The North Korean Coastguard in Sinuiju
    The North Korean Coastguard in Sinuiju
  • A street in Sinuiju when it was under Japanese control
    A street in Sinuiju when it was under Japanese control

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyonganbuk-to.
Look up North Pyongan or North Phyongan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  1. ^ "Organizational Chart of North Korean Leadership" (PDF). Seoul: Political and Military Analysis Division, Intelligence and Analysis Bureau; Ministry of Unification. January 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  2. ^ "DPR Korea 2008 Population Census: National Report" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
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