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Coordinates: 42°30′S 147°54′E / 42.500°S 147.900°E / -42.500; 147.900
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2012}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox Australian Place | type = town
{{Infobox Australian place
| type = town
| name = Triabunna
| name = Triabunna
| state = tas
| state = tas
| image = Triabunna,Tasmania.JPG
| image = Triabunna,Tasmania.JPG
| caption = Triabunna with Maria Island in the background
| caption = Triabunna with The Three Thumbs in the background
| coordinates = {{coord|42|30|S|147|54|E|display=inline,title}}
| latd =42|latm =30 |lats =
| longd =147 |longm =54 |longs =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_label_position = right
| lga = [[Glamorgan Spring Bay Council]]
| lga = [[Glamorgan Spring Bay Council]]
| postcode = 7190
| postcode = 7190
| est = 1830
| est = 1830
| pop = 796
| pop = 905
| pop_year = {{CensusAU|2021}}
| popjhgyufffffu_footnotes=<ref name="ABS"/>
| pop_footnotes= <ref name="abs">{{Census 2021 AUS | id =SAL60690 | name = Triabunna | access-date = 25 July 2022 | quick = on}}</ref>
| elevation=
| elevation=
| maxtemp = 17.6
| maxtemp = 17.6
| maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name=climate>{{cite web
| mintemp = 7.7
|url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_092027_All.shtml
| rainfall = 649.5
|title = Orford (Aubin Court) Climate Statistics (1951-2024) (nearest AWS)
|publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology]]
|access-date = September 1, 2024}}
</ref>
| mintemp = 7.8
| mintemp_footnotes = <ref name=climate/>
| rainfall = 668.6
| rainfall_footnotes = <ref name=climate/>
| region = [[South-east LGA Region|South-east]]
| stategov = [[Division of Lyons (state)|Lyons]]
| stategov = [[Division of Lyons (state)|Lyons]]
| fedgov = [[Division of Lyons|Lyons]]
| fedgov = [[Division of Lyons|Lyons]]
Line 26: Line 36:
| dist3 = 62
| dist3 = 62
| location3= [[Swansea, Tasmania|Swansea]]
| location3= [[Swansea, Tasmania|Swansea]]
| location4 = [[Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart]]
| dist4 = 84
| dist4 = 86
| location4= [[Hobart]]
| dir4 = NE
| near-nw = Buckland
| near-n = [[Little Swanport, Tasmania|Little Swanport]]
| near-ne = Tasman Sea
| near-e = [[Tasman Sea]]
| near-w = [[Buckland, Tasmania|Buckland]]
| near-sw = Buckland
| near-s = [[Orford, Tasmania|Orford]]
| near-se = Tasman Sea
}}
}}
'''Triabunna''' is a rural residential locality in the local government area (LGA) of [[Glamorgan–Spring Bay Council|Glamorgan–Spring Bay]] in the [[South-east LGA Region|South-east]] LGA region of [[Tasmania]]. The locality is about {{convert|86|km}} north-east of the city of [[Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart]]. The {{CensusAU|2021}} has a population of 905 for the state suburb of Triabunna.<ref name="abs">{{Census 2021 AUS | id =SAL60690 | name = Triabunna | access-date = 25 July 2022 | quick = on}}</ref>
'''Triabunna''' is the largest township on the east coast of [[Tasmania]], is the civic and municipal heart of the [[Glamorgan Spring Bay Council]], and is 84&nbsp;kilometres to the north-east of the state capital [[Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart]]. It is a coastal town on the [[Tasman Highway]], and is sheltered within Spring Bay at the mouth of MacCleans Creek and Vickerys Rivulet. The nearest township is [[Orford, Tasmania|Orford]], 6&nbsp;kilometres to the south on the far side of the bay. At the 2006 [[Census in Australia|census]], Triabunna had a population of 796.<ref name="ABS">{{Census 2006 AUS|id=UCL618000|name=Triabunna (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)|accessdate=2007-11-17|quick=on}}</ref>
It is the second largest township on the east coast of [[Tasmania]] (after St Helens, population 2049, 2006 Census), the civic and municipal heart of the [[Glamorgan Spring Bay Council]] and is 84&nbsp;kilometres to the north-east of the state capital [[Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart]]. It is a coastal town on the [[Tasman Highway]], and is sheltered within Spring Bay at the mouth of MacCleans Creek and Vickerys Rivulet. The nearest township is [[Orford, Tasmania|Orford]], 6&nbsp;kilometres to the south on the far side of the bay.


The nearby resort and residences of Louisville are considered a satellite community of Triabunna.
The nearby resort and residences of Louisville are considered a satellite community of Triabunna.

"Triabunna" is an Aboriginal Tasmanian word for the [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] [[Tasmanian native hen|Tasmanian native-hen]]. The town was founded in 1830 as a station of the 63rd regiment, and later the 51st regiment also called Triabunna home for a time.


Triabunna is a scenic township surrounded by beaches, hills and beautiful tracts of eucalyptus forest. The area contains many historic buildings from Tasmania's colonial period. Triabunna also commands excellent views of [[Maria Island]], which can be reached by a short ferry ride from the town.
Triabunna is a scenic township surrounded by beaches, hills and beautiful tracts of eucalyptus forest. The area contains many historic buildings from Tasmania's colonial period. Triabunna also commands excellent views of [[Maria Island]], which can be reached by a short ferry ride from the town.


Located on the Triabunna foreshore there is the [[Tasmanian Seafarers Memorial]], a memorial jointly commemorating all Tasmanian seafarers who died at sea, including Tasmanian members of the armed services, and those seafarers who, regardless of occupation or nationality, died in Tasmanian waters. A memorial service is held in October each year when recently added memorial plaques remembering lives lost are dedicated.
The weather on the east coast of Tasmania is particularly mild, and warm sunny summers are a feature of life in Triabunna, which makes it a good holiday or retirement destination. The pleasant beaches and ease of access make the town a haven for those who enjoy watersports such as [[fishing]], [[sailing]], [[surfing]], and [[diving]]. Triabunna also has excellent facilities for [[tennis]], [[cricket]], [[golf]] and [[Australian rules football]]. [[Bushwalking]] in the nearby forests is also popular.

The weather on the east coast of Tasmania is particularly mild, and warm sunny summers are a feature of life in Triabunna, which makes it a good holiday or retirement destination. The pleasant beaches and ease of access make the town a haven for those who enjoy watersports such as [[fishing]], [[sailing]], [[surfing]], and [[Underwater diving|diving]]. Triabunna also has excellent facilities for [[tennis]], [[cricket]], [[golf]] and [[Australian rules football]]. [[Bushwalking]] in the nearby forests is also popular.


==History==
==History==
The area was formerly known as Tenby, and was shown as such on an 1837 map. Triabunna was in use by 1866. Triabunna was gazetted as a locality in 1960.<ref name=Placename>{{cite web |url=https://www.placenames.tas.gov.au/#p1 |title=Placenames Tasmania – Triabunna |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Placenames Tasmania |access-date=13 September 2020 |at=Select "Search", enter "1283Y", click "Search", select row, map is displayed, click "Details"}}</ref>
The first ''Spring Bay'' Post Office opened on 28 February 1832 and closed later that year. It reopened in 1836 and was renamed ''Triabunna'' in 1881.<ref name = "Post Office">{{Cite web | last = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List | publisher = Premier Postal Auctions | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=Tas&country= | accessdate = 16 June 2012}}</ref>


"Triabunna" is an Aboriginal Tasmanian word for the [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] [[Tasmanian native hen|Tasmanian native-hen]]. The town was founded in 1830 as a station of the 63rd regiment, and later the 51st regiment also called Triabunna home for a time.
==References==
{{reflist}}


There was a shore-based bay whaling station operating in Spring Bay by 1831. By 1837, there were at least nine such establishments in the Spring Bay district.<ref>Katheryn Evans, ''Shore-based whaling in Tasmania: historical research project; Volume 2; site histories'', Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart, 1993, p. 60.</ref>
==External links==

*[http://www.triabunna.com.au Triabunna website]
The first Spring Bay Post Office opened on 28 February 1832 and closed later that year. It reopened in 1836 and was renamed ''Triabunna'' in 1881.<ref name = "Post Office">{{Cite web | last = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List | publisher = Premier Postal Auctions | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=Tas&country= | access-date = 16 June 2012}}</ref>
*[http://www.orfordtriabunnacc.com.au Orford/Triabunna Region Chamber of Commerce]

==Geography==
The waters of the [[Tasman Sea]] form the eastern boundary.<ref>{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Triabunna+TAS+7190/@-42.4685867,147.8508403,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xaa721e7533326343:0x403c94dd0ddfe90!8m2!3d-42.5102424!4d147.9200996 |title=Triabunna, Tasmania |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Triabunna has an [[oceanic climate#marine west coast (Cfb)|oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen:]] Cfb), with very mild, summers and cool winters. Due to being [[Windward and leeward|leeward]] of the [[Central Highlands, Tasmania|Central Highlands]]; [[foehn winds]] can significantly raise the maximum temperature, particularly in [[summer]]. Average maxima vary from {{convert|22.1|C}} in January to {{convert|13.1|C}} in July while average minima fluctuate between {{convert|12.0|C}} in January and February to {{convert|3.6|C}} in July. Mean average annual [[precipitation]] is moderate: {{convert|668.6|mm|in|abbr=on}}, spread between 144.1 precipitation days, and is concentrated in [[winter]]. In addition, the town is not very sunny: with 150.3 cloudy days and only 51.8 clear days per annum. Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|39.7|C}} on 30 December 2019 to {{convert|-5.3|C}} on 24 June 1972.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.farmonlineweather.com.au/climate/station.jsp?lt=site&lc=92027 |title = Orford (Aubin Court) Climate (1951-2024) (nearest AWS) |website = FarmOnline Weather |access-date = September 1, 2024}}</ref> Climate data was sourced from [[Orford]], located {{convert|6|km}} south of Triabunna.

{{Weather box
|location = Triabunna (42º33'00"S, 147º52'48"E, 14 m AMSL) (1951-2024 normals and extremes)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 38.8
|Feb record high C = 38.8
|Mar record high C = 36.2
|Apr record high C = 31.4
|May record high C = 25.7
|Jun record high C = 20.5
|Jul record high C = 19.5
|Aug record high C = 22.6
|Sep record high C = 28.4
|Oct record high C = 32.4
|Nov record high C = 36.8
|Dec record high C = 39.7
|Jan high C = 22.1
|Feb high C = 21.8
|Mar high C = 20.6
|Apr high C = 18.4
|May high C = 15.7
|Jun high C = 13.3
|Jul high C = 13.1
|Aug high C = 14.0
|Sep high C = 15.8
|Oct high C = 17.4
|Nov high C = 18.8
|Dec high C = 20.4
|Jan low C = 12.0
|Feb low C = 12.0
|Mar low C = 10.7
|Apr low C = 8.4
|May low C = 6.3
|Jun low C = 4.2
|Jul low C = 3.6
|Aug low C = 4.2
|Sep low C = 5.6
|Oct low C = 7.3
|Nov low C = 9.2
|Dec low C = 10.6
|Jan record low C = 3.2
|Feb record low C = 3.3
|Mar record low C = 1.1
|Apr record low C = 0.0
|May record low C = −2.1
|Jun record low C = −5.3
|Jul record low C = −3.3
|Aug record low C = −2.9
|Sep record low C = −2.6
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record low C = 0.4
|Dec record low C = 3.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 43.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 46.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 55.9
|May precipitation mm = 57.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 54.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 53.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 61.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 52.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 61.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 66.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 62.1
|year precipitation mm = 668.6
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 9.6
|Feb precipitation days = 8.8
|Mar precipitation days = 10.1
|Apr precipitation days = 11.2
|May precipitation days = 12.6
|Jun precipitation days = 12.4
|Jul precipitation days = 13.7
|Aug precipitation days = 13.7
|Sep precipitation days = 13.0
|Oct precipitation days = 13.6
|Nov precipitation days = 13.6
|Dec precipitation days = 11.8
|Jan afthumidity = 64
|Feb afthumidity = 64
|Mar afthumidity = 64
|Apr afthumidity = 66
|May afthumidity = 69
|Jun afthumidity = 73
|Jul afthumidity = 71
|Aug afthumidity = 65
|Sep afthumidity = 64
|Oct afthumidity = 62
|Nov afthumidity = 65
|Dec afthumidity = 62
|Jan dew point C = 12.3
|Feb dew point C = 12.4
|Mar dew point C = 11.3
|Apr dew point C = 9.7
|May dew point C = 8.2
|Jun dew point C = 6.7
|Jul dew point C = 6.1
|Aug dew point C = 5.8
|Sep dew point C = 7.0
|Oct dew point C = 7.7
|Nov dew point C = 9.7
|Dec dew point C = 10.7
|source 1 = [[Bureau of Meteorology]] (1951-2024 normals and extremes)<ref name=climate/>
}}

==Road infrastructure==
The [[Tasman Highway]] (Route A3) runs through from south to north. Route C319 (Freestone Point Road) starts at an intersection with A3 and runs south to Freestone Point, where it ends.<ref name=Placename/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801112712/http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Route%20Descriptions%20V3.6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-08-01 |title=Tasmanian Road Route Codes |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=May 2017 |publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment |access-date=13 September 2020 }}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
{{commons category}}
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Triabunna Tasmania, SpringBayHotel.JPG|Spring Bay Hotel
Image:Triabunna Tasmania, SpringBayHotel.JPG|Spring Bay Hotel
Line 56: Line 192:
</gallery>
</gallery>


== See also ==
{{coord|42|30|S|147|54|E|type:city(796)_region:AU-TAS|display=title}}
* [[Seafish Tasmania]]


==References==
[[Category:East Coast Tasmania]]
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal placenames]]

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Triabunna}}
*[https://www.discovertasmania.com.au/about/regions-of-tasmania/east-coast/triabunna Triabunna website]
*[http://www.orfordtriabunnacc.com.au Orford/Triabunna Region Chamber of Commerce]
*[http://www.seafarersmemorial.org.au Tasmanian Seafarers' Memorial]


{{East Coast Tasmania}}


{{authority control}}
{{Tasmania-geo-stub}}


[[Category:Localities of Glamorgan–Spring Bay Council]]
[[de:Triabunna]]
[[fr:Triabunna]]
[[Category:Triabunna, Tasmania]]
[[Category:Whaling stations in Australia]]
[[it:Triabunna]]
[[Category:Towns in Tasmania]]
[[nl:Triabunna]]
[[ru:Трайабанна (Тасмания)]]

Latest revision as of 03:20, 1 September 2024

Triabunna
Tasmania
Triabunna with The Three Thumbs in the background
Triabunna is located in Tasmania
Triabunna
Triabunna
Coordinates42°30′S 147°54′E / 42.500°S 147.900°E / -42.500; 147.900
Population905 (2021 census)[1]
Established1830
Postcode(s)7190
Location
LGA(s)Glamorgan Spring Bay Council
RegionSouth-east
State electorate(s)Lyons
Federal division(s)Lyons
Mean max temp[2] Mean min temp[2] Annual rainfall[2]
17.6 °C
64 °F
7.8 °C
46 °F
668.6 mm
26.3 in
Localities around Triabunna:
Buckland Little Swanport Tasman Sea
Buckland Triabunna Tasman Sea
Buckland Orford Tasman Sea

Triabunna is a rural residential locality in the local government area (LGA) of Glamorgan–Spring Bay in the South-east LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 86 kilometres (53 mi) north-east of the city of Hobart. The 2021 census has a population of 905 for the state suburb of Triabunna.[1]

It is the second largest township on the east coast of Tasmania (after St Helens, population 2049, 2006 Census), the civic and municipal heart of the Glamorgan Spring Bay Council and is 84 kilometres to the north-east of the state capital Hobart. It is a coastal town on the Tasman Highway, and is sheltered within Spring Bay at the mouth of MacCleans Creek and Vickerys Rivulet. The nearest township is Orford, 6 kilometres to the south on the far side of the bay.

The nearby resort and residences of Louisville are considered a satellite community of Triabunna.

Triabunna is a scenic township surrounded by beaches, hills and beautiful tracts of eucalyptus forest. The area contains many historic buildings from Tasmania's colonial period. Triabunna also commands excellent views of Maria Island, which can be reached by a short ferry ride from the town.

Located on the Triabunna foreshore there is the Tasmanian Seafarers Memorial, a memorial jointly commemorating all Tasmanian seafarers who died at sea, including Tasmanian members of the armed services, and those seafarers who, regardless of occupation or nationality, died in Tasmanian waters. A memorial service is held in October each year when recently added memorial plaques remembering lives lost are dedicated.

The weather on the east coast of Tasmania is particularly mild, and warm sunny summers are a feature of life in Triabunna, which makes it a good holiday or retirement destination. The pleasant beaches and ease of access make the town a haven for those who enjoy watersports such as fishing, sailing, surfing, and diving. Triabunna also has excellent facilities for tennis, cricket, golf and Australian rules football. Bushwalking in the nearby forests is also popular.

History

[edit]

The area was formerly known as Tenby, and was shown as such on an 1837 map. Triabunna was in use by 1866. Triabunna was gazetted as a locality in 1960.[3]

"Triabunna" is an Aboriginal Tasmanian word for the endemic Tasmanian native-hen. The town was founded in 1830 as a station of the 63rd regiment, and later the 51st regiment also called Triabunna home for a time.

There was a shore-based bay whaling station operating in Spring Bay by 1831. By 1837, there were at least nine such establishments in the Spring Bay district.[4]

The first Spring Bay Post Office opened on 28 February 1832 and closed later that year. It reopened in 1836 and was renamed Triabunna in 1881.[5]

Geography

[edit]

The waters of the Tasman Sea form the eastern boundary.[6]

Climate

[edit]

Triabunna has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), with very mild, summers and cool winters. Due to being leeward of the Central Highlands; foehn winds can significantly raise the maximum temperature, particularly in summer. Average maxima vary from 22.1 °C (71.8 °F) in January to 13.1 °C (55.6 °F) in July while average minima fluctuate between 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) in January and February to 3.6 °C (38.5 °F) in July. Mean average annual precipitation is moderate: 668.6 mm (26.32 in), spread between 144.1 precipitation days, and is concentrated in winter. In addition, the town is not very sunny: with 150.3 cloudy days and only 51.8 clear days per annum. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) on 30 December 2019 to −5.3 °C (22.5 °F) on 24 June 1972.[7] Climate data was sourced from Orford, located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of Triabunna.

Climate data for Triabunna (42º33'00"S, 147º52'48"E, 14 m AMSL) (1951-2024 normals and extremes)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 38.8
(101.8)
38.8
(101.8)
36.2
(97.2)
31.4
(88.5)
25.7
(78.3)
20.5
(68.9)
19.5
(67.1)
22.6
(72.7)
28.4
(83.1)
32.4
(90.3)
36.8
(98.2)
39.7
(103.5)
39.7
(103.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.1
(71.8)
21.8
(71.2)
20.6
(69.1)
18.4
(65.1)
15.7
(60.3)
13.3
(55.9)
13.1
(55.6)
14.0
(57.2)
15.8
(60.4)
17.4
(63.3)
18.8
(65.8)
20.4
(68.7)
17.6
(63.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6)
12.0
(53.6)
10.7
(51.3)
8.4
(47.1)
6.3
(43.3)
4.2
(39.6)
3.6
(38.5)
4.2
(39.6)
5.6
(42.1)
7.3
(45.1)
9.2
(48.6)
10.6
(51.1)
7.8
(46.1)
Record low °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8)
3.3
(37.9)
1.1
(34.0)
0.0
(32.0)
−2.1
(28.2)
−5.3
(22.5)
−3.3
(26.1)
−2.9
(26.8)
−2.6
(27.3)
0.0
(32.0)
0.4
(32.7)
3.2
(37.8)
−5.3
(22.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52.2
(2.06)
43.7
(1.72)
46.8
(1.84)
55.9
(2.20)
57.4
(2.26)
54.4
(2.14)
53.6
(2.11)
61.9
(2.44)
52.5
(2.07)
61.7
(2.43)
66.8
(2.63)
62.1
(2.44)
668.6
(26.32)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 9.6 8.8 10.1 11.2 12.6 12.4 13.7 13.7 13.0 13.6 13.6 11.8 144.1
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 64 64 64 66 69 73 71 65 64 62 65 62 66
Average dew point °C (°F) 12.3
(54.1)
12.4
(54.3)
11.3
(52.3)
9.7
(49.5)
8.2
(46.8)
6.7
(44.1)
6.1
(43.0)
5.8
(42.4)
7.0
(44.6)
7.7
(45.9)
9.7
(49.5)
10.7
(51.3)
9.0
(48.2)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology (1951-2024 normals and extremes)[2]

Road infrastructure

[edit]

The Tasman Highway (Route A3) runs through from south to north. Route C319 (Freestone Point Road) starts at an intersection with A3 and runs south to Freestone Point, where it ends.[3][8]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Triabunna". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 25 July 2022. Edit this at Wikidata
  2. ^ a b c d "Orford (Aubin Court) Climate Statistics (1951-2024) (nearest AWS)". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Placenames Tasmania – Triabunna". Placenames Tasmania. Select "Search", enter "1283Y", click "Search", select row, map is displayed, click "Details". Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  4. ^ Katheryn Evans, Shore-based whaling in Tasmania: historical research project; Volume 2; site histories, Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart, 1993, p. 60.
  5. ^ Premier Postal History. "Post Office List". Premier Postal Auctions. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  6. ^ "Triabunna, Tasmania" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  7. ^ "Orford (Aubin Court) Climate (1951-2024) (nearest AWS)". FarmOnline Weather. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  8. ^ "Tasmanian Road Route Codes" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment. May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
[edit]