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==Digital broadcasting==
==Digital broadcasting==
⚫
Different alternatives were considered in the process of preparing proposals on shifting the country to [[digital broadcasting]] (thematic discussions began in the early 2000s), but the Ministry of IT and Communication decided to focus solely on [[terrestrial television|terrestrial broadcasting]] as the method of [[Digital television|digital TV]] implementation.<ref>HDTV and the Transition to Digital Broadcasting: Understanding New Television Technologies, Philip J. Cianci</ref> In Russia, the first legal act to set the standards for the digital transition was the Government Resolution No. 1700-r of 29 November 2007, which approved a Concept Paper for the Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in the Russian Federation in 2008–2015. This document was elaborated by the high-level Governmental Commission on Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting originally headed by Dmitry Medvedev in his capacity as first vice-chair of the government.<ref>Concept of development of TV and radio broadcasting in Russian Federation in 2008–2015 (Концепция развития телерадиовещания в Российской Федерации на 2008 – 2015 годы)</ref>

===Beginning===
===Beginning===
In December 2005, a project was launched to create a digital television network in the [[Mordovia|Republic of Mordovia]], where the DVB-T standard will be utilised. The project objective was to ensure for the population, the possibility of receiving a large (up to 10) number of TV channels and several radio stations in the stereo broadcasting mode and in the digital DVB-T standard. The project was implemented by OJSC "Volga Telecom" (a subsidiary of OJSC "Sviazinvest") with support from the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communication of Russia, the Ministry of Culture, the National Association of TV Broadcasters and administration of the Republic of Mordovia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.obs.coe.int/online_publication/reports/digitaltv_groteck.pdf.en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331123443/http://www.obs.coe.int/online_publication/reports/digitaltv_groteck.pdf.en|url-status=dead|title=Groteck Co., Ltd for the European Audiovisual Observatory|archivedate=31 March 2009}}</ref>
In December 2005, a project was launched to create a digital television network in the [[Mordovia|Republic of Mordovia]], where the DVB-T standard will be utilised. The project objective was to ensure for the population, the possibility of receiving a large (up to 10) number of TV channels and several radio stations in the stereo broadcasting mode and in the digital DVB-T standard. The project was implemented by OJSC "Volga Telecom" (a subsidiary of OJSC "Sviazinvest") with support from the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communication of Russia, the Ministry of Culture, the National Association of TV Broadcasters and administration of the Republic of Mordovia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.obs.coe.int/online_publication/reports/digitaltv_groteck.pdf.en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331123443/http://www.obs.coe.int/online_publication/reports/digitaltv_groteck.pdf.en|url-status=dead|title=Groteck Co., Ltd for the European Audiovisual Observatory|archivedate=31 March 2009}}</ref>


⚫
Different alternatives were considered in the process of preparing proposals on shifting the country to [[digital broadcasting]] (thematic discussions began in the early 2000s), but the Ministry of IT and Communication decided to focus solely on [[terrestrial television|terrestrial broadcasting]] as the method of [[Digital television|digital TV]] implementation.<ref>HDTV and the Transition to Digital Broadcasting: Understanding New Television Technologies, Philip J. Cianci</ref> In Russia, the first legal act to set the standards for the digital transition was the [[Order of the Government of Russia|Government Resolution]] No. 1700-r of 29 November 2007, which approved a Concept Paper for the Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in the Russian Federation in 2008–2015. This document was elaborated by the high-level Governmental Commission on Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting originally headed by Dmitry Medvedev in his capacity as first vice-chair of the government.<ref>Concept of development of TV and radio broadcasting in Russian Federation in 2008–2015 (Концепция развития телерадиовещания в Российской Федерации на 2008 – 2015 годы)</ref>
⚫
The transition of [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial TV]] from [[Analog television|analogue]] into digital format (in [[DVB-T]] standard) has been announced as a government priority in [[Russia]] and identified in the document Concept of TV Broadcasting Development in the Russian Federation within 2008–2015. The main positive factor in the introduction of terrestrial [[Television broadcasting|TV broadcasting]] in the DVB-T standard, according to the opinion of [[market players]], has been the approval of a TV broadcasting development framework in the [[Russia]]n Federation for 2008–2015 (approved by resolution of the RF Government # 1700-p, dated 29 November 2007).<ref name="EAO">The European Audiovisual Observatory</ref>

⚫
The transition of [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial TV]] from [[Analog television|analogue]] into digital format (in [[DVB-T]] standard) had been announced as a government priority in [[Russia]] and identified in the document Concept of TV Broadcasting Development in the Russian Federation within 2008–2015. The main positive factor in the introduction of terrestrial [[Television broadcasting|TV broadcasting]] in the DVB-T standard, according to the opinion of [[market players]], has been the approval of a TV broadcasting development framework in the [[Russia]]n Federation for 2008–2015 (approved by [[Order of the Government of Russia|resolution of the Government]] # 1700-p, dated 29 November 2007).<ref name="EAO">The European Audiovisual Observatory</ref>


The total investment in the transition of terrestrial TV from analogue to digital format is expected to be [[Euro (currency)|Euro]] 10 billion during the period 2008–2015.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
The total investment in the transition of terrestrial TV from analogue to digital format is expected to be [[Euro (currency)|Euro]] 10 billion during the period 2008–2015.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
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In June 2011 DVB-T2 tests got under way in Moscow. In July 2011 The Russian government commission on the development of TV and radio broadcasting, has supported the Communications and Mass Media Ministry's suggestion to roll out DVB-T2 test zones, the government's press service has announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/russian_federation/|title=News – DVB|work=dvb.org|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>
In June 2011 DVB-T2 tests got under way in Moscow. In July 2011 The Russian government commission on the development of TV and radio broadcasting, has supported the Communications and Mass Media Ministry's suggestion to roll out DVB-T2 test zones, the government's press service has announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/russian_federation/|title=News – DVB|work=dvb.org|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>


In September 2011 a governmental commission had approved the use of the DVB-T2 standard for the development of digital terrestrial TV in Russia, as proposed by the Ministry of Communications. The digital terrestrial TV network is currently being tested out in the Tver region. According to the plan, new regional networks will be deployed under the DVB-T2 standard and existing DVB-T networks will be upgraded to the new standard<ref>Russian govt approves DVB-T2 standard, 26 September 2011, DVB Worldwide</ref>
In September 2011 a governmental commission had approved the use of the DVB-T2 standard for the development of digital terrestrial TV in Russia, as proposed by the Ministry of Communications. The digital terrestrial TV network was being tested out in the [[Tver Oblast]]. It was planned that new regional networks will be deployed under the DVB-T2 standard and existing DVB-T networks will be upgraded to the new standard<ref>Russian govt approves DVB-T2 standard, 26 September 2011, DVB Worldwide</ref>

=== Digital switchover ===
It took Russia 10 years to move from analogue to digital broadcasting. The [[Digital television transition|Digital Switchover (DSO)]] was completed in late 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-29|title=Russia postpones digital switchover in 21 regions|url=https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2019/04/29/russia-postpones-digital-switchover-in-21-regions/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Digital TV Europe|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Началась последняя волна отключения аналогового вещания в РФ|url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/680215|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Interfax.ru|date=14 October 2019 |language=ru}}</ref> On December 3, 2009, the [[Vladimir Putin's Second Cabinet|Russian Government]] approved the federal target programme "Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in the Russian Federation in 2009-2018".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-06-24|title=Russia sets out DTT channel strategy|url=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/06/24/russia-sets-out-dtt-channel-strategy/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Broadband TV News|language=en-GB}}</ref> The main objective of the programme was to provide the population of the Russian Federation with free-to-air multichannel digital TV and radio broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexey Volin Named 16 Points of Television Development Strategy in Russia|url=https://digital.gov.ru/en/events/33402/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation|language=ru}}</ref>

Before 2010 almost half of Russia's population, 44%, could watch no more than four channels. There was no room left for development of analogue broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Космонавт Скворцов объявил с орбиты о полном переходе России на цифровое телевидение|url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/6996875|access-date=2021-09-28|website=ТАСС}}</ref> Authorities have envisaged TV [[multiplexing|multiplexes]] in 2009. The list of channels in the first of the two of them was approved by a decree of the President of Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Об общероссийских обязательных общедоступных телеканалах и радиоканалах|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102130449&rdk=&backlink=1|access-date=2021-09-28|website=pravo.gov.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-19|title=Эфирная стройка завершается|url=https://www.rspectr.com/articles/382/efirnaya-strojka-zavershaetsya|access-date=2021-09-28|website=www.rspectr.com}}</ref>

Over a period of 10 years, about 100 million TV-sets and about 20 million digital set-top boxes were sold. This had set the stage for the analogue switch-off (ASO). On November 29, 2018, the Russian government approved the ASO roadmap.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Переход на цифровое вещание|url=https://digital.gov.ru/ru/activity/directions/376/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Министерство цифрового развития, связи и массовых коммуникаций Российской Федерации|language=ru}}</ref> The federal target programme included modernizing the whole structure of terrestrial broadcasting. It is considered the biggest programme of digital TV development in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Андрей Романченко: Через два года цифровое ТВ войдет в каждый дом|url=https://rg.ru/2016/08/02/andrej-romanchenko-cherez-dva-goda-cifrovoe-tv-vojdet-v-kazhdyj-dom.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Российская газета|date=2 August 2016 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Андрей Романченко: "Программа перехода считается самым крупным проектом развития ЦЭТВ в мире"| date=22 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjOP9SNyBHo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/VjOP9SNyBHo |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-09-28}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In December 2018, the pilot region, the [[Tver Oblast|Tver Region]], phased out analogue broadcasting of 20 federal TV channels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=В России отключили аналоговое телевещание|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/technology/news/2019/10/14/813607-v-rossii-zavershaetsya-perehod|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Ведомости|date=14 October 2019 |language=ru}}</ref> In 2019, Russia switched off analogue TV broadcasting in four stages: February 11 (8 regions), April 15 (20 regions), June 3 (36 regions) and October 14 (21 regions).<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 February 2019|title=Переход на цифровое телевидение|url=https://ria.ru/20190213/1550776895.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=РИА Новости|language=ru}}</ref>

Russia was the first [[BRICS]] country to complete the ASO.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Россия перешла на цифровое телевизионное вещание|url=https://rg.ru/2019/10/14/reg-cfo/perehod-na-cifrovoe-tv-zapustili-iz-kosmosa.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Российская газета|date=14 October 2019 |language=ru}}</ref> Preparation for each stage of the ASO included a number of activities:

1. Informing the population, both through federal and regional media.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Андрей Романченко: Средний человек смотрит не 100, а всего 7-9 каналов|url=https://rg.ru/2017/07/10/andrej-romanchenko-srednij-chelovek-smotrit-ne-100-a-vsego-7-9-kanalov.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Российская газета|date=10 July 2017 |language=ru}}</ref>

2. Placing information materials in post offices, social protection centres, retail appliances and electronics stores.

3. Door-to-door activities in all localities of the Russian Federation.<ref>{{Citation|last=Чебоненко|first=Михаил|title=Новая эра: как Россия переходила на цифровое вещание|url=https://www.ntv.ru/video/1786243/|language=ru|access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref>

4. Attracting volunteers to assist the population in setting up equipment for receiving DTT. 70,000 volunteers, 30,000 social workers and 50,000 Russian Post employees participated in the process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=В России не возникло проблем при переходе на "цифру"|url=https://www.cableman.ru/content/v-rossii-ne-vozniklo-problem-pri-perekhode-na-tsifru%3Futm_source%3Dyxnews%2526utm_medium%3Ddesktop%2526utm_referrer%3Dhttps%3A/%252Fyandex.ru/news/search%3Ftext%3D|access-date=2021-09-28|website=www.cableman.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Министр цифрового развития и связи назвал Тюменскую область в числе лучших при переходе на &quot;цифру&quot;|url=https://vsluh.ru/novosti/obshchestvo/ministr-tsifrovogo-razvitiya-i-svyazi-nazval-tyumenskuyu-oblast-v-chisle-luchshikh-pri-perekhode-na-_333627/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Вслух.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Константин Носков оценил затраты на цифровую телесеть|url=https://telecomdaily.ru/news/2019/11/07/konstantin-noskov-ocenil-zatraty-na-cifrovuyu-teleset|access-date=2021-09-28|website=telecomdaily.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=От платного кабельного советуют отказаться, а ТНВ будет вещать в эфире ОТР — Реальное время|url=https://realnoevremya.ru/articles/157520-ot-platnogo-kabelnogo-sovetuyut-otkazatsya-a-tnv-gotovitsya-veschat-v-efire-otr|access-date=2021-09-28|website=realnoevremya.ru|language=ru}}</ref>

5. Creating the Digital Switchover Task Force with representatives of the Russian government, regional authorities and all organizations involved.

6. Monitoring the cost of the TV reception equipment in retail stores.

7. Carrying out inspection of сommunity antenna TV systems for DTT broadcasting in apartment buildings and, if necessary, repairing and upgrading them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Романченко: Антенна - самая частая причина проблем с цифровым сигналом|url=https://rg.ru/2019/05/26/romanchenko-antenna-samaia-chastaia-prichina-problem-s-cifrovym-signalom.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Российская газета|date=26 May 2019 |language=ru}}</ref>

8. Developing mechanisms and conditions for providing the population living outside the DTT coverage area with satellite equipment at a reduced price.

9. Providing targeted assistance for vulnerable and/or low-income citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Андрей Романченко рассказал, почему полный переход на "цифру" отложили|url=https://rg.ru/2019/05/16/andrej-romanchenko-rasskazal-pochemu-polnyj-perehod-na-cifru-otlozhili.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Российская газета|date=16 May 2019 |language=ru}}</ref>

A special digital terrestrial TV hotline has been opened in the run-up to the ASO. Operators consulted viewers on buying up-to-date DVB-T2 equipment and adjusting it to their conditions. [[Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network]] staff tested equipment from the retail and informed viewers through the hotline about the best choices.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Виктор Пинчук: РТРС завершил строительство сети вещания первого мультиплекса в 51 регионе РФ|url=https://telecomdaily.ru/news/2016/01/20/viktor-pinchuk-rtrs-zavershil-stroitelstvo-seti-veshchaniya-pervogo-multipleksa-v-51-regione-rf|access-date=2021-09-28|website=telecomdaily.ru}}</ref> 78 DTT Consultation Centers operated in administrative centers of Russian regions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-27|title=При переходе на цифровое вещание инфраструктуру РТРС необходимо было серьезно модернизировать|url=https://www.rspectr.com/interview/5/pri-perehode-na-cifrovoe-veshanie-infrastrukturu-rtrs-neobhodimo-bylo-serezno-modernizirovat|access-date=2021-09-28|website=www.rspectr.com}}</ref>

100% of the Russian population have got the guaranteed public access to 20 must-carry public TV channels and three radio stations, 98,4% of them — through DTT.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Рабочая встреча с Игорем Щёголевым и Андреем Романченко|url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/11229|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Президент России|date=12 May 2011 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Андрей Романченко: "В России самая крупная сеть цифрового телевидения в мире"| date=April 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2k396n3khI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/x2k396n3khI |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-09-28}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

To complete the Digital Switchover RTRN collaborated with IT software manufacturers Nevion<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-23|title=Russia's RTRN picks Nevion to help transition its terrestrial network to digital|url=https://nevion.com/news/press-releases/rtrn-picks-nevion-for-dtt/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Nevion|language=en-US}}</ref> and Progira.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ler|first=Peggy|date=2018-10-23|title=PROGIRA collaborates with Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network|url=https://www.progira.com/progira-collaborates-with-russian-television-and-radio-broadcasting-network/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=PROGIRA|language=en-US}}</ref>

More than 11,000 analogue TV transmitters were put out of operation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Роскомнадзор: в 2019 году было отключено 11 тыс. аналоговых передатчиков, осталось - 9 тыс. {{!}} Телеспутник|url=http://www.telesputnik.ru/materials/tsifrovoe-televidenie/news/roskomnadzor-v-2019-godu-bylo-otklyucheno-11-tys-analogovykh-peredatchikov-ostalos-9-tys/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=www.telesputnik.ru}}</ref> The DTT transition has laid the foundations for the development of new services ([[High-definition television|HD]], [[Ultra-high-definition television|UHD]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=РТРС в тестовом режиме на Москву и область запустила первый мультиплекс в формате HD|url=https://www.nat.ru/novosti/rtrs-v-testovom-rezhime-na-moskvu-i-oblast-zapustila-pervyy-multipleks-v-formate-hd/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=www.nat.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Groteck Business|title=Lib|url=http://lib.broadcasting.ru/articles2/Oborandteh/uhd-4k-buduschee-v-efire|access-date=2021-09-28|website=lib.broadcasting.ru|language=en}}</ref> [[Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV|HbbTV]] and so on).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Broadcasting of second multiplex digital television was launched in Barnaul|url=https://digital.gov.ru/en/events/31482/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexey Volin Discussed Development of Digital Television and Radio Broadcasting in Kamchatka|url=https://digital.gov.ru/en/events/33837/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Комиссия по телерадиовещанию решила перевести цифровое ТВ в HDTV|url=http://www.comnews.ru/content/81149/2014-03-17/komissiya-po-teleradioveshchaniyu-reshila-perevesti-cifrovoe-tv-v-hdtv|access-date=2021-09-28|website=www.comnews.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=РТРС гибридизирует ТВ|url=http://www.comnews.ru/content/69987/2013-01-30/rtrs-gibridiziruet-tv|access-date=2021-09-28|website=www.comnews.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Будущее в формате ультравысокой четкости от РТРС — Электросвязь|date=17 November 2016 |url=https://elsv.ru/budushhee-v-formate-ultravysokoj-chetkosti-ot-rtrs/|access-date=2021-09-28|language=ru-RU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=На Ямале заработали 12 станций цифрового эфирного ТВ|url=https://rg.ru/2016/11/09/reg-szfo/v-iamale-zarabotali-12-stancij-cifrovogo-efirnogo-tv.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Российская газета|date=9 November 2016 |language=ru}}</ref>

Participation in the national program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Instructions on implementation of Digital Economy of Russian Federation national programme|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/acts/news/60780|access-date=2021-09-28|website=President of Russia|language=en}}</ref> and new telecom services implementation are RTRN's main current objectives.

RTRN has successfully tested the main standards of digital broadcasting including [[Digital Radio Mondiale|DRM]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Radio Mondiale {{!}} Main Russian Network Operator (RTRN): DRM delivers more for less|url=https://www.drm.org/main-russian-network-operator-rtrn-drm-delivers-more-for-less/|access-date=2021-09-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Правительство РФ утвердило переход России на европейскую DRM-систему цифрового радиовещания|url=https://moscow.rtrs.ru/press/news/pravitelstvo-rf-utverdilo-perekhod-rossii-na-evropeyskuyu-dr/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=moscow.rtrs.ru|language=ru}}</ref>


==Internet TV==
==Internet TV==

Revision as of 19:39, 23 August 2024

Television is the most popular medium in Russia, with 74% of the population watching national television channels routinely and 59% routinely watching regional channels.[1] There are 6,700 television channels in total.[2] Before going digital television, 3 channels have a nationwide outreach (over 90% coverage of the Russian territory): Channel One, Russia-1 and NTV.[3]

History

See also: History of the Soviet television

Between 1941 and 1945 all television broadcasts in the nation were interrupted because of Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. During these early years, most television programs were about life in the Soviet Union, cultural activities and sports.

In 1956 a second national television channel was established. This initial expansion of activity encompassed mostly the city of Moscow, but to a lesser extent also Leningrad, the Urals, Siberia and the Ukrainian SSR. Each republic, area or region had its own television station.

In the 1970s and 1980s, television become the preeminent mass medium. In 1988 approximately 75 million households owned television sets, and an estimated 93 percent of the population watched television. Moscow, the base from which most of the television stations broadcast, transmitted some 90 percent of the country's programs, with the help of more than 350 stations and nearly 1,400 relay facilities.

Updating the television in the Soviet Union, the release of its censorship by the Central Committee, began with the proclamation at the XXVII Congress of the new General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's new political course of the party in relation to the country. Chairman of the Radio and Television was Alexander Aksenov.

In 1991, the Soviet era Gosteleradio state system included six national television channels, 52 stations in the former Soviet republics and 78 regional stations in the Russian Federation.

Today, there are about 15,000 transmitters in the country. Development of domestic digital TV transmitters, led within "Multichannel" research program, had already been finished. New domestic digital transmitters have been developed and installed in Nizhniy Novgorod and Saint Petersburg in 2001–2002.

Legislation

The Russian Constitution was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993. Article 29 "On the Rights and Freedoms of the Person and Citizen" establishes the universal right to freedom of thought and opinion, freedom of expression of beliefs and convictions, and freedom to seek, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information. This right can be limited only by law and only "in the interests of protecting the Constitution, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, or for the defence of the country and national security". According to the Constitution, only the law can limit freedom of speech and establish limits for its expression. The fundamental piece of media-specific federal legislation is the Law on Mass Media, which was passed on 27 December 1991 and took effect on 13 February 1992.

The law reinforces the freedom of information and the unacceptability of censorship. It also contains provisions regulating the founding, ownership and use of mass media, and dissemination of information. The law regulates relations between mass media and citizens and/or organisations, determines the rights and obligations of journalists and establishes responsibility for violations of mass media-related laws. The Law on Mass Media allows private broadcasting and limits the rights of foreign individuals to found mass media in Russia.

Satellite television

The first Soviet communication satellite, called Molniya, was launched in 1965. By November 1967 the national system of satellite television, called Orbita was deployed. The system consisted of 3 highly elliptical Molniya satellites, with Moscow-based ground uplink facilities and about 20 downlink stations, located in cities and towns of remote regions of Siberia and the Far East. Each station had a 12-meter receiving parabolic antenna and transmitters for re-broadcasting TV signals to local householders.

However, a large part of the Soviet central regions were still not covered by transponders of Molniya satellites. By 1976 Soviet engineers developed a relatively simple and inexpensive system of satellite television (especially for Central and Northern Siberia). It included geostationary satellites called Ekran equipped with powerful 300-watt UHF transponders, a broadcasting uplink station and various simple receiving stations located in various towns and villages of Siberia. The typical receiving station, also called Ekran, included a home-use analog satellite receiver equipped with a simple Yagi-Uda antenna. Later, Ekran satellites were replaced by more advanced Ekran-M series satellites.

In 1979 Soviet engineers developed the Moskva (or Moscow) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites. New types of geostationary communication satellites, called Gorizont, were launched. They were equipped with powerful onboard transponders, so the size of the receiving station's parabolic antennas were reduced to 4 and 2.5 meters (in comparison to the early 12- meter dishes of the standard orbital downlink stations).

By 1989 an improved version of the Moskva system, called Moskva Global'naya, (or Moscow Global) was introduced. The system included a few geostationary Gorizont and Express type communication satellites. TV signals from Moscow Global's satellites could be received in any country on the planet except Canada and the Northwest USA.

Modern Russian satellite broadcasting services are based on powerful geostationary satellite buses such as Gals (satellite), Ekspress, USP and Eutelsat which provide a large quantity of free-to-air television channels to millions of householders. Pay-TV is growing in popularity amongst Russian TV viewers. The NTV Russia news company, owned by Gazprom, broadcasts the NTV Plus package to 560,000 households, reaching over 1.5 million viewers.[4]

Six out of these seven satellites are new vehicles. Four belong to the "Express-AM" family (sent into orbit in 2003–2005), and two to the "Express-A" family (sent into orbit in 2000–2002). SESC also uses the centre for TV/Radio signal compression standard along with the formation of data transport flows as per the MPEG-2/DVB standard, which ensures the formation of standardized signal packages from federal TV/radio channels.

By May 2013, of the 53 million TV homes in Russia, 24% were equipped for Direct-to-Home satellite reception, making satellite the country's leading platform for digital television. The number of satellite homes across Russia continues to grow, increasing by 25% between 2011 and 2013 from 8 million to 12.6 million. 10% of these homes receive signals from more than one satellite position, taking the total number of antennas to 13.8 million.[5]

Cable television

Cable television was introduced in the 2000s, and grew significantly in the early 2010s. Cable operators began upgrading their networks to DVB-C and adding new services such as video on demand, catch-up-TV and others. In 2012, cable television accounted for more than half of all pay-TV subscribers (58%).[6] Most of Pay-TV channels were closed due to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine due to the fact that they were non-Government owned.

Distribution of the terrestrial channels

The distribution of the terrestrial channels is the task of the Unitary Enterprise Russian Satellite Communications Company, which has 11 satellites, and the Federal unitary enterprise "Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network" serving 14,478 TV transmitters in Russia (90.9% of the total number). TV and radio channels are broadcast through the terrestrial satellite communications complexes owned by the Russian Satellite Communications Company at teleports located in Medvezhy Ozera (Template:Lang-ru), Vladimir and Dubna, which ensure the transmission of channels to all five time zones in Russia via the space vehicles of RTRN.

Digital broadcasting

Beginning

In December 2005, a project was launched to create a digital television network in the Republic of Mordovia, where the DVB-T standard will be utilised. The project objective was to ensure for the population, the possibility of receiving a large (up to 10) number of TV channels and several radio stations in the stereo broadcasting mode and in the digital DVB-T standard. The project was implemented by OJSC "Volga Telecom" (a subsidiary of OJSC "Sviazinvest") with support from the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communication of Russia, the Ministry of Culture, the National Association of TV Broadcasters and administration of the Republic of Mordovia.[7]

Different alternatives were considered in the process of preparing proposals on shifting the country to digital broadcasting (thematic discussions began in the early 2000s), but the Ministry of IT and Communication decided to focus solely on terrestrial broadcasting as the method of digital TV implementation.[8] In Russia, the first legal act to set the standards for the digital transition was the Government Resolution No. 1700-r of 29 November 2007, which approved a Concept Paper for the Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in the Russian Federation in 2008–2015. This document was elaborated by the high-level Governmental Commission on Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting originally headed by Dmitry Medvedev in his capacity as first vice-chair of the government.[9]

The transition of terrestrial TV from analogue into digital format (in DVB-T standard) had been announced as a government priority in Russia and identified in the document Concept of TV Broadcasting Development in the Russian Federation within 2008–2015. The main positive factor in the introduction of terrestrial TV broadcasting in the DVB-T standard, according to the opinion of market players, has been the approval of a TV broadcasting development framework in the Russian Federation for 2008–2015 (approved by resolution of the Government # 1700-p, dated 29 November 2007).[10]

The total investment in the transition of terrestrial TV from analogue to digital format is expected to be Euro 10 billion during the period 2008–2015.[citation needed]

The main factors which have a high positive influence upon the rates of terrestrial DTV introduction tend to be general political and macroeconomic factors. Commercial factors do not have a significant influence upon rates of introduction of digital standards for terrestrial broadcasting. Cable television would gain the largest financial benefits from the introduction of digital television.[citation needed]

On 10 May during Sviaz-Expocomm – 2011, the 23rd International Exhibition of Information Technologies and Communication Services in Moscow, Russia's national telecommunications operator Svyazinvest, together with Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network signed a cooperation agreement to organize the terrestrial transmission of digital content to the RRBN transmitters across the country, thus enabling the broadcasting of eight federal TV channels (Channel One, Russia 1, Russia 24, Russia 2, Russia K, Channel 5, NTV, Karusel) and one local channel, the latter to be transmitted as a "multiplex" channel on one of the main digital channels.[11]

In June 2011 DVB-T2 tests got under way in Moscow. In July 2011 The Russian government commission on the development of TV and radio broadcasting, has supported the Communications and Mass Media Ministry's suggestion to roll out DVB-T2 test zones, the government's press service has announced.[12]

In September 2011 a governmental commission had approved the use of the DVB-T2 standard for the development of digital terrestrial TV in Russia, as proposed by the Ministry of Communications. The digital terrestrial TV network was being tested out in the Tver Oblast. It was planned that new regional networks will be deployed under the DVB-T2 standard and existing DVB-T networks will be upgraded to the new standard[13]

Digital switchover

It took Russia 10 years to move from analogue to digital broadcasting. The Digital Switchover (DSO) was completed in late 2019.[14][15] On December 3, 2009, the Russian Government approved the federal target programme "Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in the Russian Federation in 2009-2018".[16] The main objective of the programme was to provide the population of the Russian Federation with free-to-air multichannel digital TV and radio broadcasting.[17]

Before 2010 almost half of Russia's population, 44%, could watch no more than four channels. There was no room left for development of analogue broadcasting.[18] Authorities have envisaged TV multiplexes in 2009. The list of channels in the first of the two of them was approved by a decree of the President of Russia.[19][20]

Over a period of 10 years, about 100 million TV-sets and about 20 million digital set-top boxes were sold. This had set the stage for the analogue switch-off (ASO). On November 29, 2018, the Russian government approved the ASO roadmap.[21] The federal target programme included modernizing the whole structure of terrestrial broadcasting. It is considered the biggest programme of digital TV development in the world.[22][23]

In December 2018, the pilot region, the Tver Region, phased out analogue broadcasting of 20 federal TV channels.[24] In 2019, Russia switched off analogue TV broadcasting in four stages: February 11 (8 regions), April 15 (20 regions), June 3 (36 regions) and October 14 (21 regions).[25]

Russia was the first BRICS country to complete the ASO.[26] Preparation for each stage of the ASO included a number of activities:

1. Informing the population, both through federal and regional media.[27]

2. Placing information materials in post offices, social protection centres, retail appliances and electronics stores.

3. Door-to-door activities in all localities of the Russian Federation.[28]

4. Attracting volunteers to assist the population in setting up equipment for receiving DTT. 70,000 volunteers, 30,000 social workers and 50,000 Russian Post employees participated in the process.[29][30][31][32]

5. Creating the Digital Switchover Task Force with representatives of the Russian government, regional authorities and all organizations involved.

6. Monitoring the cost of the TV reception equipment in retail stores.

7. Carrying out inspection of сommunity antenna TV systems for DTT broadcasting in apartment buildings and, if necessary, repairing and upgrading them.[33]

8. Developing mechanisms and conditions for providing the population living outside the DTT coverage area with satellite equipment at a reduced price.

9. Providing targeted assistance for vulnerable and/or low-income citizens.[34]

A special digital terrestrial TV hotline has been opened in the run-up to the ASO. Operators consulted viewers on buying up-to-date DVB-T2 equipment and adjusting it to their conditions. Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network staff tested equipment from the retail and informed viewers through the hotline about the best choices.[35] 78 DTT Consultation Centers operated in administrative centers of Russian regions.[36]

100% of the Russian population have got the guaranteed public access to 20 must-carry public TV channels and three radio stations, 98,4% of them — through DTT.[37][38]

To complete the Digital Switchover RTRN collaborated with IT software manufacturers Nevion[39] and Progira.[40]

More than 11,000 analogue TV transmitters were put out of operation.[41] The DTT transition has laid the foundations for the development of new services (HD, UHD,[42][43] HbbTV and so on).[44][45][46][47][48][49]

Participation in the national program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation"[50] and new telecom services implementation are RTRN's main current objectives.

RTRN has successfully tested the main standards of digital broadcasting including DRM.[51][52]

Internet TV

Russian TV is available to many expatriates living abroad, via the internet. There are several OTT service providers, which are targeted on Russian and Ukrainian expatriates in the United States and Canada.[53]

List of channels

This is a list of television channels that broadcast in Russia. Full list of channels

Terrestrial Nationwide Digital Broadcasting Program

First Multiplex

Channels
Channel Name Certificate of Broadcast Date of first digital Broadcast Frame
ch. 1 Channel One 77 — 50252 07.06.2012 2012 16:9
ch. 2 Russia-1 77 — 76122 24.06.2019
ch. 3 Match TV 77 — 63590 02.11.2015 2015
ch. 4 NTV 77 — 62736 18.08.2015 2012
ch. 5 Channel Five – Petersburgh 77 — 71806 08.12.2017
ch. 6 Russia-K 77 — 48107 30.12.2011
ch. 7 Russia-24 77 — 48108 30.12.2011
ch. 8 Carousel 77 — 51992 11.12.2012
ch. 9 Public Channel 77 — 78997 15.09.2020 2013
ch. 10 TV Centre – Moscow 77 — 62849 20.08.2015 2014
Radio networks
Position Name
RN1 Vesti FM
RN2 Radio Mayak
RN3 Radio Rossii

Second Multiplex

Channels
Channel Name Certificate of Broadcast Date of first digital Broadcast Frame
ch. 11 REN TV 77 — 66270 01.07.2016 2013 16:9
ch. 12 Spas 77 — 74808 11.01.2019 2014
ch. 13 STS 77 — 72433 05.03.2018 2013
ch. 14 Domashny 77 — 71389 01.11.2017
ch. 15 TV-3 77 — 71695 23.11.2017 2014
ch. 16 Friday! 77 — 71810 13.12.2017 2015
ch. 17 Zvezda 77 — 61865 18.05.2015 2013
ch. 18 MIR 77 — 48753 22.02.2012
ch. 19 TNT 77 — 71680 23.11.2017
ch. 20 Muz-TV 77 — 65731 20.05.2016

State-owned

Name Themes Owner Established Broadcast area Broadcast technology Website
Russia 1 VGTRK 1991 Nationwide Terrestrial russia.tv
Russia K 1997 tvkultura.ru
Russia 24 2006 www.vesti.ru
Carousel Channel One Russia and VGTRK 2010 www.karusel-tv.ru
RT (group of channels) TV-Novosti 2005 rt.com
TV Centre News, entertainment, educational, sports Moscow Media 1997 Nationwide Terrestrial tvc.ru
Central Television 2012 Nationwide Cable
Moskva 24 2011 Moscow Terrestrial www.m24.ru
Moskva Doverie 2016 Moscow Cable www.doverie-tv.ru
360 2014 Moscow, Moscow Oblast Cable www.360tv.ru
360 – Moscow News 2018 Moscow, Moscow Oblast Cable www.360tv.ru
Zvezda Ministry of Defence 2005 tvzvezda.ru
Zvezda Plus 2021 tvzvezda.ru/sp/zvezda-plus/
SPAS Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate 2006 www.spastv.ru
OTR Russian government 2013 Nationwide Terrestrial www.otr-online.ru
Mir 10 states from CIS 1992 mirtv.ru
Mir 24 2013 mir24.tv
NTV Gazprom Media (Gazprombank) 1993 Nationwide Terrestrial www.ntv.ru
Match TV 2015 matchtv.ru
TNT 1998 tnt-online.ru
TV3 1994 tv3.ru
Friday! 2013 friday.ru
Saturday! 2017 subbota.tv
TNT4 2016 tnt4.tnt-online.ru
2x2 Entertainment (animation) 1989 Nationwide Terrestrial 2x2tv.ru
Channel One Russia Russian government (34.23%), VTB Bank (32.89%), National Media Group (19.46%), Sogaz (13.42%) 1995 Nationwide Terrestrial www.1tv.ru
Channel Five – Petersburgh Serials and films National Media Group (72.43%), Sergey Rudnov (18.3%), Government of Saint-Petersburg (6.27%), Sogaz (3%) 1938 Nationwide Terrestrial http://5-tv.ru/
REN TV News & entertainment National Media Group (82%), Sogaz (18%) 1997 Commonwealth of Independent States Terrestrial http://ren.tv/
Izvestia National Media Group 2017 Cable http://iz.ru/
78 National Media Group (25%), Sergey Rudnov (75%) 2017 Cable http://78.ru/
CTC TV Entertainment CTC Media (National Media Group) 1996 Terrestrial http://ctc.ru/
Domashniy ("Home channel") Family entertainment 2005 Nationwide http://domashniy.ru/
Che 2015 http://chetv.ru/
CTC Love 2014 http://ctclove.ru/
CTC Kids 2018 http://ctckids.ru/
Muz-TV Media-1[54] (pending sale to Media Telekom (joint venture National Media Group and Rostelecom)[55][56] 1996 http://muz-tv.ru/
U 2012 http://u-tv.ru/
Solntse Family entertainment 2022 Nationwide http://sun-tv.ru/

Private

Name Themes Owner Established Broadcast area Broadcast technology Website
3ABN Russia Religion (Adventist) Three Angels Broadcasting Network 1992 International Satellite? http://3angels.ru/
RBC TV 24/7 News ESN 2003 Nationwide ? http://tv.rbc.ru/
Multimania Voxell Baltic 2006 http://www.multimania.tv
Kinomania 2005 http://www.kinomania.tv
BRIDGE TV (music channel) SAFMAR Media/Bridge Media Group 2005 http://bridgetv.ru/en/
Russian Travel Guide RTG Corp. 2009 http://www.rtgtv.com/
BRIDGE TV Russian Hit SAFMAR Media/Bridge Media Group 2010 http://rusongtv.ru/en/
BRIDGE TV Hits 2013 http://dangetv.ru/en/
Europa plus TV EMG (European Media Group) 2011 http://www.europaplus.tv/
Ru.TV RMG (Russian Media Group) 2006 http://www.ru.tv/
O2TV private investors 2004 http://o2tv.biz/en
RTVi Rostec 2002 http://www.rtvi.ru/english.html
Nostalgiya Veriselintel 2004 http://www.nostalgiatv.ru
Jivi! Red Media (Gazprom-Media) 2008 http://www.jv.ru
Mosfilm Golden Collection VGTRK & Mosfilm 2020 http://www.mosfilmgold.ru
Kuhnya TV Red Media (Gazprom-Media) 2007 http://www.kuhnyatv.ru/
Eda Pi-Stolet LLC 2011 http://www.tveda.ru/
Evrokino Strim 2008 http://www.eurokino.tv
Avto Plus Red Media (Gazprom-Media) 2006 http://www.autoplustv.com/
KVN TV 2016 http://www.kvn.ru/tv
Boks TV 2014 http://www.boxingtv.ru/
Vremya Channel One Russia 2005 http://www.vremya.tv
Pobeda 2019 http://www.pobeda.tv
Dom Kino 2005 http://www.domkino.tv
Gulli Girl Groupe M6 2016 http://www.gulli.ru
Zee TV Russia Red Media (Gazprom-Media) 1992 http://www.zee-tv.ru
TiJi Russia Groupe M6 2009 http://www.tiji.ru
Chanson TV Mediamart 2006 http://www.shanson.tv
O! Channel One Russia 2017 http://www.kanal-o.ru

Discontinued

Name Owner Established Closed
Ostankino 4 RSTRC Ostankino 1991 1993
Ostankino 1 1995
Rossiyskiye University Media Most and VGTRK 1993 1996
AMTV Maraton-TV and Moskva-Revyu 1994
MTK Government of Moscow 1989 1997
Channel 24 Kosmos-TV 1994 1999
TeleExpo Moskomimuschestvo and MosExpo 1995 2001
AST/Prometey AST AST, Gazprom 2002
TV6 MIBC (Moscow Independent Broadcasting Corporation)
(Since 1999 – Boris Berezovsky and Lukoil-Garant)		 1993
TVS Media-Sotsium 2002 2003
M1 Mediainvest 1994 2005
Jetix Jetix Europe 2005 2010
Jetix Play
Hallmark Channel Universal Networks International 1999
Bibigon VGTRK 2007
Seven TV UTH Russia 2000 2011
Diva Universal NBCUniversal International Networks 2010 2014
Universal Channel 2007 2015
E! 2014
Russia 2 VGTRK 2003
NTV Plus channels NTV Plus 1996 2016
A-One private investors 2005
AMC AMC Networks International Central Europe 2014 2019
Sony Sci-Fi Sony Pictures Television Inc. 2007 2021
Sony Channel 2009
Sony Turbo 2012
TV Rain Natalia Sindeeva 2010 2022
Eurosport 1 Warner Bros. Discovery 1996
Discovery Channel Russia 1998
Animal Planet 2006
Cartoon Network 2009
TLC Russia 2011
Boomerang Russia 2013
DTX 2016
Discovery Ultra 2020
JimJam AMC Networks International Central Europe 2008
MTV Russia Paramount 1998
Nickelodeon Russia
Nick Jr. Russia 2011
Paramount Comedy (Russia) 2012
Nicktoons Russia 2018
National Geographic The Walt Disney Company 1997
National Geographic Wild 2007
BabyTV
Fox Russia
Fox Life Russia 2008
Disney Channel 2010 (Cable)
Media-1[57] 2011 (terrestrial)
TV1000 Viasat World 2003 2023
Viasat Explorer
Viasat History 2004
TV1000 Russkoe Kino 2005
Viasat Sport East 2006
TV1000 Action East 2008
ViP Serial
Viasat Nature 2010
ViP Comedy 2012
ViP Premiere
ViP Megahit

Most-viewed channels

Weekly viewing shares, 24 – 30 June 2024:[58]

Position Channel Group Share of total viewing, age 4+ (%)
1 Thematical TV channels 16.4
2 Russia 1 VGTRK (state-owned) 14.7
3 NTV Gazprom-Media (Gazprombank, state-owned) 8.7
4 Channel One Government of Russia (34.23%), VTB Bank (32.89%), National Media Group (19.46%), Sogaz (13.42%) 7.2
5 Channel Five National Media Group (72.43%), Sergey Rudnov (18.3%), Government of Saint-Petersburg (6.27%), Sogaz (3%) 7.0
6 REN TV National Media Group (82%), Sogaz (18%) 6.0
7 TV Center Moscow Media (state-owned) 4.9
8 Domashny National Media Group 4.0
9 CTC National Media Group 3.9
11 Match TV Gazprom-Media (Gazprombank, state-owned) 3.7
10 TNT Gazprom-Media (Gazprombank, state-owned) 3.5

See also

References

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  58. ^ "Рейтинги". mediascope.net.

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