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{{Short description|Christian martyrs}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0px 0px 10px 10px;float:right;width:300px;"
:''Symphorian is also the name of one of the [[Four Crowned Martyrs]]. For various places in France and Belgium, see [[Saint-Symphorien (disambiguation)|Saint-Symphorien]].''
! colspan="2" style="background-color:gold;font-size:120%;"|'''''Saints Symphorian and Timotheus'''''
|-
⚫
|align="center" colspan="2" |[[Image:SaintsymphorienIngres.jpg|200px|thumb|center|''The Martyrdom of Saint Symphorian'', by [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]]]]
|-
|align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="gold"|'''Martyrs'''
|-
|'''Died'''
|August 22, 178 AD
|-
|'''Venerated in'''
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|-
|'''Major [[shrine]]'''
|Autun
|-
|'''[[Calendar of saints|Feast]]'''
|[[August 22]]
|-
|'''Attributes'''
⚫
|Symphorian is depicted as a young man being dragged to martyrdom while his mother encourages him
|-
|'''Patronage'''
⚫
|Symphorian is patron of Autun; children; students; against eye problems, against [[syphilis]]
⚫
|}


{{Infobox saint
'''Saints Timotheus (Timothy) and Symphorian (Symphorianus, Symphorien)''' are venerated together as [[saint|saints]] by the [[Catholic Church]] and share the same [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] ([[August 22]]), though the lives of the two saints are not related.
|name=Saints Symphorian and Timotheus

|birth_date=
⚫
==Timotheus==
|death_date={{death date|178|8|22|mf=y}}
⚫
During the [[pontificate]] of [[Melchiades]] (311-13), St. Timotheus came from [[Antioch]] to [[Rome]], where he preached for fifteen months and lived with [[Pope Silvester I|Sylvester]], who later became pope. The [[prefect]] of the city, Tarquinus Perpenna, threw him into prison, tortured, and finally [[decapitation|beheaded]] him in [[311]]. A Christian woman named Theon buried him in her garden. This is related in the legend of Sylvester. The name of Timotheus occurs in the earliest martyrologies.
|feast_day=August 22; Hippolytus: now August 13
|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br>[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
|image=Ingres Martyre Saint-Symphorien.jpg
|imagesize=200px
⚫
|caption=''[[The Martyrdom of Saint Symphorian]]'', by [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]]
|birth_place=
|death_place=
|titles= [[Christian martyr|Martyrs]]
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date= [[Pre-Congregation]]
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=
⚫
|attributes=Symphorian is depicted as a young man being dragged to martyrdom while his mother encourages him.
⚫
|patronage=Symphorian is patron of Autun; children; students; against eye problems, against [[syphilis]]
|major_shrine=Autun
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
|prayer=
|prayer_attrib=
⚫
}}
'''Symphorian''' ('''Symphorianus''', '''Symphorien'''), '''Timotheus''' ('''Timothy'''), and [[Hippolytus of Rome]] are three [[Christian martyr]]s who, though they were unrelated and were killed in different places and at different times, shared a common feast day in the [[General Roman Calendar]] from at least the 1568 [[Tridentine calendar]] to the [[Mysterii Paschalis]]. While still a young man, Symphorian was either beheaded or beaten to death with clubs.


==Symphorian==
==Symphorian==
According to a legend of the early [[fifth century]], St. Symphorian of [[Autun]] was beheaded, while still a young man, during the reign of [[Marcus Aurelius]]. He was the son of a senator named Faustus. He studied at Autun and was brought before the provincial governor Heraclius for not worshipping the pagan goddess [[Cybele]]. Symphorian is said to have asked for tools to destroy the statue. He was arrested and flogged and because he was from a noble family, he was given a chance to recant. Symphorian was offered [[bribes]] to do so, but he declined.
According to a legendary ''passio'' of St. [[Benignus of Dijon]], Symphorian was a young nobleman who was converted by Benignus at [[Autun]]. Symphorian was [[decapitation|beheaded]], while still a young man, during the reign of [[Marcus Aurelius]].<ref name=Meier>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14727a.htm Meier, Gabriel. "Sts. Timotheus and Symphorian." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 9 February 2019</ref>


He was the son of a senator named Faustus. He studied at Autun and was brought before the provincial governor Heraclius for not worshipping the pagan goddess [[Cybele]] (Berecynthia), by failing to show due reverence when a procession during her festival was passing by. Symphorian is said to have asked for tools to destroy the statue. He was arrested and flogged and, because he was from a noble family, he was given a chance to [[recant]] but refused.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=T. Scott|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWn9SabAOUoC&q=Lupus+of+Troyes&pg=PA477|title=The Origin and Development of the Christian Church in Gaul During the First Six Centuries of the Christian Era|date=1911|publisher=Mac Millan|language=en}}</ref>
His mother, the Blessed Augusta (?), encourged him on his way to execution, [[22 August]], [[178]], and was present at her son's death.


His mother, the [[Beatification|Blessed]] Augusta, encouraged him on his way to execution and was present at her son's death, which took place on 22 August 178. In the oldest redaction of manuscripts containing the saint's life is a Gaulish sentence recording that she allegedly yelled from the city wall: ''Nate, Nate, Symphoriane, mentobeto to Diuo'' which may be read as "''gnate, gnate, mentobe to diwo"''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thurneysen|first=Rudolf|title=Irisches und Gallisches|journal=Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie|year=1923|volume=14|issue=1 |pages=1–17|doi=10.1515/zcph.1923.14.1.1|s2cid=163109134}}</ref> ("Son, Son, O Symphorian, remember your God!").<ref>R. Thurneysen, "Irisches und Gallisches," in: Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 14 (1923) 1-17.</ref> Symphorian was beaten to death with clubs.
According to a legendary ''passio'' of [[Saint Benignus of Dijon]], Symphorian was a young nobleman who was converted by Benignus at Autun.


==Veneration for Saint Symphorian==
===Veneration===
Bishop [[Euphronius]] (d. [[490]]) built a handsome church over his grave, connected with a [[monastery]], which belonged to the Congregation of Sainte-Geneviève from [[1656]] until its suppression in [[1791]]. Abbot [[Germanus]] later became Bishop of Paris, where he dedicated a chapel to the saint. [[Genesius of Clermont]] built a church dedicated to him at [[Clermont]].
Bishop [[Euphronius of Autun]] (died 490) built a handsome church over Symphorian's grave, connected with a [[monastery]], the [[Abbey of St. Symphorian, Autun|Abbey of St. Symphorian]], which belonged to the [[Congregation of St. Geneviève|Congregation of Sainte-Geneviève]] from 1656 until its suppression in 1791. Abbot [[Germain of Paris|Germanus]] later became [[Bishop of Paris]], where he dedicated a chapel to the saint.<ref name=Meier/> [[Genesius of Clermont]] built a church dedicated to him at [[Clermont-Ferrand|Clermont]].


St. Symphorian is the [[patron saint]] of Autun. His veneration spread at an early date through the empire of the [[Franks]]. His cult was especially popular at [[Tours]]; [[St. Gregory of Tours]] relates a [[miracle]] wrought by the saint.
Saint Symphorian is the [[patron saint]] of Autun. His veneration spread at an early date through the empire of the [[Franks]]. His cult was especially popular at [[Tours]]; Saint [[Gregory of Tours]] relates a [[miracle]] performed by the saint.<ref name=Meier/>


There is a St. Symphorian's at [[Veryan]], [[Cornwall]].
There is a St. Symphorian's Church at [[Veryan]], [[Cornwall]], and [[St Symphorian's Church, Durrington|another]] at [[Durrington, West Sussex|Durrington]] in [[West Sussex]], now a suburb of the town of [[Worthing]].

⚫
==Timotheus==
⚫
During the [[pontificate]] of [[Melchiades]] (311–13), St. Timotheus came from [[Antioch]] to [[Rome]], where he preached for fifteen months and lived with [[Pope Sylvester I|Sylvester]], who later became pope. The [[Prefect of Rome|prefect of the city]], Tarquinus Perpenna, threw him into prison, tortured, and finally beheaded him at the [[Via Ostiensis|Via Ostiense]] in 311.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/saints/08/22.html|title=Saint of the Day - Calendar of Saints of 08/22 - Vatican News|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> A Christian woman named Theon buried him in her garden. This is related in the legend of Sylvester. The name of Timotheus occurs in the earliest [[martyrologies]].

==Hippolytus==
The 22 August feast of Saint [[Hippolytus of Rome]] was a duplicate of his 13 August feast and for that reason was deleted when the [[General Roman Calendar]] was revised in 1969.<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 135</ref> Earlier editions of the ''[[Roman Martyrology]]'' referred to the 22 August Hippolytus as Bishop of Porto. [[Johann Peter Kirsch]], writing in the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]],'' sees this as "connected with the confusion regarding the Roman presbyter resulting from the Acts of the Martyrs of Porto. It has not been ascertained whether the memory of the latter was localized at Porto merely in connection with the legend in Prudentius, without further foundation, or whether a person named Hippolytus was really martyred at Porto, and afterwards confounded in legend with Hippolytus of Rome."<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07362a.htm Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Sts. Hippolytus." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 9 February 2019</ref> This opinion is shared by a Benedictine source.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0822.shtml|title=saintpatrickdc.org|website=www.saintpatrickdc.org|access-date=2020-02-25|archive-date=2011-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408130028/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0822.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

⚫
==See also==
* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/August 22|Saint Symphorian, patron saint archive]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Symphorian}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14727a.htm Symphorian and Timotheus] at the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]
*[http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/saints3h.htm Patron Saints Index: Symphorian]
*[http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/saints3h.htm Patron Saints Index: Symphorian]
*[http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0822.htm Symphorian of Autun]
*[http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0822.shtml Saint of the Day, August 22: ''Symphorian of Autun''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408130028/http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0822.shtml |date=2011-04-08 }} at ''SaintPatrickDC.org''
{{Catholic}}
{{Catholic|title=Sts. Timotheus and Symphorian}}


{{authority control}}
⚫
==See also==
*[[Saint-Symphorien]], places in France named after Symphorian


[[Category:178 deaths|Symphorian]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Symphorian and Timotheus}}
[[Category:Ancient Roman saints|Symphorian]]
[[Category:178 deaths]]
[[Category:Catholic martyrs]]
[[Category:311 deaths]]
[[Category:French saints|Symphorian]]
[[Category:Saints duos]]
[[Category:Multiple people]]
[[Category:Saints from Roman Syria]]
[[Category:Syrian saints|Timotheus]]
[[Category:2nd-century Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:4th-century Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:2nd-century Romans]]
[[Category:4th-century Romans]]
[[Category:Gallo-Roman saints]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:2nd-century Gallo-Roman people]]
[[Category:Groups of Christian martyrs of the Roman era]]

Latest revision as of 20:29, 20 August 2024

Symphorian is also the name of one of the Four Crowned Martyrs. For various places in France and Belgium, see Saint-Symphorien.
Saints Symphorian and Timotheus
The Martyrdom of Saint Symphorian, by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Martyrs
Died(178-08-22)August 22, 178
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
CanonizedPre-Congregation
Major shrineAutun
FeastAugust 22; Hippolytus: now August 13
AttributesSymphorian is depicted as a young man being dragged to martyrdom while his mother encourages him.
PatronageSymphorian is patron of Autun; children; students; against eye problems, against syphilis

Symphorian (Symphorianus, Symphorien), Timotheus (Timothy), and Hippolytus of Rome are three Christian martyrs who, though they were unrelated and were killed in different places and at different times, shared a common feast day in the General Roman Calendar from at least the 1568 Tridentine calendar to the Mysterii Paschalis. While still a young man, Symphorian was either beheaded or beaten to death with clubs.

Symphorian

[edit]

According to a legendary passio of St. Benignus of Dijon, Symphorian was a young nobleman who was converted by Benignus at Autun. Symphorian was beheaded, while still a young man, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius.[1]

He was the son of a senator named Faustus. He studied at Autun and was brought before the provincial governor Heraclius for not worshipping the pagan goddess Cybele (Berecynthia), by failing to show due reverence when a procession during her festival was passing by. Symphorian is said to have asked for tools to destroy the statue. He was arrested and flogged and, because he was from a noble family, he was given a chance to recant but refused.[2]

His mother, the Blessed Augusta, encouraged him on his way to execution and was present at her son's death, which took place on 22 August 178. In the oldest redaction of manuscripts containing the saint's life is a Gaulish sentence recording that she allegedly yelled from the city wall: Nate, Nate, Symphoriane, mentobeto to Diuo which may be read as "gnate, gnate, mentobe to diwo"[3] ("Son, Son, O Symphorian, remember your God!").[4] Symphorian was beaten to death with clubs.

Veneration

[edit]

Bishop Euphronius of Autun (died 490) built a handsome church over Symphorian's grave, connected with a monastery, the Abbey of St. Symphorian, which belonged to the Congregation of Sainte-Geneviève from 1656 until its suppression in 1791. Abbot Germanus later became Bishop of Paris, where he dedicated a chapel to the saint.[1] Genesius of Clermont built a church dedicated to him at Clermont.

Saint Symphorian is the patron saint of Autun. His veneration spread at an early date through the empire of the Franks. His cult was especially popular at Tours; Saint Gregory of Tours relates a miracle performed by the saint.[1]

There is a St. Symphorian's Church at Veryan, Cornwall, and another at Durrington in West Sussex, now a suburb of the town of Worthing.

Timotheus

[edit]

During the pontificate of Melchiades (311–13), St. Timotheus came from Antioch to Rome, where he preached for fifteen months and lived with Sylvester, who later became pope. The prefect of the city, Tarquinus Perpenna, threw him into prison, tortured, and finally beheaded him at the Via Ostiense in 311.[5] A Christian woman named Theon buried him in her garden. This is related in the legend of Sylvester. The name of Timotheus occurs in the earliest martyrologies.

Hippolytus

[edit]

The 22 August feast of Saint Hippolytus of Rome was a duplicate of his 13 August feast and for that reason was deleted when the General Roman Calendar was revised in 1969.[6] Earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology referred to the 22 August Hippolytus as Bishop of Porto. Johann Peter Kirsch, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, sees this as "connected with the confusion regarding the Roman presbyter resulting from the Acts of the Martyrs of Porto. It has not been ascertained whether the memory of the latter was localized at Porto merely in connection with the legend in Prudentius, without further foundation, or whether a person named Hippolytus was really martyred at Porto, and afterwards confounded in legend with Hippolytus of Rome."[7] This opinion is shared by a Benedictine source.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symphorian.
  1. ^ a b c Meier, Gabriel. "Sts. Timotheus and Symphorian." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 9 February 2019
  2. ^ Holmes, T. Scott (1911). The Origin and Development of the Christian Church in Gaul During the First Six Centuries of the Christian Era. Mac Millan.
  3. ^ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1923). "Irisches und Gallisches". Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie. 14 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1515/zcph.1923.14.1.1. S2CID 163109134.
  4. ^ R. Thurneysen, "Irisches und Gallisches," in: Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 14 (1923) 1-17.
  5. ^ "Saint of the Day - Calendar of Saints of 08/22 - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  6. ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 135
  7. ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Sts. Hippolytus." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 9 February 2019
  8. ^ "saintpatrickdc.org". www.saintpatrickdc.org. Archived from the original on 2011-04-08. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
[edit]

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sts. Timotheus and Symphorian". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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