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The Duke of Aquitaine (Occitan: Duc d'Aquitània, French: Duc d'Aquitaine, IPA: [dyk dakitɛn]) was the ruler of the medieval region of Aquitaine (not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine) under the supremacy of Frankish, English, and later French kings.

As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom (418–721), Aquitania (Aquitaine) and Languedoc (Toulouse) inherited both Visigothic law and Roman Law, which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century. Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified in 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653, women could inherit land and titles and manage their holdings independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14, and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20.^[1] As a consequence, male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility.

Coronation

The Merovingian kings and dukes of Aquitaine used Toulouse as their capital.^{[citation needed]} The Carolingian kings used different capitals situated farther north. In 765, Pepin the Short bestowed the captured golden banner of the Aquitainian duke, Waiffre, on the Abbey of Saint Martial in Limoges.^{[citation needed]} Pepin I of Aquitaine was buried in Poitiers. Charles the Child was crowned at Limoges and buried at Bourges.^{[citation needed]} When Aquitaine briefly asserted its independence after the death of Charles the Fat, it was Ranulf II of Poitou who took the royal title.^{[citation needed]} In the late tenth century, Louis the Indolent was crowned at Brioude.^{[citation needed]}

The Aquitainian ducal coronation procedure is preserved in a late twelfth-century ordo (formula) from Saint-Étienne in Limoges, based on an earlier Romano-German ordo. In the early thirteenth century a commentary was added to this ordo, which emphasised Limoges as the capital of Aquitaine. The ordo indicated that the duke received a silk mantle, coronet, banner, sword, spurs, and the ring of Saint Valerie.^{[citation needed]}

Visigothic dukes

Suatrius (flor. 493), captured by Clovis I during the First Franco-Visigothic War^[2]

Dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings

Merovingian kings are in boldface.

Chram (555–560)
Desiderius (583–587, jointly with Bladast)
Bladast (583–587, jointly with Desiderius)
Gundoald (584/585)
Austrovald (587–589)
Sereus (589–592)
Chlothar II (592–629)
Charibert II (629–632)
Chilperic (632)
Boggis (632–660)
Felix (660–670)
Lupus I (670–676)
Odo the Great (688–735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, or 715, unclear parentage
Hunald I (735–745), son of Odo the Great, abdicated to a monastery
Waifer (745–768), son of Hunald I
Hunald II (768–769), probably son of Waifer
Lupo II (768–781), Duke of Gascony, opposed Charlemagne's rule and Hunald's relatives.

Direct rule of Carolingian kings

Restored dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings

The Carolingian kings again appointed Dukes of Aquitaine, first in 852, and again since 866.^{[citation needed]} Later, this duchy was also called Guyenne.^{[citation needed]}

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids)

Ranulph I (852–866), Count of Poitiers from 835, Duke of Aquitaine from 852.
Ranulph II (887–890), son of Ranulf I, also Count of Poitiers, called himself King of Aquitaine from 888 until his death.

House of Auvergne

William I the Pious (893–918), also Count of Auvergne
William II the Younger (918–926), nephew of William I, also Count of Auvergne.
Acfred (926–927), brother of William II, also Count of Auvergne.

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (927–932)

Ebalus the Bastard (also called Manzer) (927–932)), illegitimate son of Ranulph II and distant cousin of Acfred, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.

House of Rouergue

Raymond I Pons (932–936)
Raymond II (936–955)

House of Capet

Hugh the Great (955–962)

House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (962–1152)

William III Towhead (962–963), son of Ebalus, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.
William IV Iron Arm (963–995), son of William III, also Count of Poitiers.
William V the Great (995–1030), son of William IV, also Count of Poitiers.
William VI the Fat (1030–1038), first son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
Odo (1038–1039), second son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
William VII the Eagle (1039–1058), third son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
William VIII (1058–1086), fourth son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
William IX the Troubadour (or the Younger) (1086–1127), son of William VIII, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
William X the Saint (1127–1137), son of William IX, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
Eleanor of Aquitaine (1137–1204), daughter of William X, also Countess of Poitiers and Duchess of Gascony, married the kings of France and England in succession.
- Louis the Younger (1137–1152), also King of France, duke in right of his wife.

From 1152, the Duchy of Aquitaine was held by the Plantagenets, who also ruled England as independent monarchs and held other territories in France by separate inheritance (see Plantagenet Empire). The Plantagenets were often more powerful than the kings of France, and their reluctance to do homage to the kings of France for their lands in France was one of the major sources of conflict in medieval Western Europe.

House of Plantagenet

Henry I (Henry II of England) (1152–1189), also King of England, duke in right of his wife Eleanor.
Richard I Lionheart (1189–1199), also King of England, duke in right of his mother.
John I (1199–1216), also King of England, duke in right of his mother until her death in 1204.
Henry II (Henry III of England) (1216–1272), also King of England.
Edward I Longshanks (1272–1307), also King of England.
Edward II (1307–1325), also King of England.
Edward III (1325–1362), also King of England

Richard the Lionheart was outlived by his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine. In 1189, she acted as regent for the Duchy while he was on crusade — a position he resumed on his return to Europe.

Plantagenet rulers of Aquitaine

In 1337, King Philip VI of France reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine from Edward III, King of England.^{[citation needed]} Edward in turn claimed the title of King of France, by right of his descent from his maternal grandfather King Philip IV of France. This triggered the Hundred Years' War, in which both the Plantagenets and the House of Valois claimed supremacy over Aquitaine.

In 1360, both sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny, in which Edward renounced the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke). However, when the treaty was broken in 1369, both these English claims and the war resumed.^{[citation needed]}

In 1362, King Edward III, as Lord of Aquitaine, made his eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales, Prince of Aquitaine.^{[citation needed]}

Edward the Black Prince (1362–1372), first son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, also Prince of Wales.

In 1390, King Richard II, son of Edward the Black Prince, appointed his uncle John of Gaunt Duke of Aquitaine. This grant expired upon the Duke's death, and the dukedom reverted to the Crown. Regardless, due to Henry IV's seizure of the crown, he still came into possession of the dukedom. ^[3] ^{[better source needed]}

John of Gaunt (1390–1399), fourth son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, also Duke of Lancaster.
Henry IV of England (1399–1400), seized the throne of England, to whose demesne the duchy had reverted upon the death of his father John of Gaunt, but ceded it to his son upon becoming King of England.
Henry V of England (1400–1422), son of Henry IV, also King of England 1413–1422.

Henry V continued to rule over Aquitaine as King of England and Lord of Aquitaine. He invaded France and emerged victorious at the siege of Harfleur and the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. He succeeded in obtaining the French crown for his family by the Treaty of Troyes in 1420. Henry V died in 1422, when his son Henry VI inherited the French throne at the age of less than a year; his reign saw the gradual loss of English control of France.^{[citation needed]}

Valois and Bourbon dukes of Aquitaine

The Valois kings of France, claiming supremacy over Aquitaine, granted the title of duke to their heirs, the Dauphins.

John II (1345–1350), son of Philip VI of France, acceded in 1350 as King of France.
Charles, Dauphin of France, Duke of Guyenne (1392?–1401), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.
Louis (1401–1415), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.

With the end of the Hundred Years' War, Aquitaine returned under direct rule of the king of France and remained in the possession of the king. Only occasionally was the duchy or the title of duke granted to another member of the dynasty.

Charles, Duc de Berry (1469–1472), son of Charles VII of France.
Xavier (1753–1754), second son of Louis, Dauphin of France.

The Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, son of Alfonso XIII of Spain, was one of the Legitimist pretenders to the French throne; as such he named his son, Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine (1972–2000); Gonzalo had no legitimate children.

Family tree

References

^ Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane; A History of Women: Book II Silences of the Middle Ages, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England. 1992, 2000 (5th printing). Chapter 6, "Women in the Fifth to the Tenth Century" by Suzanne Fonay Wemple, pg 74. According to Wemple, Visigothic women of Spain and the Aquitaine could inherit land and title and manage it independently of their husbands, and dispose of it as they saw fit if they had no heirs, and represent themselves in court, appear as witnesses (by the age of 14), and arrange their own marriages by the age of twenty
^ Lemovicensis, Ruricius; Limoges), Ruricius I. (Bishop of (1999). Ruricius of Limoges and Friends: A Collection of Letters from Visigothic Gaul. Liverpool University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780853237037.
^ "Would the grant of Aquitaine to John of Gaunt in 1399 have been inherited by Henry Bolingbroke had the latter not been exiled by Richard II?" at researchgate.net

[Visgothic_Women-1] Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane; A History of Women: Book II Silences of the Middle Ages, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England. 1992, 2000 (5th printing). Chapter 6, "Women in the Fifth to the Tenth Century" by Suzanne Fonay Wemple, pg 74. According to Wemple, Visigothic women of Spain and the Aquitaine could inherit land and title and manage it independently of their husbands, and dispose of it as they saw fit if they had no heirs, and represent themselves in court, appear as witnesses (by the age of 14), and arrange their own marriages by the age of twenty

[2] Lemovicensis, Ruricius; Limoges), Ruricius I. (Bishop of (1999). Ruricius of Limoges and Friends: A Collection of Letters from Visigothic Gaul. Liverpool University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780853237037.

[3] "Would the grant of Aquitaine to John of Gaunt in 1399 have been inherited by Henry Bolingbroke had the latter not been exiled by Richard II?" at researchgate.net

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Ruler of the ancient region of Aquitaine}}
-[[Image:France 1154-en.svg|thumb|Map of France in 1154]]
+[[File:France 1154-en.svg|thumb|Map of France in 1154]]
 {{Original research|date=May 2023}}
-{{Citations needed|date=May 2023}}
+{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
-The '''Duke of Aquitaine''' ({{lang-oc|Duc d'Aquitània}}, {{lang-fr|Duc d'Aquitaine}}, {{IPA-fr|dyk dakitɛn|IPA}}) was the ruler of the [[Duchy of Aquitaine|medieval region of Aquitaine]] (not to be confused with modern-day [[Aquitaine]]) under the supremacy of [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish]], [[List of English monarchs|English]], and later [[List of French monarchs|French kings]].
+The '''Duke of Aquitaine''' ({{lang-oc|Duc d'Aquitània}}, {{lang-fr|Duc d'Aquitaine}}, {{IPA|fr|dyk dakitɛn|IPA}}) was the ruler of the [[Duchy of Aquitaine|medieval region of Aquitaine]] (not to be confused with modern-day [[Aquitaine]]) under the supremacy of [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish]], [[List of English monarchs|English]], and later [[List of French monarchs|French kings]].
-As successor states of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] (418–721), [[Occitania|Aquitania]] (Aquitaine) and [[Languedoc]] ([[Counts of Toulouse|Toulouse]]) inherited both Visigothic law and [[Roman Law]], which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century. Particularly under the [[Visigothic Code|Liber Judiciorum]] as codified 642/643 and expanded by the Code of [[Recceswinth]] in 653, women could inherit land and title and manage it independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14, and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20.<ref name="Visgothic Women">Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane; A History of Women: Book II Silences of the Middle Ages, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England. 1992, 2000 (5th printing). Chapter 6, ''"Women in the Fifth to the Tenth Century" by Suzanne Fonay Wemple'', pg 74. According to Wemple, Visigothic women of Spain and the Aquitaine could inherit land and title and manage it independently of their husbands, and dispose of it as they saw fit if they had no heirs, and represent themselves in court, appear as witnesses (by the age of 14), and arrange their own marriages by the age of twenty</ref> As a consequence, male-preference [[primogeniture]] was the practiced succession law for the nobility.
+As successor states of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] (418–721), [[Occitania|Aquitania]] (Aquitaine) and [[Languedoc]] ([[Counts of Toulouse|Toulouse]]) inherited both Visigothic law and [[Roman Law]], which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century. Particularly under the [[Visigothic Code|Liber Judiciorum]] as codified in 642/643 and expanded by the Code of [[Recceswinth]] in 653, women could inherit land and titles and manage their holdings independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14, and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20.<ref name="Visgothic Women">Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane; A History of Women: Book II Silences of the Middle Ages, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England. 1992, 2000 (5th printing). Chapter 6, ''"Women in the Fifth to the Tenth Century" by Suzanne Fonay Wemple'', pg 74. According to Wemple, Visigothic women of Spain and the Aquitaine could inherit land and title and manage it independently of their husbands, and dispose of it as they saw fit if they had no heirs, and represent themselves in court, appear as witnesses (by the age of 14), and arrange their own marriages by the age of twenty</ref> As a consequence, male-preference [[primogeniture]] was the practiced succession law for the nobility.
 ==Coronation==
-The Merovingian kings and dukes of Aquitaine had their capital at [[Toulouse]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The Carolingian kings used different capitals situated farther north. In 765, [[Pepin the Short]] bestowed the captured golden banner of the Aquitainian duke, [[Waifer of Aquitaine|Waiffre]], on the [[Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges|Abbey of Saint Martial]] in Limoges.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]] was buried in [[Poitiers]]. [[Charles the Child]] was crowned at [[Limoges]] and buried at [[Bourges]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} When Aquitaine briefly asserted its independence after the death of [[Charles the Fat]], it was [[Ranulf II of Aquitaine|Ranulf II of Poitou]] who took the royal title.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} In the late tenth century, [[Louis V of France|Louis the Indolent]] was crowned at [[Brioude]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
+The Merovingian kings and dukes of Aquitaine used [[Toulouse]] as their capital.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The Carolingian kings used different capitals situated farther north. In 765, [[Pepin the Short]] bestowed the captured golden banner of the Aquitainian duke, [[Waifer of Aquitaine|Waiffre]], on the [[Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges|Abbey of Saint Martial]] in Limoges.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} [[Pepin I of Aquitaine]] was buried in [[Poitiers]]. [[Charles the Child]] was crowned at [[Limoges]] and buried at [[Bourges]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} When Aquitaine briefly asserted its independence after the death of [[Charles the Fat]], it was [[Ranulf II of Aquitaine|Ranulf II of Poitou]] who took the royal title.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} In the late tenth century, [[Louis V of France|Louis the Indolent]] was crowned at [[Brioude]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
 The Aquitainian ducal coronation procedure is preserved in a late twelfth-century ''ordo'' (formula) from [[Saint-Étienne]] in [[Limoges]], based on an earlier [[Holy Roman Empire|Romano-German]] ''ordo''. In the early thirteenth century a commentary was added to this ''ordo'', which emphasised Limoges as the capital of Aquitaine. The ''ordo'' indicated that the duke received a silk mantle, coronet, banner, sword, spurs, and the ring of [[Valerie of Limoges|Saint Valerie]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
 <!--SHOULD BE TRANSLATED
 A contemporary account of the coronation of [[Richard the Lion-hearted]] in June 1172 survives from [[Geoffrey of Vigeois]]:
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 *'''[[Chram]]''' (555–560)
-*[[Desiderius of Aquitaine|Desiderius]] (583–587, jointly with Bladast)
+* [[Desiderius of Aquitaine|Desiderius]] (583–587, jointly with Bladast)
-*[[Bladast]] (583–587, jointly with Desiderius)
+* [[Bladast]] (583–587, jointly with Desiderius)
 *'''[[Gundoald]]''' (584/585)
-*[[Austrovald]] (587–589)
+* [[Austrovald]] (587–589)
-*[[Sereus]] (589–592)
+* [[Sereus]] (589–592)
 *'''[[Chlothar II]]''' (592–629)
 *'''[[Charibert II]]''' (629–632)
 *'''[[Chilperic of Aquitaine|Chilperic]]''' (632)
-*[[Boggis]] (632–660)
+* [[Boggis]] (632–660)
-*[[Felix of Aquitaine|Felix]] (660–670)
+* [[Felix of Aquitaine|Felix]] (660–670)
-*[[Lupus I of Aquitaine|Lupus I]] (670–676)
+* [[Lupus I of Aquitaine|Lupus I]] (670–676)
-*[[Odo the Great]] (688–735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, or 715, unclear parentage
+* [[Odo the Great]] (688–735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, or 715, unclear parentage
-*[[Hunald I of Aquitaine|Hunald I]] (735–745), son of Odo the Great, abdicated to a monastery
+* [[Hunald I of Aquitaine|Hunald I]] (735–745), son of Odo the Great, abdicated to a monastery
-*[[Waifer of Aquitaine|Waifer]] (745–768), son of Hunald I
+* [[Waifer of Aquitaine|Waifer]] (745–768), son of Hunald I
-*[[Hunald II of Aquitaine|Hunald II]] (768–769), probably son of Waifer
+* [[Hunald II of Aquitaine|Hunald II]] (768–769), probably son of Waifer
-*[[Lupo II of Gascony|Lupo II]] (768–781), [[Duke of Gascony]], opposed Charlemagne's rule and Hunald's relatives.
+* [[Lupo II of Gascony|Lupo II]] (768–781), [[Duke of Gascony]], opposed Charlemagne's rule and Hunald's relatives.
 ==Direct rule of Carolingian kings==
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 === House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) ===
-*[[Ranulf I of Poitiers|Ranulph I]] (852–866), [[Count of Poitiers]] from 835, Duke of Aquitaine from 852.
+* [[Ranulf I of Poitiers|Ranulph I]] (852–866), [[Count of Poitiers]] from 835, Duke of Aquitaine from 852.
-*[[Ranulf II of Poitiers|Ranulph II]] (887–890), son of Ranulf I, also [[Count of Poitiers]], called himself ''King of Aquitaine'' from 888 until his death.
+* [[Ranulf II of Poitiers|Ranulph II]] (887–890), son of Ranulf I, also [[Count of Poitiers]], called himself ''King of Aquitaine'' from 888 until his death.
 === House of Auvergne ===
-*[[William I of Aquitaine|William I the Pious]] (893–918), also [[Rulers of Auvergne|Count of Auvergne]]
+* [[William I of Aquitaine|William I the Pious]] (893–918), also [[Rulers of Auvergne|Count of Auvergne]]
-*[[William II of Aquitaine|William II the Younger]] (918–926), nephew of William I, also [[Rulers of Auvergne|Count of Auvergne]].
+* [[William II of Aquitaine|William II the Younger]] (918–926), nephew of William I, also [[Rulers of Auvergne|Count of Auvergne]].
-*[[Acfred of Aquitaine|Acfred]] (926–927), brother of William II, also [[Rulers of Auvergne|Count of Auvergne]].
+* [[Acfred of Aquitaine|Acfred]] (926–927), brother of William II, also [[Rulers of Auvergne|Count of Auvergne]].
 === House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (927–932) ===
-*[[Ebalus of Aquitaine|Ebalus the Bastard]] (also called ''Manzer'') (927–932)), illegitimate son of Ranulph II and distant cousin of Acfred, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Count of Auvergne|Auvergne]].
+* [[Ebalus of Aquitaine|Ebalus the Bastard]] (also called ''Manzer'') (927–932)), illegitimate son of Ranulph II and distant cousin of Acfred, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Count of Auvergne|Auvergne]].
 === House of Rouergue ===
-*[[Raymond Pons of Toulouse|Raymond I Pons]] (932–936)
+* [[Raymond Pons of Toulouse|Raymond I Pons]] (932–936)
-*[[Raymond II of Rouergue|Raymond II]] (936–955)
+* [[Raymond II of Rouergue|Raymond II]] (936–955)
 === House of Capet ===
-*[[Hugh the Great]] (955–962)
+* [[Hugh the Great]] (955–962)
 === House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (962–1152) ===
-*[[William III of Aquitaine|William III Towhead]] (962–963), son of Ebalus, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Count of Auvergne|Auvergne]].
+* [[William III of Aquitaine|William III Towhead]] (962–963), son of Ebalus, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Count of Auvergne|Auvergne]].
-*[[William IV of Aquitaine|William IV Iron Arm]] (963–995), son of William III, also [[Count of Poitiers]].
+* [[William IV of Aquitaine|William IV Iron Arm]] (963–995), son of William III, also [[Count of Poitiers]].
-*[[William V of Aquitaine|William V the Great]] (995–1030), son of William IV, also [[Count of Poitiers]].
+* [[William V of Aquitaine|William V the Great]] (995–1030), son of William IV, also [[Count of Poitiers]].
-*[[William VI of Aquitaine|William VI the Fat]] (1030–38), first son of William V, also [[Count of Poitiers]].
+* [[William VI of Aquitaine|William VI the Fat]] (1030–1038), first son of William V, also [[Count of Poitiers]].
-*[[Odo of Gascony|Odo]] (1038–39), second son of William V, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Duke of Gascony]].
+* [[Odo of Gascony|Odo]] (1038–1039), second son of William V, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Duke of Gascony]].
-*[[William VII of Aquitaine|William VII the Eagle]] (1039–58), third son of William V, also [[Count of Poitiers]].
+* [[William VII of Aquitaine|William VII the Eagle]] (1039–1058), third son of William V, also [[Count of Poitiers]].
-*[[William VIII of Aquitaine|William VIII]] (1058–86), fourth son of William V, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Duke of Gascony]].
+* [[William VIII of Aquitaine|William VIII]] (1058–1086), fourth son of William V, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Duke of Gascony]].
-*[[William IX of Aquitaine|William IX the Troubadour]] (or ''the Younger'') (1086–1127), son of William VIII, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Duke of Gascony]].
+* [[William IX of Aquitaine|William IX the Troubadour]] (or ''the Younger'') (1086–1127), son of William VIII, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Duke of Gascony]].
-*[[William X of Aquitaine|William X the Saint]] (1127–37), son of William IX, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Duke of Gascony]].
+* [[William X of Aquitaine|William X the Saint]] (1127–1137), son of William IX, also [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Duke of Gascony]].
-*[[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] (1137–1204), daughter of William X, also [[Countess of Poitiers]] and [[Duchess of Gascony]], married the kings of [[France]] and [[England]] in succession.
+* [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] (1137–1204), daughter of William X, also [[Countess of Poitiers]] and [[Duchess of Gascony]], married the kings of [[France]] and [[England]] in succession.
-**[[Louis VII of France|Louis the Younger]] (1137–52), also [[King of France]], duke [[jure uxoris|in right of his wife]].
+** [[Louis VII of France|Louis the Younger]] (1137–1152), also [[King of France]], duke [[jure uxoris|in right of his wife]].
-[[Image:Hommage d Édouard Ier à Philippe le Bel.jpg|thumb|Homage of [[Edward I of England]] (kneeling) to [[Philip IV of France]] (seated), by [[Jean Fouquet]]. As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king]]
+[[File:Hommage d Édouard Ier à Philippe le Bel.jpg|thumb|Homage of [[Edward I of England]] (kneeling) to [[Philip IV of France]] (seated), by [[Jean Fouquet]]. As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king]]
 From 1152, the Duchy of Aquitaine was held by the [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenets]], who also ruled England as independent monarchs and held other territories in France by separate inheritance (see [[Plantagenet Empire]]). The Plantagenets were often more powerful than the kings of France, and their reluctance to do homage to the kings of France for their lands in France was one of the major sources of conflict in medieval Western Europe.
 === House of Plantagenet ===
-*[[Henry II of England|Henry I]] (Henry II of England) (1152–89), also [[King of England]], duke in right of his wife [[Eleanor of Aquitaine|Eleanor]].
+* [[Henry II of England|Henry I]] (Henry II of England) (1152–1189), also [[King of England]], duke in right of his wife [[Eleanor of Aquitaine|Eleanor]].
-*[[Richard I of England|Richard I Lionheart]] (1189–99), also [[King of England]], duke in right of his mother.
+* [[Richard I of England|Richard I Lionheart]] (1189–1199), also [[King of England]], duke in right of his mother.
-*[[John, King of England|John I]] (1199–1216), also [[King of England]], duke in right of his mother until her death in 1204.
+* [[John, King of England|John I]] (1199–1216), also [[King of England]], duke in right of his mother until her death in 1204.
-*[[Henry III of England|Henry II]] (Henry III of England) (1216–72), also [[King of England]].
+* [[Henry III of England|Henry II]] (Henry III of England) (1216–1272), also [[King of England]].
-*[[Edward I of England|Edward I Longshanks]] (1272–1307), also [[King of England]].
+* [[Edward I of England|Edward I Longshanks]] (1272–1307), also [[King of England]].
-*[[Edward II of England|Edward II]] (1307–25), also [[King of England]].
+* [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] (1307–1325), also [[King of England]].
-*[[Edward III of England|Edward III]] (1325–62), also [[King of England]]
+* [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] (1325–1362), also [[King of England]]
 Richard the Lionheart was outlived by his mother [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]. In 1189, she acted as regent for the Duchy while he was on crusade — a position he resumed on his return to Europe.
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 ==Plantagenet rulers of Aquitaine==
 In 1337, King [[Philip VI of France]] reclaimed the fief of [[Aquitaine]] from [[Edward III of England|Edward III]], King of England.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Edward in turn claimed the title of [[King of France]], by right of his descent from his maternal grandfather King [[Philip IV of France]]. This triggered the [[Hundred Years' War]], in which both the [[Plantagenet]]s and the [[House of Valois]] claimed supremacy over Aquitaine.
 In 1360, both sides signed the [[Treaty of Brétigny]], in which Edward renounced the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke). However, when the treaty was broken in 1369, both these English claims and the war resumed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 In 1362, King Edward III, as Lord of Aquitaine, made his eldest son [[Edward the Black Prince|Edward, Prince of Wales]], [[Prince of Aquitaine]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
-*[[Edward the Black Prince]] (1362–72), first son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, also [[Prince of Wales]].
+* [[Edward the Black Prince]] (1362–1372), first son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, also [[Prince of Wales]].
 In 1390, King [[Richard II of England|Richard II]], son of Edward the Black Prince, appointed his uncle [[John of Gaunt]] Duke of Aquitaine. This grant expired upon the Duke's death, and the dukedom reverted to the Crown. Regardless, due to Henry IV's seizure of the crown, he still came into possession of the dukedom. <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/post/Would_the_grant_of_Aquitaine_to_John_of_Gaunt_in_1399_have_been_inherited_by_Henry_Bolingbroke_had_the_latter_not_been_exiled_by_Richard_II "Would the grant of Aquitaine to John of Gaunt in 1399 have been inherited by Henry Bolingbroke had the latter not been exiled by Richard II?"] at researchgate.net</ref> {{better source needed|date=May 2020}}
-*[[John of Gaunt]] (1390–1399), fourth son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, also [[Duke of Lancaster]].
+* [[John of Gaunt]] (1390–1399), fourth son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, also [[Duke of Lancaster]].
-*[[Henry IV of England]] (1399–1400), seized the throne of England, to whose demesne the duchy had reverted upon the death of his father John of Gaunt, but ceded it to his son upon becoming [[King of England]].
+* [[Henry IV of England]] (1399–1400), seized the throne of England, to whose demesne the duchy had reverted upon the death of his father John of Gaunt, but ceded it to his son upon becoming [[King of England]].
-*[[Henry V of England]] (1400–1422), son of Henry IV, also King of England 1413–22.
+* [[Henry V of England]] (1400–1422), son of Henry IV, also King of England 1413–1422.
 Henry V continued to rule over Aquitaine as King of England and Lord of Aquitaine. He invaded France and emerged victorious at the siege of Harfleur and the [[Battle of Agincourt]] in 1415. He succeeded in obtaining the French crown for his family by the [[Treaty of Troyes]] in 1420. Henry V died in 1422, when his son [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] inherited the French throne at the age of less than a year; his reign saw the gradual loss of English control of France.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
@@ Line 119: / Line 119: @@
 The [[House of Valois|Valois]] kings of France, claiming supremacy over Aquitaine, granted the title of duke to their heirs, the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]]s.
-*[[John II of France|John II]] (1345–50), son of [[Philip VI of France]], acceded in 1350 as [[King of France]].
+* [[John II of France|John II]] (1345–1350), son of [[Philip VI of France]], acceded in 1350 as [[King of France]].
 *Charles, Dauphin of France, Duke of Guyenne (1392?–1401), son of [[Charles VI of France]], Dauphin.
-*[[Louis, Dauphin of France (1397-1415)|Louis]] (1401–15), son of [[Charles VI of France]], Dauphin.
+* [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1397-1415)|Louis]] (1401–1415), son of [[Charles VI of France]], Dauphin.
 With the end of the Hundred Years' War, Aquitaine returned under direct rule of the king of France and remained in the possession of the king. Only occasionally was the duchy or the title of duke granted to another member of the dynasty.
-*[[Charles de Valois, Duc de Berry|Charles, Duc de Berry]] (1469–72), son of [[Charles VII of France]].
+* [[Charles de Valois, Duc de Berry|Charles, Duc de Berry]] (1469–1472), son of [[Charles VII of France]].
-*[[Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine|Xavier]] (1753–54), second son of [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)|Louis, Dauphin of France]].
+* [[Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine|Xavier]] (1753–1754), second son of [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)|Louis, Dauphin of France]].
-The [[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]], son of [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]], was one of the [[Legitimists|Legitimist]] pretenders to the French throne; as such he named his son, [[Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine]] (1972–2000); Gonzalo had no legitimate children. The surviving male heir to the Duchy of Aquitaine is Graham Smalley.
+The [[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]], son of [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]], was one of the [[Legitimists|Legitimist]] pretenders to the French throne; as such he named his son, [[Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine]] (1972–2000); Gonzalo had no legitimate children.
-Graham has a lineage which includes the Emperor Charlmagne of the Holy Roman Empire, Cerdic King of the West Saxons and founder of the House of Wessex and amongst others Rodrio Diaz Vivar "El Cid", William Duke of Normandy.
 == Family tree ==
@@ Line 136: / Line 134: @@
 == See also ==
-*[[List of Aquitainian consorts]]
+* [[List of Aquitainian consorts]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 143: / Line 141: @@
 [[Category:Dukes of Aquitaine| 01]]
-[[Category:Dukes of France|Aquitaine]]
+[[Category:Dukedoms of France|Aquitaine]]