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{{Short description|Unit of energy}}
A '''foe''' is a unit of [[energy]] equal to 10<sup>44</sup> [[joule]]s or 10<sup>51</sup> [[erg]]s, used to measure the large amount of energy produced by a [[supernova]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hartmann DH |title=Afterglows from the largest explosions in the universe |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=4752–5 |year=1999 |month=April |pmid=10220364 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.96.9.4752|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10220364|bibcode = 1999PNAS...96.4752H }}</ref>
A '''foe''' is a unit of [[energy]] equal to 10<sup>44</sup> [[joule]]s or 10<sup>51</sup> [[erg]]s, used to express the large amount of energy released by a [[supernova]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hartmann DH |title=Afterglows from the largest explosions in the universe |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue=9 |pages=4752–5 |date=April 1999 |pmid=10220364 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.96.9.4752|bibcode = 1999PNAS...96.4752H |pmc=33568|doi-access=free }}</ref> An acronym for "[ten to the [[Exponentiation|power]] of] '''f'''ifty-'''o'''ne '''e'''rgs",<ref>

The word is an acronym derived from the phrase [ten to the [[Exponentiation|power]] of] '''f'''ifty-'''o'''ne '''e'''rgs.<ref>

{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?25-14.pdf
|url=http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?25-14.pdf
|format=PDF|title=Neutrinos and Supernovae
|title=Neutrinos and Supernovae
|author=Marc Herant, Stirling A. Colgate, Willy Benz, and Chris Fryer
|author1=Marc Herant |author2=Stirling A. Colgate |author3=Willy Benz |author4=Chris Fryer |date=October 25, 1997
|date=October 25, 1997
|work=Los Alamos Sciences
|work=Los Alamos Sciences
|publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]
|publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]
|access-date=2008-04-23
⚫
|accessdate=2008-04-23}}</ref> It was coined by [[Gerald Brown (astrophysicist)|Gerald Brown]] of [[Stony Brook University]] in his work with [[Hans Bethe]], because "it came up often enough in our work".<ref>{{cite book
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114233021/http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?25-14.pdf |archive-date=2009-01-14
⚫
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HaL-NNHBmM0C
}}
⚫
</ref> the term was introduced by [[Gerald E. Brown]] of [[Stony Brook University]] in his work with [[Hans Bethe]], because "it came up often enough in our work".<ref>
{{cite book
⚫
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaL-NNHBmM0C
|title=Hans Bethe and His Physics
|title=Hans Bethe and His Physics
|author=Gerald Brown
|author=Gerald Brown
|year=2006
|year=2006
|publisher=[[World Scientific]]
|publisher=[[World Scientific]]
|isbn=981-256-609-0
|isbn=981-256-609-0}}</ref> Scientists in the field are now renaming the unit Bethe, B, in honor of Hans Bethe.
}}
</ref>


Without mentioning the foe, Steven Weinberg proposed in 2006 "a new unit called the '''bethe'''" (B) with the same value, to "replace" it.<ref name=weinberg2006>"Following the death of Hans Bethe last year, I have proposed a new unit called the bethe, where 1 B is 10<sup>51</sup> ergs or 10<sup>44</sup> J. This would replace the unit of 10<sup>51</sup> ergs, which is commonly used by those studying supernovae – a field in which Bethe worked. Ian Mills, president of the consultative committee on units of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, has concurred and agreed that the bethe can be used." {{cite journal |doi= 10.1088/2058-7058/19/2/31 |title= A Bethe unit |author= Stephen Weinberg |journal= Physics World |volume= 19 |number= 2 |year= 2006 |page= 17 }} </ref>
⚫
This unit of measure is convenient because a supernova typically releases about one foe of observable energy in a very short period (which can be measured in seconds). In comparison, if the [[Sun]] had its current luminosity throughout its entire lifetime, it would produce 3.827{{e|26}} [[Watt|W]] × 3.1536{{e|7}} [[Second|s]]/[[Year|yr]] × 10<sup>10</sup> yr ≈ 1.2 foe.

⚫
This unit of measure is convenient because a supernova typically releases about one foe of observable energy in a very short period (which can be measured in seconds). In comparison, if the [[Sun]]'s current luminosity is the same as its average luminosity over its lifetime, it would release 3.827{{e|26}} [[Watt|W]] × 3.1536{{e|7}} [[Second|s]]/[[Year|yr]] × 10<sup>10</sup> yr ≈ 1.2 foe. One [[solar mass]] has a [[Mass–energy equivalence|rest mass energy]] of 1787 foe.

==See also==
* [[Orders of magnitude (energy)]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Supernovae}}


[[Category:Units of energy]]
[[Category:Units of energy]]
[[Category:Supernovae]]
[[Category:Supernovae]]


{{energy-stub}}
{{Astrophysics-stub}}

Latest revision as of 11:47, 29 August 2024

A foe is a unit of energy equal to 1044 joules or 1051 ergs, used to express the large amount of energy released by a supernova.[1] An acronym for "[ten to the power of] fifty-one ergs",[2] the term was introduced by Gerald E. Brown of Stony Brook University in his work with Hans Bethe, because "it came up often enough in our work".[3]

Without mentioning the foe, Steven Weinberg proposed in 2006 "a new unit called the bethe" (B) with the same value, to "replace" it.[4]

This unit of measure is convenient because a supernova typically releases about one foe of observable energy in a very short period (which can be measured in seconds). In comparison, if the Sun's current luminosity is the same as its average luminosity over its lifetime, it would release 3.827×1026 W × 3.1536×107 s/yr × 1010 yr ≈ 1.2 foe. One solar mass has a rest mass energy of 1787 foe.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hartmann DH (April 1999). "Afterglows from the largest explosions in the universe". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (9): 4752–5. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.4752H. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.9.4752. PMC 33568. PMID 10220364.
  2. ^ Marc Herant; Stirling A. Colgate; Willy Benz; Chris Fryer (October 25, 1997). "Neutrinos and Supernovae" (PDF). Los Alamos Sciences. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
  3. ^ Gerald Brown (2006). Hans Bethe and His Physics. World Scientific. ISBN 981-256-609-0.
  4. ^ "Following the death of Hans Bethe last year, I have proposed a new unit called the bethe, where 1 B is 1051 ergs or 1044 J. This would replace the unit of 1051 ergs, which is commonly used by those studying supernovae – a field in which Bethe worked. Ian Mills, president of the consultative committee on units of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, has concurred and agreed that the bethe can be used." Stephen Weinberg (2006). "A Bethe unit". Physics World. 19 (2): 17. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/19/2/31.


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