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The Model S was the first vehicle produced at the Fremont facility.<ref name="m578">{{cite web | last=Bellan | first=Rebecca | title=Elon Musk reveals the Tesla Model S Plaid | publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] | date=June 11, 2021 | url=https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-model-051542329.html | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> It was followed by the [[Tesla Model X|Model X]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Tesla-Model-X-spreads-its-wings-at-Freemont-6539136.php|title=Tesla Model X spreads its wings at Fremont unveiling|website=[[SFGate]]|first=David R.|last=Baker|date=October 1, 2015|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="q342">{{cite web | first1=Chuck |last1=Squatriglia | first2=Alex |last2=Davies | title=Tesla's Model X SUV is finally here, and it's as wonderful as we'd hoped | website=[[WIRED]] | date=September 30, 2015 | url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/tesla-model-x-suv-reveal-specs-price/ | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> the [[Tesla Model 3|Model 3]] in 2017,<ref name="r737">{{cite web | title=Elon Musk hands over first Tesla Model 3 electric cars to buyers | website=[[The Guardian]] | agency=[[Reuters]] | date=July 29, 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/29/elon-musk-hands-over-first-tesla-model-3-electric-cars-to-buyers | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="f281">{{cite web | last=Gibbs | first=Samuel | title=First Tesla Model 3 rolls off production line ... into the hands of Elon Musk | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=July 10, 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/10/first-tesla-model-3-production-line-hands-elon-musk | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> and the [[Tesla Model Y|Model Y]] in 2020.<ref name="i751">{{cite web | last=Baldwin | first=Roberto | title=Tesla beats expectations, declares a profit, and has started Model Y production | website=[[Car and Driver]] | date=January 29, 2020 | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a30705862/tesla-production-results-q4-model-y/ | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="e391">{{cite web | last=Lassa | first=Todd | title=Tesla Model Y Production Begins Earlier than Expected | website=[[Motor Trend]] | date=January 30, 2020 | url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/2021-tesla-model-y-production-sales-stock-price/ | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> These cars form the "[[S3XY]]" [[acronym]].<ref name="o906">{{cite web | last=Lekach | first=Sasha | title=Elon Musk's main worry about the record-setting Tesla Model 3 | website=[[Mashable]] | date=October 29, 2021 | url=https://mashable.com/article/elon-musk-tesla-q2-model-s3xy | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star/153574500/|title=Musk gloats as rally drives Tesla shares|newspaper=[[The Toronto Star]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=July 11, 2020|page=43|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/153574715/|title=Tesla's crossover Model Y to offer 482-km range|newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]]|date=March 22, 2019|page=E3|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press/153575450/|title=Ford taking name it blocked from Tesla|newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]]|date=March 3, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|page=A6|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> In 2015, the Model S was [[Plug-in electric vehicle#Top selling PEV models|the world's best-selling plug-in electric vehicle]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plain-dealer/153581994/|title=It's not too soon for a drive into the future|newspaper=[[The Plain Dealer]]|page=52|first=Joey|last=Morona|date=April 17, 2016|access-date=August 19, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Since its inception, the Model S has been equipped with batteries supplied by the electronics company [[Panasonic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/tesla-model-s-panasonic-lithium-ion-batteries/|title=Tesla Model S electric car uses Panasonic lithium-ion batteries|website=[[Advanced Science]]|first=Dave|last=Flanagan|date=June 26, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> Since January 2017, the car's batteries have been produced at [[Gigafactory Nevada]].<ref name="t881">{{cite web | last=Randall | first=Tom | title=Tesla starts Gigafactory battery cell production | website=[[Australian Financial Review]] | url-access=subscription | date=January 4, 2017 | url=https://www.afr.com/technology/tesla-starts-gigafactory-battery-cell-production-20170105-gtm472 | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> It is one of the world's largest producers of electric motors, energy storage products, vehicle powertrains, and batteries, manufacturing billions of cells annually.<ref name="z441">{{cite web | last=Ramey | first=Jay | title=Here’s How Tesla Plans to Build More Batteries | website=[[Autoweek]] | date=January 26, 2023 | url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a42671423/tesla-gigafactory-nevada-expansion/ | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref>
The Model S was the first vehicle produced at the Fremont facility.<ref name="m578">{{cite web | last=Bellan | first=Rebecca | title=Elon Musk reveals the Tesla Model S Plaid | publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] | date=June 11, 2021 | url=https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-reveals-tesla-model-051542329.html | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> It was followed by the [[Tesla Model X|Model X]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Tesla-Model-X-spreads-its-wings-at-Freemont-6539136.php|title=Tesla Model X spreads its wings at Fremont unveiling|website=[[SFGate]]|first=David R.|last=Baker|date=October 1, 2015|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="q342">{{cite web | first1=Chuck |last1=Squatriglia | first2=Alex |last2=Davies | title=Tesla's Model X SUV is finally here, and it's as wonderful as we'd hoped | website=[[WIRED]] | date=September 30, 2015 | url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/tesla-model-x-suv-reveal-specs-price/ | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> the [[Tesla Model 3|Model 3]] in 2017,<ref name="r737">{{cite web | title=Elon Musk hands over first Tesla Model 3 electric cars to buyers | website=[[The Guardian]] | agency=[[Reuters]] | date=July 29, 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/29/elon-musk-hands-over-first-tesla-model-3-electric-cars-to-buyers | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="f281">{{cite web | last=Gibbs | first=Samuel | title=First Tesla Model 3 rolls off production line ... into the hands of Elon Musk | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=July 10, 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/10/first-tesla-model-3-production-line-hands-elon-musk | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> and the [[Tesla Model Y|Model Y]] in 2020.<ref name="i751">{{cite web | last=Baldwin | first=Roberto | title=Tesla beats expectations, declares a profit, and has started Model Y production | website=[[Car and Driver]] | date=January 29, 2020 | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a30705862/tesla-production-results-q4-model-y/ | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="e391">{{cite web | last=Lassa | first=Todd | title=Tesla Model Y Production Begins Earlier than Expected | website=[[Motor Trend]] | date=January 30, 2020 | url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/2021-tesla-model-y-production-sales-stock-price/ | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> These cars form the "[[S3XY]]" [[acronym]].<ref name="o906">{{cite web | last=Lekach | first=Sasha | title=Elon Musk's main worry about the record-setting Tesla Model 3 | website=[[Mashable]] | date=October 29, 2021 | url=https://mashable.com/article/elon-musk-tesla-q2-model-s3xy | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star/153574500/|title=Musk gloats as rally drives Tesla shares|newspaper=[[The Toronto Star]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=July 11, 2020|page=43|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/153574715/|title=Tesla's crossover Model Y to offer 482-km range|newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]]|date=March 22, 2019|page=E3|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press/153575450/|title=Ford taking name it blocked from Tesla|newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]]|date=March 3, 2022|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|page=A6|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> In 2015, the Model S was [[Plug-in electric vehicle#Top selling PEV models|the world's best-selling plug-in electric vehicle]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plain-dealer/153581994/|title=It's not too soon for a drive into the future|newspaper=[[The Plain Dealer]]|page=52|first=Joey|last=Morona|date=April 17, 2016|access-date=August 19, 2024|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Since its inception, the Model S has been equipped with batteries supplied by the electronics company [[Panasonic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/tesla-model-s-panasonic-lithium-ion-batteries/|title=Tesla Model S electric car uses Panasonic lithium-ion batteries|website=[[Advanced Science]]|first=Dave|last=Flanagan|date=June 26, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> Since January 2017, the car's batteries have been produced at [[Gigafactory Nevada]].<ref name="t881">{{cite web | last=Randall | first=Tom | title=Tesla starts Gigafactory battery cell production | website=[[Australian Financial Review]] | url-access=subscription | date=January 4, 2017 | url=https://www.afr.com/technology/tesla-starts-gigafactory-battery-cell-production-20170105-gtm472 | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> It is one of the world's largest producers of electric motors, energy storage products, vehicle powertrains, and batteries, manufacturing billions of cells annually.<ref name="z441">{{cite web | last=Ramey | first=Jay | title=Here’s How Tesla Plans to Build More Batteries | website=[[Autoweek]] | date=January 26, 2023 | url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a42671423/tesla-gigafactory-nevada-expansion/ | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref>

European retail deliveries began in August 2013, in Norway,<ref name="g317">{{cite web | last=Murph | first=Darren | title=Tesla Model S deliveries begin outside of North America, starting with Norway | website=[[Yahoo! News]] | date=August 7, 2013 | url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/2013-08-07-tesla-model-s-deliveries-begin-outside-north-america-oslo.html | access-date=August 19, 2024}}</ref> Switzerland and the Netherlands.


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 10:01, 19 August 2024

"Model S" redirects here. For the fighter aircraft, see Curtiss Model S.

Tesla Model S
A front-three quarter view of a red Model S
Overview
ManufacturerTesla, Inc.
ProductionJune 2012 – present
Model years2013–present
Assembly
DesignerFranz von Holzhausen
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size car
Body style4-door liftback sedan
Layout
ChassisUnibody
RelatedTesla Model X
Powertrain
Electric motor3-phase alternating current induction motor
TransmissionSingle-speed reduction gear
Battery40–100 kWh lithium-ion battery
Electric range208–405 mi (335–652 km)
Dimensions
Wheelbase116.5 in (2,960 mm)[1]
Length196.1–197.7 in (4,980–5,021 mm)[2][3]
Width77.3 in (1,960 mm)[1][note 1]
Height56.5 in (1,440 mm)[1]
Curb weight4,323–4,960 lb (1,961–2,250 kg)[4]

The Tesla Model S is a battery-electric, four-door full-size car that has been produced by the American automaker Tesla since 2012. As Tesla's longest-produced model and second vehicle, the Model S is frequently regarded as one of the most significant electric cars in the industry.

Tesla started developing the Model S in c. 2007 under the codename "WhiteStar". Initially, Henrik Fisker—known for his work with Aston Martin—was appointed as the lead designer for the WhiteStar project, but after a dispute with the company's chief executive officer, Fisker was replaced by Franz von Holzhausen. By 2008, von Holzhausen had designed approximately 95 percent of the production Model S's exterior. Tesla unveiled a prototype of the vehicle in March 2009, in Hawthorne, California. To produce the Model S, Tesla acquired a facility in Fremont, California, from Toyota, which had previously been used by both Toyota and General Motors. Official series manufacture of the Model S began in Fremont, in June 2012.

All versions of the Model S come equipped with a single-speed transmission and an alternating current induction motor. Constructed mostly of the aluminum, the car shares about 30 percent of its components with the Model X—a crossover SUV that was introduced in 2015. Over the course of its production, the Model S has undergone several updates, the most prominent ones occurring in 2016 and 2021. These updates typically include modifications to the motor, such as changes to horsepower or torque, as well as revised exterior elements and refreshed interior features. Tesla carried out the final assembly for European markets at its facilities in Tilburg, the Netherlands, between 2013 and 2021.

In 2015, the Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric vehicle. The Model S has been the subject of multiple fires, the first occurring in Kent, Washington, in October 2013. The car has earned numerous accolades, including being named one of the "Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012" by Time and receiving the "Tech Car of the Year for 2012" award from CNET. The Model S has received mixed reviews from car critics: The Daily Telegraph described the Model S as a "car that changed the world",[5] but Road & Track called it "perhaps one of the worst [cars in the world]."[6]

Development

In January 2007, the American automaker Tesla, Inc. opened a facility in Michigan, employing sixty people to work on new projects, including a four-door sedan.[7] Beginning development under the codename "WhiteStar",[8] Tesla initially planned for the car to have two powertrain options. The first would be a battery-electric version with an all-electric range of 200 miles (320 km). The second was to be a range-extending vehicle, capable of traveling between 40 and 50 miles (64 and 80 km) on electric power before a small gasoline engine would recharge its batteries and power the vehicle, giving it a total range of 400 miles (640 km). However, at the GoingGreen conference in September 2008, Elon Musk—the chief executive officer of Tesla[9]—announced that the company would exclusively produce battery-electric vehicles.[10]

In 2007, Musk appointed Henrik Fisker, known for his work with Aston Martin,[11][12] as the lead designer of the WhiteStar project.[13][14][15] The company requested that he design a "sleek, four-door sedan" priced from $50,000 to $70,000, and that it be ready between late 2009 and early 2010.[16] Fisker owned a design studio in Orange County, California, which the Tesla employees frequently visited to view his designs. However, their reactions were generally negative; Ron Lloyd, the vice president of the WhiteStar project, described Fisker's designs as "terrible [...] some of the early styles were like a giant egg".[16] When Musk rejected his designs, Fisker attributed the decision to the project's physical constraints, saying, "they wouldn't let me make the car sexy".[17] Shortly after the meetings, Fisker started his own company[18] and debuted the Fisker Karma in 2008, at the North American International Auto Show.[19][20] Musk subsequently filed a lawsuit against Fisker, accusing him of stealing Tesla's design ideas and using the $875,000 to launch his own company.[18][21] Fisker ultimately won the lawsuit, and an arbitrator ordered Tesla to reimburse Fisker's legal fees and declared Tesla's claims to be without merit.[18]

A front three-quarters view of a grey Fisker Karma sedan
Dispute between Musk and Fisker arose after the latter started his own company and began producing the Karma (pictured).

A small team of Tesla engineers went to a Mercedes-Benz car dealership where they test-drove a CLS-Class and an E-Class. Both cars shared a chassis, and the engineers assessed every part of the vehicles, evaluating their positives and negatives. They ultimately preferred the CLS's styling and used it as the baseline for the Model S. After purchasing a CLS, they disassembled it, modified the Roadster's battery pack, cut out the CLS's floor, and integrated it with the battery pack. They subsequently put all of its electronics and systems in the car's trunk and replaced the interior. After three months of development, the engineers completed a battery-electric version of the CLS. Tesla frequently tested the car on public roads; it had 120 miles (190 km) of all-electric range per charge and weighed more than the Roadster.[22]

In August 2008, Musk appointed Franz von Holzhausen as the project's lead designer.[23][24][25] Von Holzhausen reviewed Fisker's sketches and clay models but was unimpressed with what he saw, stating that "it was clear [...] that the people [who] had been working on this were novices". To save money, Tesla established its design center within the SpaceX factory. As von Holzhausen began designing the exterior of the Model S, Tesla engineers initiated a project to construct another electric CLS. They stripped it to its core, removed the body structure, and extended the wheelbase by four inches (10 cm) to align with early Model S specifications. Within approximately three months, von Holzhausen had designed 95 percent of the production Model S's exterior, and the engineers had begun building a prototype around the design.[25] Given the battery pack's substantial weight, Musk and the team began efforts to minimize the weight of other components. To address this issue, Musk opted to use aluminum instead of steel. Musk stated that the non-battery-pack portion of the vehicle must be lighter than equivalent gasoline vehicles, and the decision to construct it entirely from aluminum was clear. He noted that the primary challenge was that if aluminum were not used in its construction, the car's performance would be compromised.[26] To accelerate the development of the Model S, one group of engineers worked during the day, while another arrived at 9 p.m. and worked through the night, both operating within a 3,000 square feet (280 m2) tent in the SpaceX factory.[27]

A front three-quarters view, taken indoors, of a Tesla Model S prototype.
The Model S prototype at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show

Tesla debuted a prototype version of the Model S in Hawthorne, California, on March 26, 2009.[28][29][30] Tesla initially intended to manufacture the Model S in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and later in San Jose, California, but later withdrew from both plans.[31][32] In 1984, the American automaker General Motors (GM) and the Japanese automaker Toyota partnered to form New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc., on the site of a former GM assembly plant in Fremont, California.[33][34][35] The facility produced numerous vehicles, including the Chevrolet Nova and the Toyota Corolla.[36][37][38] After the Great Recession, GM found itself trying to recover from bankruptcy. It decided to abandon the facility in 2009, with Toyota soon following.[39][40] However, a month after the last car—a Corolla—rolled off the manufacturing line in April 2010, Toyota and Tesla announced a partnership and the transfer of the factory. Tesla agreed to purchase a significant portion of the facility for US$42 million, while Toyota invested US$50 million in Tesla for a 2.5 percent stake in the company.[35][41]

During the early 2010s, Musk expanded the engineering teams for the Model S, while von Holzhausen grew the design teams in Los Angeles. The engineers operated in a lab with approximately forty-five personnel. The "alpha" version of the Model S, featuring newly stamped body parts from the Fremont factory, a revamped battery pack, and improved power electronics, was completed in the basement of an office in Palo Alto, California. About twelve of these cars were produced; some were sent to suppliers such as Bosch, while others were preserved for testing and design alterations.[42] On June 22, 2012, Tesla invited its employees, select customers, and the press to watch the first production Model S roll off the manufacturing line in Fremont.[43][44][45] The car's launch event occurred in a section of the facility where the cars are completed.[46]

Design

Two white electric vehicles (Teslas) at a supercharger; the one on the left is a sedan while the one on the right is an SUV
The Model S (left) and Model X (right) share a platform and 30 percent of their parts.

The body and the chassis of the Model S are made mostly of aluminum.[47][48][49] The Model S shares its platform and thirty percent of its parts with the Model X,[50][51] a mid-size luxury crossover SUV that was introduced in 2015.[52][53][54] The Model S is a full-size sedan with four doors[55][56][57] and five seats.[58][59] The company claimed a drag coefficient of Cd=0.24,[60] the lowest of any production car at release.[61] This claim was independently verified by the magazine Car and Driver in the middle of 2014, confirming the drag coefficient as Cd=0.24.[62] The vehicle's drag coefficient was improved by a solid front fascia instead of a grille, retractable door handles, and a flat underbody with no exhaust pipes to disrupt the airflow.[49] The Model S's battery pack is its heaviest component[63][64] and is located inside of the car's floor.[65][66] The battery pack consists of thousands of identical cylindrical 18650 battery cells, each measuring 18 millimeters (0.71 in) in diameter and 65 millimeters (2.6 in) in height.[67][68] These cells feature a graphite/silicon anode,[69] and a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode.[70][71] The Model S has a center of gravity height of 18 inches (460 mm),[72][73] reducing the risk of rollovers.[74][75][76] Since the heavier components of the drivetrain are positioned behind the rear axle's centerline, the Model S has a weight distribution of 46 percent at the front and 54 percent at the rear.[77] Each Model S has a single-speed reduction gear transmission.[78]

According to Lee Hutchinson of the news website Ars Technica, the Model S's "almond-shaped headlights and prominent nosecone conjure images of Maserati, while the rear half has a distinct Aston Martin DBS flavor, [and] the taillights and rear evoke the Jaguar XF".[1] A cast aluminum cross-member attached to the vehicle's body structure supports the front suspension and electrically assisted rack-and-pinion steering system. At the rear, a cast subframe is connected to the body using four rubber-isolated mounts to reduce vibrations.[49] The front suspension features a double control arm design, while the rear suspension uses a multi-link arrangement, each with an air spring for improved ride comfort.[49][79] This chassis also features disc brake components produced by Brembo.[49][80] Since the Model S lacks a front engine, Tesla implemented a "frunk"—a portmanteau of "front" and "trunk"—which has 5.3 cubic feet (150 L) of storage.[1][81][82] The car's rear trunk possesses 26.6 cubic feet (750 L) of storage with the rear seats upright and 58.1 cubic feet (1,650 L) when the seats are folded down.[83][84] Initially, the seats and steering wheel of the Model S were made exclusively of leather. However, in 2017, following a request from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to become the first cruelty-free automaker, Tesla switched to synthetic leather.[85][86]

Models and updates

2012–2016: Initial years

A front three-quarters view of a white 2015 Tesla Model S
A rear three-quarters view of a white 2015 Tesla Model S
The pre-facelift Model S

Tesla allocated its initial 1,000 Model S units to the "Signature" limited edition configurations.[87][88][89] The AC induction motor of the base Signature model generates a power output of 270 kW (362 hp) and a torque output of 439 newton-meters (324 lb⋅ft),[90][91] sufficient to give the car a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 5.6 seconds and a top speed of 125 mph (201 km/h).[90][92] The Signature Performance's motor produces 310 kW (416 hp) and 601 newton-meters (443 lb⋅ft), giving it a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 4.6 seconds and a top speed of 134 mph (216 km/h).[93][94] Both models incorporate an 85 kilowatt-hour (kWh) lithium-ion battery,[94][95] and have an all-electric range of about 265 miles (426 km).[88][90][94]

Beginning in 2012, three battery pack configurations of the Model S were offered as 2013 model year[note 2] vehicles.[97] Initially, a 40 kWh lithium-ion model was planned as the entry-level version, but Tesla announced in 2013 that this version would not be produced.[98] The motor of this version was to produce a power output of 175 kilowatts (235 hp) and a torque of 420 newton-meters (310 lb⋅ft), giving it a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration time of 6.5 seconds and a maximum speed of 110 mph (180 km/h).[99][100][101] Instead, a more powerful model with a 60 kWh model, was introduced to substitute the 40 kWh model.[99] Its motor generates 225 kilowatts (302 hp) and 430 newton-meters (317 lb⋅ft),[102] providing it with a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration of 5.5 seconds, with a maximum speed of 121 mph (195 km/h) and an all-electric range of 208 miles (335 km).[103] Two versions of the 85 kWh model were created: one with specifications similar to the aforementioned Signature model, and a performance version, the "P85", with specifications akin to the Signature Performance.[101][77]

In 2014, Tesla discontinued the P85, replacing it with the P85D.[104][105][106] Tesla introduced a front motor in the P85D, in addition to the existing rear motor used in previous models. This configuration powers both the front and rear wheels, resulting in an all-wheel drive powertrain ("D" stands for "dual").[107][108] The two motors produce a combined output of 515 kilowatts (691 hp) and 931 newton-meters (687 lb⋅ft), enabling the P85D to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.2 seconds and reach a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), with an all-electric range of 275 miles (443 km).[109][110] Replacing the 60 kWh model,[111][112] the 70D was introduced as a 2015 model year vehicle. It features dual motors that produce a combined output of 383 kilowatts (514 hp) and 387 newton-meters (285 lb⋅ft), allowing it to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 5.2 seconds, with a maximum speed of 140 mph (230 km/h) and an all-electric range of 240 miles (390 km).[113][114][115] A single-motor version of the 70 kWh model was also produced, with an output of 235 kilowatts (315 hp) and 325 newton-meters (240 lb⋅ft), allowing it to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 5.2 seconds, with a maximum speed of 140 mph (230 km/h) and an all-electric range of 210 miles (340 km).[115]

Tesla launched the standard 90D and the performance P90D to succeed the 85 kWh model and the P85D, respectively.[106][116][117] The 90D's motor produces 311 kilowatts (417 hp) and 658 newton-meters (485 lb⋅ft),[118][119] providing a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 4.2 seconds and a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), with an all-electric range of 288 miles (463 km).[119][120] The P90D's dual motors generate a combined output of 568 kilowatts (762 hp) and 967 newton-meters (713 lb⋅ft),[121][122] sufficient to give the car a 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time of 2.8 seconds, a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), and an all-electric range of 268 miles (431 km).[122][123][124]

2016–2019: First major update

A front three-quarters view of a white 2016 Tesla Model S
The Model S and its prominently revised front fascia
A rear three-quarters view of a white 2016 Tesla Model S
Rear view

In April 2016, Tesla implemented a facelift for the Model S, releasing them as 2017 model year vehicles.[125][126] Its most prominent update lies in its front fascia, where the previous contrasting-colored grille has been replaced by a continuation of the body, leaving only a thin gap between the leading edge of the hood and the bumper, which houses the Tesla logo.[127][128] The updated model also includes restyled, full-LED adaptive headlights that turn with the car to enhance visibility at night.[127]

That same year, Tesla reintroduced the 60 kWh model and introduced an all-wheel-drive version, the 60D.[129][130] The former produces 235 kilowatts (315 hp) and 325 newton-meters (240 lb⋅ft), allowing it to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in five seconds, with a maximum speed of 130 mph (210 km/h) and an all-electric range of 210 miles (340 km).[131][132][133] The latter has dual motors that produce 242 kilowatts (324 hp) and 430 newton-meters (317 lb⋅ft), providing a 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration of 5.2 seconds, with a maximum speed of 130 mph (210 km/h) and an all-electric range of 253 miles (407 km).[134] Customers also had the option to upgrade the battery capacity to 75 kWh through an over-the-air update, extending the range by an additional 40 miles (64 km) of range.[131] In March 2017, Tesla discontinued the 60 kWh model to distinguish its premium cars from the more cost-effective options, making the 75 kWh model the new entry-level offering.[135][136]

In late 2016, Tesla introduced the P100D as a replacement for the P90D.[137] The P100D's motors generate a combined output 510 kilowatts (680 hp) and 1,072 newton-meters (791 lb⋅ft), allowing it to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 2.8 seconds, with a maximum speed of 155 mph (249 km/h) and an all-electric range of 315 miles (507 km).[138][139][140] In early 2017, Tesla introduced the 100D.[141] Its dual motors deliver 360 kilowatts (483 hp) and 660 newton-meters (487 lb⋅ft), sufficient to give the car a zero to 60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration of 3.9 seconds and a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h). It has an all-electric range of 335 miles (539 km).[142][143] Midway through 2017, Tesla discontinued the 90D.[144] Tesla subsequently ended production of the rear-wheel drive 75 kWh model in late 2017.[145] In 2019, Tesla also phased out the 75D, 100D, and P100D variants as part of the company's shift towards a revamped model range.[146][147]

2019–present: Simplified naming scheme

Front three-quarters view of a white Tesla Model S
The Model S refreshed for 2021

In favor of a more streamlined lineup, in 2019, the previous 75D, 100D, and P100D models were replaced with the Standard Range, Long Range, and Performance models, respectively;[147] however, the Standard Range model was discontinued later that year.[148] The Model S Long Range, equipped with a 100 kWh battery, has dual motors that generate a total output of 350 kilowatts (469 hp) and 730 newton-meters (540 lb⋅ft), allowing the Long Range to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.7 seconds and reach a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), with an all-electric range of about 375 miles (604 km).[149][150] The Performance model also has a 100 kWh battery. Its dual motors produce a combined output of 562 kilowatts (754 hp) and 931 newton-meters (687 lb⋅ft), providing it with a 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration of 2.4 seconds, a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), and an all-electric range of about 365 miles (587 km).[151] For 2020, the Long Range model was replaced with the Long Range Plus.[152] Its dual motors deliver a combined output of 311 kilowatts (417 hp) and 658 newton-meters (485 lb⋅ft), allowing it to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.7 seconds and reach a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h), with an all-electric range of about 400 miles (640 km).[note 3]

Rear three-quarters view of a blue Tesla Model S
In 2024, the Model S received restyled taillights. The Plaid model is pictured.

In 2021, Tesla launched a significant update to the Model S, known internally as the "Palladium" project, which involved an overhaul of most of its components.[157] The revised Model S was revealed in January 2021.[158][159] At its debut, the updated Model S had the lowest drag coefficient of any automobile, with a value of Cd=0.208.[160][161] The updated Long Range delivers 500 kilowatts (670 hp); this allows it to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.2 seconds and reach a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h). It achieves an all-electric range of about 405 miles (652 km).[162] The Plaid, which features a 95 kWh battery,[163] has—in contrast to all models previous—a tri-motor, all-wheel drive layout. The trio produce a total output of 760 kilowatts (1,020 hp) and 1,050 newton-meters (770 lb⋅ft), providing the car with a 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration of 1.98 seconds and a maximum speed of 200 mph (320 km/h), with an all-electric range of 390 miles (630 km).[164][165][166] In 2023, Tesla reintroduced the Standard Range model, featuring an all-electric range of 370 miles (600 km).[167][168] In 2024, the Model S received restyled taillights.[note 4]

Technology

Features

The steering wheel, dashboard, and touchscreen of a Model S
Production dashboard with 12.3-inch (310 mm) main dashboard digital display (left) and central 17-inch (430 mm) touchscreen control panel (right)

The instrument panel is positioned directly before the driver and features a 12.3-inch (310 mm) liquid crystal display electronic instrument cluster.[58][170] The infotainment control touchscreen features a 17-inch (430 mm) multi-touch display[171] divided into four sections. The top section shows status icons and offers quick access to features like charging, HomeLink, Driver Profiles, vehicle information, and Bluetooth. Below that, the second section provides access to various apps, such as Media, Navigation, Energy, Web, Camera, and Phone. The central viewing area displays two active apps, split into upper and lower areas, with most apps expandable to fill the entire screen. The bottom section contains controls and settings for the vehicle, including doors, locks, lights, temperature settings, and a secondary volume control.[172]

Originally, the Model S's touchscreen was powered by a Nvidia Tegra 3 3D Visual Computing Module (VCM),[173][174] with a separate Nvidia Tegra 2 VCM handling the instrument cluster.[175] Around 2018, Tesla upgraded these two Tegra System-on-a-Chip (SoC) units to a single Intel Atom-based SoC, which powered both the main touchscreen display and the instrument cluster.[176] With the Palladium refresh, Tesla further updated the system, switching to a horizontal touchscreen orientation and an AMD Ryzen-based SoC. The 2021 Model S also introduced the "yoke" steering wheel.[177]

Tesla Autopilot is an advanced driver-assistance system developed by Tesla that amounts to partial vehicle automation.[178] Released in October 2015 as a software update,[179][180] Autopilot uses cameras, Radar and ultrasound to detect road signs, lane markings, obstacles, pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, traffic lights, and other vehicles. Additionally, Autopilot includes adaptive cruise control, lane centering, auto lane changing, autoparking and many other semi-autonomous driving and parking capabilities.[181][182]

Charging

A red Model S charging at a Supercharger
A Model S connected to a Supercharger
See also: Tesla Supercharger

For charging outside the home, Tesla has partnered with businesses to install Tesla Wall Connectors to provide a charging network called Tesla Destination.[183] The units are provided to the businesses by Tesla for free or at a discounted price.[184] The business is responsible for the cost of electricity. Not all destination chargers are available to the public, as some businesses limit them to customers, employees, or residents only.[185] Tesla operates a network of 480-volt charging stations.[186][187]

Tesla initially planned for the Model S to allow fast battery swapping.[188][189] In 2013, the company demonstrated a battery swap operation that took about ninety seconds—roughly half the time needed to refill a gas tank.[190][191][192] While Tesla initially planned to make battery swapping widely available, they reportedly abandoned the idea due to a perceived lack of customer interest.[193] Critics have accused Tesla of exploiting California's zero-emission vehicle credit system by introducing the battery swap program without ever making it accessible to the public.[194] In 2020, Tesla announced plans to integrate the batteries into the vehicle's body to enhance strength and reduce weight and cost.[195]

Environmental impact

A drone-view of a battery manufacturing factory
Tesla claimed that the Gigafactory 1 is able to turn old batteries into new ones.

Tesla's lithium-ion batteries contain small amounts of nickel and cobalt, which has been identified as having a high environmental impact due to the toxicity of their extraction and refining processes.[196] Tesla claims to recycle all returned battery packs and states that Gigafactory 1 is able to recycle a significant portion of the elements from old batteries, moving towards a "closed loop" system where old batteries are turned into new ones.[197][198]

In February 2014, the Automotive Science Group published a study assessing the life-cycle of over 1,300 automobiles across nine categories sold in North America, ranking the Model S as the best environmental performer in the 2014 full-size cars category. The study found that the increased environmental impacts of manufacturing the Model S are more than offset by its improved environmental performance during operation, using the average U.S. electricity mix in 2014. The Nissan Leaf had the smallest life-cycle environmental footprint of any 2014 model year automobile available in North America.[199]

In 2012, a study by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) found that unless an electric vehicle is charged by solar or wind power, its CO2 emissions in the United States, similar to the Model S, are equivalent to a gasoline-powered car that gets between 34 and 115 miles per gallon (MPG), depending on the electricity source in the region. The study estimated that nearly half of Americans live in areas where an electric vehicle would produce fewer emissions than a 50 MPG hybrid.[200] A 2015 study by the UCS concluded that in U.S. regions where the Model S is popular, its 68 percent higher manufacturing emissions are offset within a few years of average driving.[201] Over their lifecycle, electric vehicles emit about half as much CO2 as comparable fossil fuel cars.[202] However, the report assumes that electric materials are recycled at rates similar to other cars and excludes the issue of battery disposal due to limited data on current recycling practices and future intentions.[201]

Production and sales

A front three-quarters view of a white Tesla Model S
A front three-quarters view of a white 2023 facelifted Tesla Model 3
A front three-quarters view of a white Tesla Model X
A front three-quarters view of a white Tesla Model Y
The vehicles that formed part of the "S3XY" acronym: the Tesla Model S; the Model 3; the Model X; and the Model Y

The Model S is the company's second vehicle and is, as of 2024, its longest-produced model.[203][204][205] The Model S has been produced at the 5,400,000 square feet (500,000 m2) Fremont, California, facility since June 2012;[206][207] but, from August 2013, for European countries, final assembly was carried out at Tesla's facilities in Tilburg, the Netherlands.[208] The production of both the Model S and Model X at the Tilburg facility ceased in early 2021. According to the Dutch newspaper NU, the 2021 refresh introduced changes to the production process that made it impossible to complete final assembly at the Tilburg location.[209] Tesla initially projected it would produce 1,000 units per month, aiming for a total of 5,000 units by the end of 2012. For 2013, Tesla anticipated quadrupling that. The company also expected to deliver around 500 vehicles to customers in the third quarter, with the remaining units scheduled for delivery in the fourth quarter. Tesla built its 1,000th Model S by October 31, 2012,[210] and delivered 2,650 units by the end of the year.[211] In the first half of the subsequent year, 10,050 units were delivered to customers.[212]

The Model S was the first vehicle produced at the Fremont facility.[213] It was followed by the Model X in 2015,[214][215] the Model 3 in 2017,[216][217] and the Model Y in 2020.[218][219] These cars form the "S3XY" acronym.[220][221][222][223] In 2015, the Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric vehicle.[224] Since its inception, the Model S has been equipped with batteries supplied by the electronics company Panasonic.[225] Since January 2017, the car's batteries have been produced at Gigafactory Nevada.[226] It is one of the world's largest producers of electric motors, energy storage products, vehicle powertrains, and batteries, manufacturing billions of cells annually.[227]

European retail deliveries began in August 2013, in Norway,[228] Switzerland and the Netherlands.

References

Notes

  1. ^ Excluding side-view mirrors
  2. ^ It is common practice in the American automotive industry to introduce a model year's automobile during the previous calendar year.[96]
  3. ^ Cited to multiple sources:[153][154][155][156]
  4. ^ As of July 2024, there are no reliably sourced reports explicitly regarding the updated taillights. However, Car and Driver features an image of the facelifted taillights in its 2024 model year report,[169] while displaying the previous taillights in its 2023 report.[168]

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Bibliography

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