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|honorific_suffix=[[Dominican Order|OP]]
|honorific_suffix=[[Dominican Order|OP]]
|birth_date=c. 1175
|birth_date=c. 1175
|death_date=6 January 1275 ([[General Roman Calendar]])
|death_date=6 January 1275
|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|image= Dolabella St. Raymond of Penyafort.jpg
|image= St. Raymond of Penyafort (cropped).jpg
|imagesize=200px
|imagesize=
|caption=
|caption=
|birth_place=[[Vilafranca del Penedès]], [[Principality of Catalonia]], [[Crown of Aragon]]
|birth_place=[[Vilafranca del Penedès]], [[Principality of Catalonia]], [[Crown of Aragon]]
|death_place=[[Barcelona]], Crown of Aragon
|death_place=[[Barcelona]], Crown of Aragon
|titles=
|titles=Master of the Order of Preachers
|beatified_date= 1542
|beatified_date= 1542
|beatified_place= Rome
|beatified_place=Rome
|beatified_by=[[Pope Paul III]]
|beatified_by=[[Pope Paul III]]
|canonized_date=29 April 1601
|canonized_date=29 April 1601
Line 20: Line 20:
|canonized_by=[[Pope Clement VIII]]
|canonized_by=[[Pope Clement VIII]]
|attributes=skimming across the sea with his cape as both boat and sail<ref name="Stracke">{{cite web |last1=Stracke |first1=Richard |title= Saint Raymond of Peñafort: The Iconography | url = http://www.christianiconography.info/raymondPenafort.html | publisher = Christian Iconography | date=2015-10-20}}</ref>
|attributes=skimming across the sea with his cape as both boat and sail<ref name="Stracke">{{cite web |last1=Stracke |first1=Richard |title= Saint Raymond of Peñafort: The Iconography | url = http://www.christianiconography.info/raymondPenafort.html | publisher = Christian Iconography | date=2015-10-20}}</ref>
|patronage=[[canon lawyer]]s; all types of lawyers ([[Spain]])
|patronage=[[canon lawyer]]s; all types of lawyers, [[Barcelona]], [[Kingdom of Navarre]]
|feast_day=7 January
|major_shrine= [[Cathedral of Barcelona|Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia]]<br>[[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain
|major_shrine= [[Cathedral of Barcelona|Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia]]<br>[[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain
|suppressed_date=
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
|issues=
|honorific_prefix=Saint}}
}}


'''Raymond of Penyafort''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Dominican Order|OP]]}} ({{lang-ca|Sant Ramon de Penyafort}}, {{IPA-ca|ˈsan rəˈmon də ˌpɛɲəˈfɔɾ|IPA}}; {{lang-es|San Raimundo de Peñafort}}; {{circa}} 1175 &ndash; 6 January 1275) was an [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] Dominican friar in the 13th century, who compiled the [[Decretals of Gregory IX]], a collection of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canonical laws]] that remained a major part of Church law until the [[1917 Code of Canon Law]] abrogated it. He is honored as a [[saint]] in the [[Catholic Church]] and is the [[patron saint]] of [[canon lawyer]]s.
'''Raymond of Penyafort''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Dominican Order|OP]]}} ({{lang-ca|Sant Ramon de Penyafort}}, {{IPA|ca|ˈsan rəˈmon də ˌpɛɲəˈfɔɾ|IPA}}; {{circa}} 1175 &ndash; 6 January 1275) was a [[Catalonia|Catalan]] Dominican friar in the 13th century, who compiled the [[Decretals of Gregory IX]], a collection of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canonical laws]] that remained a major part of Church law until the [[1917 Code of Canon Law]] abrogated it. He is honored as a [[saint]] in the [[Catholic Church]] and is the [[patron saint]] of [[canon lawyer]]s.


== Life ==
== Life ==
Raymond of Penyafort was born in [[Vilafranca del Penedès]], a small town near [[Barcelona]], [[Principality of Catalonia]], around 1175. Descended from a noble family with ties to the royal house of Aragon, he was educated in Barcelona and at the [[University of Bologna]], where he received [[doctorate]]s in both [[Civil law (legal system)|civil]] and [[canon law]]. From 1195 to 1210, he taught canon law. In 1210, he moved to [[Bologna]], where he remained until 1222, including three years occupying the [[chair (academic)|Chair]] of canon law at the university. He came to know the newly founded [[Dominican Order]] there.<ref name=AC>{{cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1253|last=Foley|first=Leonard|title=St. Raymond of Penyafort |publisher=Franciscan Media|access-date=7 January 2013}}</ref> Raymond was attracted to the Dominican Order by the preaching of Blessed Reginald, prior of the Dominicans of Bologna, and received the habit at the age of 47,<ref name=laity>[http://lancasterdominicans.wordpress.com/2013/01/07/st-raymond-of-penafort/ "The Feast Day of Saint Raymond of Penafort", Dominican Laity of the Province of St. Joseph, Lancaster, Pennsylvania]</ref> in the Dominican Convent of Barcelona, to which he had returned from Italy in 1222.<ref name=okane>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12671c.htm O'Kane, Michael. "St. Raymond of Peñafort." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 Jan. 2014]</ref>
Raymond of Penyafort was born in [[Vilafranca del Penedès]], a small town near [[Barcelona]], [[Principality of Catalonia]], {{Circa|1175|lk=no}}. Descended from a noble family with ties to the royal house of Aragon, he was educated in Barcelona and at the [[University of Bologna]], where he received [[doctorate]]s in both [[Civil law (legal system)|civil]] and [[canon law]]. From 1195 to 1210, he taught canon law. In 1210, he moved to [[Bologna]], where he remained until 1222, including three years occupying the [[chair (academic)|Chair]] of canon law at the university. He came to know the newly founded [[Dominican Order]] there.<ref name=AC>{{cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1253|last=Foley|first=Leonard|title=St. Raymond of Penyafort |publisher=Franciscan Media|access-date=7 January 2013}}</ref> Raymond was attracted to the Dominican Order by the preaching of Blessed Reginald, prior of the Dominicans of Bologna, and received the habit at the age of 47,<ref name=laity>[http://lancasterdominicans.wordpress.com/2013/01/07/st-raymond-of-penafort/ "The Feast Day of Saint Raymond of Penafort", Dominican Laity of the Province of St. Joseph, Lancaster, Pennsylvania]</ref> in the Dominican Convent of Barcelona, to which he had returned from Italy in 1222.<ref name=okane>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12671c.htm O'Kane, Michael. "St. Raymond of Peñafort." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 Jan. 2014]</ref>


===Mercedarians===
===Mercedarians===
Raymond was instrumental in the founding of the [[Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy|Mercedarian friars]].<ref name="Attwater">Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. {{ISBN|0-14-051312-4}}.</ref> When approached by [[Peter Nolasco]], Raymond encouraged and assisted him in obtaining the consent of King [[James I of Aragon]] for the foundation of the Order.
Raymond was instrumental in the founding of the [[Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy|Mercedarian friars]].<ref name="Attwater">Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. {{ISBN|0-14-051312-4}}.</ref> When approached by [[Peter Nolasco]], Raymond encouraged and assisted him in obtaining the consent of King [[James I of Aragon]] for the foundation of the Order.


The need to study oriental languages was affirmed by the General Chapter of the [[Dominican Order]] in [[Paris]] in 1236.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6DHNEGKuGQC&pg=PA77|title=Science in the Middle Ages| first=David C. |last= Lindberg|isbn=9780226482330|year=1978|page=77}}</ref> Raymond established the first school of the ''[[Studia Linguarum]]'' in [[Tunis]], where it was known as the ''Studium arabicum''. The objective of the schools was to help the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] liberate Christian captives in Islamic lands.<ref>{{cite book| last=McAbe |first=Ina Baghdiantz |year=2008 |title=Orientalism in Early Modern France|isbn=978-1-84520-374-0| publisher=Berg Publishing|location=Oxford|page=29}}</ref>
The need to study [[Semitic languages]] was affirmed by the General Chapter of the [[Dominican Order]] in [[Paris]] in 1236.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6DHNEGKuGQC&pg=PA77|title=Science in the Middle Ages| first=David C. |last= Lindberg|isbn=9780226482330|year=1978|page=77|publisher=University of Chicago Press }}</ref> Raymond established the first school of the ''[[Studia Linguarum]]'' in [[Tunis]], where it was known as the ''Studium arabicum''. The objective of the schools was to help the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] liberate Christian captives in Islamic lands.<ref>{{cite book| last=McAbe |first=Ina Baghdiantz |year=2008 |title=Orientalism in Early Modern France|isbn=978-1-84520-374-0| publisher=Berg Publishing|location=Oxford|page=29}}</ref>


===''Summa de casibus poenitentiae''===
===''Summa de casibus poenitentiae''===
Line 50: Line 51:


===Most famous miracle===
===Most famous miracle===
Raymond of Penyafort served as the confessor for King [[James I of Aragon]]. While on the island of [[Majorca]] to initiate a campaign to help convert the Moors living there, the king brought his mistress with him. Raymond reproved the king and asked him repeatedly to dismiss his concubine. The king refused to do so. Finally, the saint told the king that he could remain with him no longer and made plans to leave for Barcelona. But the king forbade Raymond to leave the island, and threatened punishment to any ship captain who dared to take him.
Raymond of Penyafort served as the [[confessor]] for King [[James I of Aragon]]. While on the island of [[Majorca]] to initiate a campaign to help convert the Moors living there, the king brought his mistress with him. Raymond reproved the king and asked him repeatedly to dismiss his [[concubine]]. The king refused to do so. Finally, the saint told the king that he could remain with him no longer and made plans to leave for Barcelona. But the king forbade Raymond to leave the island, and threatened punishment to any ship captain who dared to take him.


Raymond and his Dominican companion went down to the seashore where Raymond took off his ''cappa'' (the long black cloak worn by Dominicans over the white tunic and scapular), and spread one end of it on the water while rigging the other end to his walking staff. Having thus formed a miniature mast, Raymond bid the other Dominican to hop on, but his companion, lacking the saint’s faith, refused to do so. Then Raymond bid him farewell, and with the sign of the cross he pushed away from the shore and sailed away on his cloak. Skirting around the very boats that had forbidden him passage, the saint was seen by scores of sailors who shouted in astonishment and urged him on. Raymond sailed the 160 miles to [[Barcelona]] in the space of six hours, where his landing was witnessed by a crowd of amazed spectators. In awe of this miracle, King James I mended his ways.<ref>This story was derived in part from ''Saint Raymond of Peñafort'' written by Michael Morris, OP, published in ''Magnificat'', January 2004/Vol. 5, No. 12</ref>
Raymond and his Dominican companion went down to the seashore where Raymond took off his ''cappa'' (the long black cloak worn by Dominicans over the white tunic and scapular), and spread one end of it on the water while rigging the other end to his walking staff. Having thus formed a miniature [[mast (sailing)|mast]], Raymond bid the other Dominican to hop on, but his companion, lacking the saint’s faith, refused to do so. Then Raymond bid him farewell, and with the [[sign of the cross]] he pushed away from the shore and sailed away on his cloak. Skirting around the very boats that had forbidden him passage, the saint was seen by scores of sailors who shouted in astonishment and urged him on. Raymond sailed the 160 miles to [[Barcelona]] in the space of six hours, where his landing was witnessed by a crowd of amazed spectators. In awe of this miracle, King James I mended his ways.<ref>This story was derived in part from ''Saint Raymond of Peñafort'' written by Michael Morris, OP, published in ''Magnificat'', January 2004/Vol. 5, No. 12</ref>


===Later life===
===Later life===
Line 59: Line 60:
Raymond returned to [[Barcelona]] in 1236. Not long able to remain in seclusion, however, he was elected the [[Master of the Order of Preachers]] by the [[General Chapter]] of 1238. He immediately set out on foot to visit all the houses of friars and nuns of the Order. Even in the midst of this, he was able to draft a new set of Constitutions of the Order, in which he included a resignation clause for the Master. When it was adopted by the next General Chapter of 1240, he immediately took advantage of that option and resigned within two years.<ref name=AC />
Raymond returned to [[Barcelona]] in 1236. Not long able to remain in seclusion, however, he was elected the [[Master of the Order of Preachers]] by the [[General Chapter]] of 1238. He immediately set out on foot to visit all the houses of friars and nuns of the Order. Even in the midst of this, he was able to draft a new set of Constitutions of the Order, in which he included a resignation clause for the Master. When it was adopted by the next General Chapter of 1240, he immediately took advantage of that option and resigned within two years.<ref name=AC />


Although not an inquisitor, as an advisor to [[James I of Aragon]] he was often consulted regarding questions of law regarding the practices of the Inquisition in the king's domains. "...[T]he lawyer's deep sense of justice and equity, combined with the worthy Dominican's sense of compassion, allowed him to steer clear of the excesses that were found elsewhere in the formative years of the inquisitions into heresy."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BEfrDPxlraYC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=Raymond+of+Penyafort+%2B+inquisition&source=bl&ots=VZ5vbpyeWK&sig=DNuuDEXkW1ypFlYVBrL5Ugb0P8I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwxaWi7KPLAhXHw4MKHbH7Dx8Q6AEITzAH#v=onepage&q=Raymond%20of%20Penyafort%20%20%20inquisition&f=false Smith, Damian J., ''Crusade, Heresy and Inquisition in the Lands of the Crown of Aragon'', Brill, 2010] {{ISBN|9789004182899}}</ref> Raymond approved of [[conjugal visit]]s for those imprisoned so that the spouse should not be exposed to the risk of possible adultery.
Although not an inquisitor, as an advisor to [[James I of Aragon]] he was often consulted regarding questions of law regarding the practices of the Inquisition in the king's domains. "...[T]he lawyer's deep sense of justice and equity, combined with the worthy Dominican's sense of compassion, allowed him to steer clear of the excesses that were found elsewhere in the formative years of the inquisitions into heresy."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BEfrDPxlraYC&dq=Raymond+of+Penyafort+++inquisition&pg=PA188 Smith, Damian J., ''Crusade, Heresy and Inquisition in the Lands of the Crown of Aragon'', Brill, 2010] {{ISBN|9789004182899}}</ref> Raymond approved of [[conjugal visit]]s for those imprisoned so that the spouse should not be exposed to the risk of possible adultery.


===Conversion of Jews and Muslims===
===Conversion of Jews and Muslims===
Line 66: Line 67:
==Disputation of Barcelona==
==Disputation of Barcelona==
{{main|Disputation of Barcelona}}
{{main|Disputation of Barcelona}}
[[File:Barcelona Cathedral Interior - Capella de Sant Ramon de Penyafort.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Tomb of Saint Raymond in [[Cathedral of Barcelona]].]]
[[File:Barcelona Cathedral Interior - Capella de Sant Ramon de Penyafort.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Tomb of St. Raymond in the [[Cathedral of Barcelona]]]]


He exercised great influence over King James of Aragon and succeeded in persuading him to order a public debate, concerning Judaism and Christianity, between [[Moshe ben Nahman]], a [[rabbi]] in [[Girona]], and [[Paulus Christiani]], a baptized Jew of [[Montpellier]] who belonged to the Dominicans. In this debate, which took place in the royal palace and other venues at Barcelona from 20–31 July 1263, in the presence of the king and of many of the higher clergy, Raymond took an important part. He was at the head of the theologians present, and in agreement with the king gave the rabbi perfect freedom of speech. Raymond simply observed to Moses ben Nachman that he must not allow himself to blaspheme Christianity, to which Moses replied that he knew what the laws of propriety demanded. On the [[Jewish Sabbath]] following the close of the debate, the king, together with many preaching friars and other clergy, visited the [[synagogue]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}.
He exercised great influence over King James of Aragon and succeeded in persuading him to order a public debate, concerning Judaism and Christianity, between [[Moshe ben Nahman]], a [[rabbi]] in [[Girona]], and [[Paulus Christiani]], a baptized Jew of [[Montpellier]] who belonged to the Dominicans. In this debate, which took place in the royal palace and other venues at Barcelona from 20–31 July 1263, in the presence of the king and of many of the higher clergy, Raymond took an important part. He was at the head of the theologians present, and in agreement with the king gave the rabbi perfect freedom of speech. Raymond simply observed to Moses ben Nachman that he must not allow himself to blaspheme Christianity, to which Moses replied that he knew what the laws of propriety demanded. On the [[Jewish Sabbath]] following the close of the debate, the king, together with many preaching friars and other clergy, visited the [[synagogue]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=שעוועל |first1=חיים דוב |title=כתבי הרמב"ן |publisher=מוסד הרב קוק |page=Volume 1 pages 253-296}}</ref>


Raymond died at the age of 100 in Barcelona in 1275 and was [[canonized]] by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1601. He was buried in the [[Cathedral of Santa Eulalia]] in Barcelona.
Raymond died at the age of 100 in Barcelona in 1275 and was [[canonized]] by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1601. He was buried in the [[Cathedral of Santa Eulalia]] in Barcelona.


== Feast day ==
== Feast day ==
St. Raymond of Peñafort's feast day was inserted in the [[General Roman Calendar]] in 1671 for celebration on 23 January. In 1969 it was moved to 7 January, the day after that of his death.<ref>"Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), pp. 85 and 114</ref> He is the [[patron saint]] of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon lawyers]], specifically, and lawyers, in general.
St. Raymond of Peñafort's feast day was inserted in the [[General Roman Calendar]] in 1671 for celebration on 23 January. In 1969 it was moved to 7&nbsp;January, the day after that of his death.<ref>"Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), pp. 85 and 114</ref> He is the [[patron saint]] of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon lawyers]], specifically, and also of lawyers in general.


== Influence and tribute ==
== Influence and legacy ==
[[File:UST - St. Raymond Peñafort Building.jpg|thumb|left|The St. Raymond Peñafort Building]]
[[File:UST - St. Raymond Peñafort Building.jpg|thumb|left|The St. Raymond Peñafort Building]]


Line 93: Line 94:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}
* [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_248.html Lewis E 248 Summa de casibus poenitentia, glossed at OPenn]
* [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_248.html Lewis E 248 Summa de casibus poenitentia, glossed at OPenn]


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|before=[[Jordan of Saxony]]|after=[[John of Wildeshausen]]|years=1238&ndash;1240}}
|before=[[Jordan of Saxony]]|after=[[John of Wildeshausen]]|years=1238&ndash;1240}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
{{Dominican Order}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:13th-century jurists]]
[[Category:13th-century jurists]]
[[Category:13th-century people from the Kingdom of Aragon]]
[[Category:13th-century people from the Kingdom of Aragon]]
[[Category:13th-century Aragonese Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Burials at Barcelona Cathedral]]
[[Category:Burials at Barcelona Cathedral]]
[[Category:Canon law jurists]]
[[Category:Canon law jurists]]

Revision as of 08:32, 1 September 2024

Saint

Raymond of Penyafort

OP
Bornc. 1175
Vilafranca del Penedès, Principality of Catalonia, Crown of Aragon
Died6 January 1275
Barcelona, Crown of Aragon
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Beatified1542, Rome by Pope Paul III
Canonized29 April 1601, Rome by Pope Clement VIII
Major shrineCathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Feast7 January
Attributesskimming across the sea with his cape as both boat and sail[1]
Patronagecanon lawyers; all types of lawyers, Barcelona, Kingdom of Navarre

Raymond of Penyafort OP (Catalan: Sant Ramon de Penyafort, IPA: [ˈsan rəˈmon də ˌpɛɲəˈfɔɾ]; c. 1175 – 6 January 1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar in the 13th century, who compiled the Decretals of Gregory IX, a collection of canonical laws that remained a major part of Church law until the 1917 Code of Canon Law abrogated it. He is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.

Life

Raymond of Penyafort was born in Vilafranca del Penedès, a small town near Barcelona, Principality of Catalonia, c. 1175. Descended from a noble family with ties to the royal house of Aragon, he was educated in Barcelona and at the University of Bologna, where he received doctorates in both civil and canon law. From 1195 to 1210, he taught canon law. In 1210, he moved to Bologna, where he remained until 1222, including three years occupying the Chair of canon law at the university. He came to know the newly founded Dominican Order there.[2] Raymond was attracted to the Dominican Order by the preaching of Blessed Reginald, prior of the Dominicans of Bologna, and received the habit at the age of 47,[3] in the Dominican Convent of Barcelona, to which he had returned from Italy in 1222.[4]

Mercedarians

Raymond was instrumental in the founding of the Mercedarian friars.[5] When approached by Peter Nolasco, Raymond encouraged and assisted him in obtaining the consent of King James I of Aragon for the foundation of the Order.

The need to study Semitic languages was affirmed by the General Chapter of the Dominican Order in Paris in 1236.[6] Raymond established the first school of the Studia Linguarum in Tunis, where it was known as the Studium arabicum. The objective of the schools was to help the Dominicans liberate Christian captives in Islamic lands.[7]

Summa de casibus poenitentiae

Main article: Summa de casibus poenitentiae

Raymond had written for confessors a book of cases, the Summa de casibus poenitentiae. More than simply a list of sins and suggested penances, it discussed pertinent doctrines and laws of the Church that pertained to the problem or case brought to the confessor, and is widely considered an authoritative work on the subject.[8]

In 1229 Raymond was appointed theologian and penitentiary to the Cardinal Archbishop of Sabina, John of Abbeville, and was summoned to Rome in 1230 by Pope Gregory IX, who appointed him chaplain and grand penitentiary.[4]

Gregorian Decretals

Main article: Decretals of Gregory IX
Decretals with Glossa

Knowing Raymond's reputation in the juridical sciences, Gregory IX asked him to help in the rearranging and codifying of canon law. Canon laws, which were previously found scattered in many publications, were to be organized into one set of documents.

Papal decretal letters had been changing the law over the course of the previous 100 years since the publication of the Decretum of Gratian. Being pleased with Raymond's efforts, the pope announced the new publication in a Bull directed to the doctors and students of Paris and Bologna in September 1234, commanding that the work of Raymond alone should be considered authoritative, and should alone be used in the schools. His collection of canon law, known as the Decretals of Gregory IX, became a standard for almost 700 years. Canon law was finally fully codified by 1917.

Most famous miracle

Raymond of Penyafort served as the confessor for King James I of Aragon. While on the island of Majorca to initiate a campaign to help convert the Moors living there, the king brought his mistress with him. Raymond reproved the king and asked him repeatedly to dismiss his concubine. The king refused to do so. Finally, the saint told the king that he could remain with him no longer and made plans to leave for Barcelona. But the king forbade Raymond to leave the island, and threatened punishment to any ship captain who dared to take him.

Raymond and his Dominican companion went down to the seashore where Raymond took off his cappa (the long black cloak worn by Dominicans over the white tunic and scapular), and spread one end of it on the water while rigging the other end to his walking staff. Having thus formed a miniature mast, Raymond bid the other Dominican to hop on, but his companion, lacking the saint’s faith, refused to do so. Then Raymond bid him farewell, and with the sign of the cross he pushed away from the shore and sailed away on his cloak. Skirting around the very boats that had forbidden him passage, the saint was seen by scores of sailors who shouted in astonishment and urged him on. Raymond sailed the 160 miles to Barcelona in the space of six hours, where his landing was witnessed by a crowd of amazed spectators. In awe of this miracle, King James I mended his ways.[9]

Later life

Having reached his 60th year, Raymond retired to a reclusive life in Barcelona. Within the year, however, Raymond was appointed to the position of Archbishop of Tarragona, the ecclesiastical capital of the Principality of Catalonia and the Crown of Aragon, but declined.[4]

Raymond returned to Barcelona in 1236. Not long able to remain in seclusion, however, he was elected the Master of the Order of Preachers by the General Chapter of 1238. He immediately set out on foot to visit all the houses of friars and nuns of the Order. Even in the midst of this, he was able to draft a new set of Constitutions of the Order, in which he included a resignation clause for the Master. When it was adopted by the next General Chapter of 1240, he immediately took advantage of that option and resigned within two years.[2]

Although not an inquisitor, as an advisor to James I of Aragon he was often consulted regarding questions of law regarding the practices of the Inquisition in the king's domains. "...[T]he lawyer's deep sense of justice and equity, combined with the worthy Dominican's sense of compassion, allowed him to steer clear of the excesses that were found elsewhere in the formative years of the inquisitions into heresy."[10] Raymond approved of conjugal visits for those imprisoned so that the spouse should not be exposed to the risk of possible adultery.

Conversion of Jews and Muslims

Rejoicing to see himself again free of office, he applied himself with fresh vigor to the Christian ministry, especially working for the conversion of the Moors. To this end he encouraged Thomas Aquinas to write his work Against the Gentiles. He instituted the teaching of Arabic and Hebrew in several houses of the friars. He also founded priories in Murcia (then still ruled by Arabs) and in Tunis. Additionally he went to help establish the Church in the recently conquered island of Mallorca.

Disputation of Barcelona

Main article: Disputation of Barcelona
Tomb of St. Raymond in the Cathedral of Barcelona

He exercised great influence over King James of Aragon and succeeded in persuading him to order a public debate, concerning Judaism and Christianity, between Moshe ben Nahman, a rabbi in Girona, and Paulus Christiani, a baptized Jew of Montpellier who belonged to the Dominicans. In this debate, which took place in the royal palace and other venues at Barcelona from 20–31 July 1263, in the presence of the king and of many of the higher clergy, Raymond took an important part. He was at the head of the theologians present, and in agreement with the king gave the rabbi perfect freedom of speech. Raymond simply observed to Moses ben Nachman that he must not allow himself to blaspheme Christianity, to which Moses replied that he knew what the laws of propriety demanded. On the Jewish Sabbath following the close of the debate, the king, together with many preaching friars and other clergy, visited the synagogue.[11]

Raymond died at the age of 100 in Barcelona in 1275 and was canonized by Pope Clement VIII in 1601. He was buried in the Cathedral of Santa Eulalia in Barcelona.

Feast day

St. Raymond of Peñafort's feast day was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1671 for celebration on 23 January. In 1969 it was moved to 7 January, the day after that of his death.[12] He is the patron saint of canon lawyers, specifically, and also of lawyers in general.

Influence and legacy

The St. Raymond Peñafort Building

The St. Raymond Peñafort Building at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, which houses the College of Commerce and Business Administration and the Faculty of Arts and Letters, is named in his honor.

See also

Citations

  1. ^ Stracke, Richard (2015-10-20). "Saint Raymond of Peñafort: The Iconography". Christian Iconography.
  2. ^ a b Foley, Leonard. "St. Raymond of Penyafort". Franciscan Media. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  3. ^ "The Feast Day of Saint Raymond of Penafort", Dominican Laity of the Province of St. Joseph, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
  4. ^ a b c O'Kane, Michael. "St. Raymond of Peñafort." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 Jan. 2014
  5. ^ Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4.
  6. ^ Lindberg, David C. (1978). Science in the Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780226482330.
  7. ^ McAbe, Ina Baghdiantz (2008). Orientalism in Early Modern France. Oxford: Berg Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-84520-374-0.
  8. ^ Ghezzi, Bert. "Saint Raymond of Penyafort", Voices of the Saints, Loyola Press
  9. ^ This story was derived in part from Saint Raymond of Peñafort written by Michael Morris, OP, published in Magnificat, January 2004/Vol. 5, No. 12
  10. ^ Smith, Damian J., Crusade, Heresy and Inquisition in the Lands of the Crown of Aragon, Brill, 2010 ISBN 9789004182899
  11. ^ שעוועל, חיים דוב. כתבי הרמב"ן. מוסד הרב קוק. p. Volume 1 pages 253-296.
  12. ^ "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), pp. 85 and 114

General references

Religious titles
Preceded by Master General of the Dominican Order
1238–1240 		Succeeded by
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