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{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Carboniferous]]-[[Permian]], {{fossilrange|323.2|254.0|earliest=383.7}} Possible [[Devonian]] record
| fossil_range = [[Carboniferous]]-[[Permian]], {{fossilrange|323.2|254.0|earliest=383.7}} Possible [[Devonian]] record
| image = Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 193517 photo (g23 g23-3 1 jpg).jpg
| image = Sigillaria sp., Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), Anzin Coal Mines, Anzin, Nord, France - Houston Museum of Natural Science - DSC01744.JPG
| image_caption = Fragment (bark) of ''Sigillaria'' sp. displayed at the [[Houston Museum of Natural Science]]. Collected from the [[Anzin|Anzin Coal Mines]], Nord, France.
| image_caption = Bark fragment from ''Sigillaria mamillaris sp.'' [[Estonian Museum of Natural History]], Tallinn, Estonia.
| taxon = Sigillaria
| taxon = Sigillaria
| authority = Brongniart (1822)
| authority = Brongniart (1822)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
}}
}}
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'''''Sigillaria''''' is a genus of extinct, spore-bearing, [[Lepidodendrales|arborescent lycophyte]], known from the [[Carboniferous]] and [[Permian]] periods. It is related to the more famous ''[[Lepidodendron]]'', and more distantly to modern [[Isoetes|quillworts]].
'''''Sigillaria''''' is a genus of extinct, spore-bearing, [[Lepidodendrales|arborescent lycophyte]], known from the [[Carboniferous]] and [[Permian]] periods. It is related to the more famous ''[[Lepidodendron]]'', and more distantly to modern [[Isoetes|quillworts]].


==Fossil records==
== Fossil records ==
⚫
This genus is known in the [[fossil record]]s from as early as the [[Middle Devonian]] or the Late [[Carboniferous]] period <ref name="BB">[http://steurh.home.xs4all.nl/engsig/esigilla.html Hans' Paleobotany Pages - The clubmoss tree Sigillaria]</ref> but dwindled to extinction in the [[Cisuralian|Early Permian]] period (age range: from 383.7 to 254.0 million years ago).<ref name="AA">[http://global.britannica.com/plant/Sigillaria-fossil-plant Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> Fossils are found in Great Britain, United States, Canada, China, Korea, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?taxon_no=157272&action=checkTaxonInfo |title=Paleobiology Database |access-date=2021-12-18 |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106060356/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?taxon_no=157272&action=checkTaxonInfo |url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫
[[Image:Dawson upright fossil.gif|left|thumb| ''Sigillaria'' preserved in the cliffs at [[Joggins]], Nova Scotia, Canada|274x274px]]
⚫
This genus is known in the [[fossil record]]s from as early as the [[Middle Devonian]] or the Late [[Carboniferous]] period <ref name=BB>[http://steurh.home.xs4all.nl/engsig/esigilla.html Hans' Paleobotany Pages - The clubmoss tree Sigillaria]</ref> but dwindled to extinction in the [[Cisuralian|Early Permian]] period (age range: from 383.7 to 254.0 million years ago).<ref name=AA>[http://global.britannica.com/plant/Sigillaria-fossil-plant Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> Fossils are found in Great Britain, United States, Canada, China, Korea, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.<ref>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?taxon_no=157272&action=checkTaxonInfo Paleobiology Database]</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
[[File:Sigillaria.png|thumb|150px|left|Restoration]]
⚫
''Sigillaria'' was a tree-like plant reaching a height up to 30 meters,<ref name="BB" /> with a tall, single or occasionally forked trunk<ref name="AA" /> that lacked wood. Support came from a layer of closely packed leaf bases just below the surface of the trunk, while the center was filled with pith. The long, thin grasslike leaves<ref name="CC" /> were attached directly to the stem and grew <ref name="BB" /> in a spiral along the trunk.<ref name="AA" /> The old leaf bases expanded as the trunk grew in width, and left a diamond-shaped pattern, which is evident in fossils. These leaf scars were arranged in vertical rows.<ref name="BB" /> The trunk had photosynthetic tissue on the surface, meaning that it was probably green.
[[File:PSM V18 D631 Sigillaria reticulata and graeseri.jpg|thumb|right|Leaf scars are shown between the vertical sections of a ''Sigillaria'' where the leaves used to be attached]] ''Sigillaria'' was a tree-like plant reaching a height up to {{cvt|30|m}},<ref name="BB" /> and lycopsids were capable to reach a height of up to {{cvt|50|m}}.<ref> {{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OUIPAQAAMAAJ&q=лепидодендроны
| title = Geografiia rastenii s osnovani botaniki (Geography of plants and basics of botany)
| publisher = Gos. nauchno-pedagog. izd-vo
| date = 1961
| access-date = 2020-10-05
| page = 167
| author = V. V. Alekhin
⚫
}}</ref> These lycopsids had a tall, single or occasionally forked trunk<ref name="AA" /> that lacked wood. Support came from a layer of closely packed leaf bases just below the surface of the trunk, while the center was filled with pith. The long, thin grasslike leaves<ref name="CC" /> were attached directly to the stem and grew <ref name="BB" /> in a spiral along the trunk.<ref name="AA" /> The old leaf bases expanded as the trunk grew in width, and left a diamond-shaped pattern, which is evident in fossils. These leaf scars were arranged in vertical rows.<ref name="BB" /> The trunk had photosynthetic tissue on the surface, meaning that it was probably green.


The trunk was topped with a plume of long, grass-like, [[microphyll]]ous leaves,<ref name="CC" /> so that the plant looked somewhat like a tall, forked bottle brush. The plant bore its spores (not seeds) in cone-like structures <ref name="CC" /> attached to the stem.<ref name="AA" /><ref>Sebastián González, D. and Celia Gutiérrez, M. (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1YpZAwAAQBAJ&dq=Sigillaria+plantae&pg=PA22 El Bosque Petrificado de Olta: 300 millones de años después] {{ISBN|9781312079465}}</ref>
The trunk was topped with a plume of long, grass-like, [[microphyll]]ous leaves,<ref name="CC" /> so that the plant looked somewhat like a tall, forked bottle brush. The plant bore its spores (not seeds) in cone-like structures <ref name="CC" /> attached to the stem.<ref name="AA" /><ref>Sebastián González, D. and Celia Gutiérrez, M. (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1YpZAwAAQBAJ&dq=Sigillaria+plantae&pg=PA22 El Bosque Petrificado de Olta: 300 millones de años después] {{ISBN|9781312079465}}</ref>


The underground structures of [[Lepidodendrales|arborescent lycophytes]] including ''Sigillaria'' and ''[[Lepidodendron]]'' are assigned under the form taxon, ''[[Stigmaria]]''. The lycopsids had [[rhizomes]] or shoot-like rhizomorphic axes, with lateral appendages attached from the circular scars, forming an underground network of branched rootlets. These stigmarian rootlets branched dichotomously from the rhizomorphs similar to ''[[Isoetes]]'', and spread throughout the coal swamp forest areas where the lycopods were commonly found. Root hairs from the rootlet scars identified in ''Stigmaria'' fossils were attached when the lycopsids were alive.<ref name="Hetherington">{{cite journal |last1=Hetherington |first1=A.J. |last2=Berry |first2=C.M. |last3=Dolan |first3=Liam |title=Networks of highly branched stigmarian rootlets developed on the first giant trees |journal=PNAS |date=2016 |volume=113 |issue=24| pages=6695–6700 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1514427113|doi-access=free |pmc=4914198 }}</ref>
⚫
''Sigillaria'', like many ancient lycopods, had a relatively short life cycle - growing rapidly and reaching maturity in a few years. Some researchers have suggested that ''Sigillaria'' was [[monocarpic]], meaning that it died after reproduction, though this is not proven.<ref name="CC">[http://media.eol.org/pages/5889559/details Encyclopedia of life]</ref> It was associated with ''[[Lepidodendron]]'', the scale tree, in the [[Carboniferous]] [[coal]] swamps.<ref name="BB" />


⚫
''Sigillaria'', like many ancient lycopods, had a relatively short life cycle - growing rapidly and reaching maturity in a few years. ''Sigillaria'' may have been [[monocarpic]], meaning that it died after reproduction, though this is not proven.<ref name="CC">{{Cite web |url=http://media.eol.org/pages/5889559/details |title=Encyclopedia of life |access-date=2015-07-19 |archive-date=2018-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707094035/http://media.eol.org/pages/5889559/details |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was associated with ''[[Lepidodendron]]'' and other lycopsids from the [[Carboniferous]] [[coal]] swamps.<ref name="BB" />
⚫
[[File:Stanhope Tree - geograph.org.uk - 2531669.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Fossils of ''Sigillaria'' trunks are usually connected to a [[Stigmaria|stigmarian root system]] (lycopsid rhizomes)]]

[[File:PSM V18 D631 Sigillaria reticulata and graeseri.jpg|thumb|243x243px|Leaf scars are shown between the vertical sections of a ''Sigillaria''|none]]


== Species ==
== Species ==
⚫
[[File:Sigillariaceae - Sigillaria trigona.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Fossil of ''Sigillaria trigona'', on display at [[National Museum (Prague)]]]]

Species within this genus include:<ref>[http://steurh.home.xs4all.nl/engsig/esigsort.html Hans' Paleobotany Pages - Species of Sigillaria]</ref>
Species within this genus include:<ref>[http://steurh.home.xs4all.nl/engsig/esigsort.html Hans' Paleobotany Pages - Species of Sigillaria]</ref>
⚫
[[File:Sigillariaceae - Sigillaria trigona.JPG|thumb|220px|Fossil of ''Sigillaria trigona'', on display at [[National Museum (Prague)]]]]{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''S.alveolaris'' <small>Brongniart (1828)</small>
*''S.alveolaris'' <small>Brongniart (1828)</small>
*''S.barbata'' <small>Weiss (1887)</small>
*''S.barbata'' <small>Weiss (1887)</small>
Line 70: Line 74:
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180" heights="180">
<gallery widths="180" heights="180">
File:Joggins-bark.jpg|''Sigillaria'' lycopod fossil, [[Joggins]], Nova Scotia, Canada
⚫
File:Stanhope Tree - geograph.org.uk - 2531669.jpg|Fossil of ''Sigillaria'' trunk attached to a [[Stigmaria|stigmarian root system]] (lycopsid rhizomes)
File:Sigillaria1.jpg|''Sigillaria'' on display at [[State Museum of Pennsylvania]], from [[Sharon, Pennsylvania|Sharon]], Mercer County, Pennsylvania
File:Sigillaria1.jpg|''Sigillaria'' on display at [[State Museum of Pennsylvania]], from [[Sharon, Pennsylvania|Sharon]], Mercer County, Pennsylvania
File:Sigillaria2.jpg|''Sigillaria'' (bark) on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania, from [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
File:Sigillaria2.jpg|''Sigillaria'' (bark) on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania, from [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
File:Sigillaria sp.4 - Carbonifero.JPG|Replica of ''Sigillaria'' sp. at the [[University of A Coruña]]
File:Sigillaria sp.4 - Carbonifero.JPG|Replica of ''Sigillaria'' sp. at the [[University of A Coruña]]
File:Lycopsid joggins mcr1.JPG|''In situ'' Lycopsid that is probably ''Sigillaria'' from the Pennsylvanian Joggins Formation in [[Nova Scotia]]
File:Lycopsid joggins mcr1.JPG|''In situ'' Lycopsid that is probably ''Sigillaria'' from the Pennsylvanian Joggins Formation in [[Nova Scotia]]
⚫
File:Sigillaria reconstrucción.jpg|Life restoration
File:Sigillaria notata.jpg|A close-up of the leaf scars on a ''Sigillaria notata''
File:Sigillaria notata.jpg|A close-up of the leaf scars on a ''Sigillaria notata''
File:Sigillaria mammillaris - Naturmuseum Freiburg - DSC06753.jpg|''Sigillaria mammillaris''
File:Sigillaria mammillaris - Naturmuseum Freiburg - DSC06753.jpg|''Sigillaria mammillaris''
File:Sigillaria elegans fossil.jpg|''Sigillaria elegans''
File:Sigillaria elegans fossil.jpg|''Sigillaria elegans''
File:PSM V18 D632 Restoration of sigillaria.jpg|Sigillaria restorations
File:PSM V18 D632 Restoration of sigillaria.jpg|''Sigillaria'' restorations
⚫
File:Dawson upright fossil.gif|''Sigillaria'' preserved in the cliffs at [[Joggins]], Nova Scotia, Canada
File:Lycopod bark.jpg|Lycopod bark (possibly an early species of ''Sigillaria'') showing leaf scars, from the [[Milwaukee Formation|Middle Devonian of Wisconsin]].
⚫
File:Sigillaria reconstrucción.jpg|Restoration
</gallery>
</gallery>


Latest revision as of 22:41, 13 August 2024

This article is about the extinct plant genus. For the ancient Roman festival and associated gifts, see Sigillaria (ancient Rome). For the plant genus Sigillaria Raf., see Maianthemum.

Sigillaria
Temporal range: Carboniferous-Permian, 323.2–254.0 Ma Possible Devonian record
Bark fragment from Sigillaria mamillaris sp. Estonian Museum of Natural History, Tallinn, Estonia.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Lycophytes
Class: Lycopodiopsida
Order: †Lepidodendrales
Family: †Sigillariaceae
Genus: †Sigillaria
Brongniart (1822)

Sigillaria is a genus of extinct, spore-bearing, arborescent lycophyte, known from the Carboniferous and Permian periods. It is related to the more famous Lepidodendron, and more distantly to modern quillworts.

Fossil records

[edit]

This genus is known in the fossil records from as early as the Middle Devonian or the Late Carboniferous period [1] but dwindled to extinction in the Early Permian period (age range: from 383.7 to 254.0 million years ago).[2] Fossils are found in Great Britain, United States, Canada, China, Korea, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.[3]

Description

[edit]
Restoration
Leaf scars are shown between the vertical sections of a Sigillaria where the leaves used to be attached

Sigillaria was a tree-like plant reaching a height up to 30 m (98 ft),[1] and lycopsids were capable to reach a height of up to 50 m (160 ft).[4] These lycopsids had a tall, single or occasionally forked trunk[2] that lacked wood. Support came from a layer of closely packed leaf bases just below the surface of the trunk, while the center was filled with pith. The long, thin grasslike leaves[5] were attached directly to the stem and grew [1] in a spiral along the trunk.[2] The old leaf bases expanded as the trunk grew in width, and left a diamond-shaped pattern, which is evident in fossils. These leaf scars were arranged in vertical rows.[1] The trunk had photosynthetic tissue on the surface, meaning that it was probably green.

The trunk was topped with a plume of long, grass-like, microphyllous leaves,[5] so that the plant looked somewhat like a tall, forked bottle brush. The plant bore its spores (not seeds) in cone-like structures [5] attached to the stem.[2][6]

The underground structures of arborescent lycophytes including Sigillaria and Lepidodendron are assigned under the form taxon, Stigmaria. The lycopsids had rhizomes or shoot-like rhizomorphic axes, with lateral appendages attached from the circular scars, forming an underground network of branched rootlets. These stigmarian rootlets branched dichotomously from the rhizomorphs similar to Isoetes, and spread throughout the coal swamp forest areas where the lycopods were commonly found. Root hairs from the rootlet scars identified in Stigmaria fossils were attached when the lycopsids were alive.[7]

Sigillaria, like many ancient lycopods, had a relatively short life cycle - growing rapidly and reaching maturity in a few years. Sigillaria may have been monocarpic, meaning that it died after reproduction, though this is not proven.[5] It was associated with Lepidodendron and other lycopsids from the Carboniferous coal swamps.[1]

Species

[edit]

Species within this genus include:[8]

Fossil of Sigillaria trigona, on display at National Museum (Prague)
  • S.alveolaris Brongniart (1828)
  • S.barbata Weiss (1887)
  • S.bicostata Weiss (1887)
  • S.boblayi Brongniart (1828)
  • S.brardii Brongniart (1828)
  • S.cancriformis Weiss (1887)
  • S.cristata Sauveur (1848)
  • S.cumulata Weiss (1887)
  • S.davreuxii Brongniart (1828)
  • S.densifolia Brongniart (1836)
  • S.elegans Sternberg (1825)
  • S.elongata Brongniart (1824)
  • S.fossorum Weiss (1887)
  • S.hexagona Brongniart (1828)
  • S.loricata Weiss (1887)
  • S.mammiliaris Brongniart (1824)
  • S.menardi Brongniart (1828)
  • S.micaudi (Zeller (1886-1888)
  • S.monostigma Lesquereux (1866)
  • S.orbicularis Brongniart (1828)
  • S.ovata Sauveur (1848)
  • S.pachyderma Brongniart (1828)
  • S.principes Weiss (1881)
  • S.reticulata Lesquereux (1860)
  • S.rugosa Brongniart (1828)
  • S.saulii Brongniart (1836)
  • S.schotheimiana Brongniart (1836)
  • S.scutellata Brongniart (1822)
  • S.sillimanni Brongniart (1828)
  • S.tesselata Brongniart (1828)
  • S.transversalis Brongniart (1828)
  • S.trigona Sternberg (1826)
  • S.voltzii Brongniart (1828)
[edit]
  • Sigillaria lycopod fossil, Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada
    Sigillaria lycopod fossil, Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada
  • Fossil of Sigillaria trunk attached to a stigmarian root system (lycopsid rhizomes)
    Fossil of Sigillaria trunk attached to a stigmarian root system (lycopsid rhizomes)
  • Sigillaria on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania, from Sharon, Mercer County, Pennsylvania
    Sigillaria on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania, from Sharon, Mercer County, Pennsylvania
  • Sigillaria (bark) on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania, from Scranton, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
    Sigillaria (bark) on display at State Museum of Pennsylvania, from Scranton, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
  • Replica of Sigillaria sp. at the University of A Coruña
    Replica of Sigillaria sp. at the University of A Coruña
  • In situ Lycopsid that is probably Sigillaria from the Pennsylvanian Joggins Formation in Nova Scotia
    In situ Lycopsid that is probably Sigillaria from the Pennsylvanian Joggins Formation in Nova Scotia
  • A close-up of the leaf scars on a Sigillaria notata
    A close-up of the leaf scars on a Sigillaria notata
  • Sigillaria mammillaris
    Sigillaria mammillaris
  • Sigillaria elegans
    Sigillaria elegans
  • Sigillaria restorations
    Sigillaria restorations
  • Sigillaria preserved in the cliffs at Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada
    Sigillaria preserved in the cliffs at Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada
  • Lycopod bark (possibly an early species of Sigillaria) showing leaf scars, from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin.
    Lycopod bark (possibly an early species of Sigillaria) showing leaf scars, from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin.
  • Restoration
    Restoration

Bibliography

[edit]
  • William A. DiMichele, Richard M. Bateman: The Rhizomorphic Lycopsids: A Case-Study in Paleobotanical Classification. Systematic Botany, 1996, volume 21, pages 535-552.
  • Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings: Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Second Edition, Academic Press 2009, ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8, pages 303-307
  • J. W. Sir Dawson - On the structure and affinities of Sigillaria, Calamites and Calamodendron - Paperback – August 16, 2011 ISBN 1175560871
  • Silva Pineda, A. (2003). "Flora del Pérmico de la región de Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla". En Soto, L. A. Agustín Ayala-Castañares: universitario, impulsor de la investigación científica. UNAM. p. 371. ISBN 9789703207893

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Hans' Paleobotany Pages - The clubmoss tree Sigillaria
  2. ^ a b c d Encyclopædia Britannica
  3. ^ "Paleobiology Database". Archived from the original on 2023-11-06. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  4. ^ V. V. Alekhin (1961). Geografiia rastenii s osnovani botaniki (Geography of plants and basics of botany). Gos. nauchno-pedagog. izd-vo. p. 167. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
  5. ^ a b c d "Encyclopedia of life". Archived from the original on 2018-07-07. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  6. ^ Sebastián González, D. and Celia Gutiérrez, M. (2014). El Bosque Petrificado de Olta: 300 millones de años después ISBN 9781312079465
  7. ^ Hetherington, A.J.; Berry, C.M.; Dolan, Liam (2016). "Networks of highly branched stigmarian rootlets developed on the first giant trees". PNAS. 113 (24): 6695–6700. doi:10.1073/pnas.1514427113. PMC 4914198.
  8. ^ Hans' Paleobotany Pages - Species of Sigillaria
[edit]
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