Ivane I Zakarian: Difference between revisions

Ivane I Zakarian
Իվանե Ա Զաքարյան
Ivane I Zakarian; Իվանե Ա Զաքարյան
	Ivane on the east facade at Harichavank, Armenia, 1201. He wears the contemporary costume, with tall sharbush hat and heavy kaftans.
Msakhurtukhutsesi
	In office; 1191–1213
Preceded by	Vardan I Dadiani
Succeeded by	Vache I Vachutian
Atabeg
	In office; 1213–1227
Preceded by	None (Creation)
Succeeded by	Avag Zakarian
Personal details
Born	Unknown
Died	1227
Children	Tamta Mkhargrdzeli; Avag Zakarian
Parent(s)	Sargis Zakarian (father); Saakdukht Artsruni (mother)
Military service
Battles/wars	Battle of Shamkor; Battle of Basiani; Siege of Kars; Siege of Ganja; Battle of Khunan; Battle of Garni

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Ivane I Zakarian (Template:Lang-hy; Georgian: ივანე I მხარგრძელი, romanized: ivane I mkhargrdzeli) was an Armenian prince, and a Court official of the Kingdom of Georgia holding the offices of Msakhurtukhutsesi (Majordomo) and Atabeg (Governor General) for Queen Tamar of Georgia during the early 13th centuries. He was a prince of the Zakarid dynasty, the son of Sargis Zakarian, and the younger brother and successor of Zakare II Zakarian. He was also ruler of feudal lands in the Kingdom of Georgia.

Biography

The brothers, Zakare and Ivane Zakarian, who were sons of Sargis, were the most successful representatives of the family, who were military commanders under Queen Tamar. Zakare and Ivane took Dvin in 1193 from the Seljuk Eldiguzids.^[4] They also took Sevan, Bjni, Amberd and Bargushat, and all the towns above the city of Ani, up to the bridge of Khodaafarin bridge. Around the year 1199, they took the city of Ani, and in 1201, Tamar gave Ani to them as a principality.^[5] Eventually, their territories came to resemble those of Bagratid Armenia.^[6] Their achievements under Queen Tamar also facilitated the first large-scale migration of Kurdish tribes to the Caucasus.^[7]^[8]

Still, Ivane and Zakare encountered animosity in some quarters because of their religious affiliation to Armenian Monophysism, rather than the Chalcedonian faith of the Georgians.^[9] The younger brother, Ivane eventually converted, allowing the two brothers to adroitely bridge the religious spectrum in Georgia, Ivane commanding Georgian troops while Zakare commanded Armenian ones.^[9] Conflicts regarding devotional practices still erupted between the two armies, hampering coordinated operations, as in a military campaign 1204.^[10] A synod had to be convened at the highest level, and the Armenians agreed to harmonize some practices.^[11]

In 1210, Ivane had challenged the powerful Ayyubid dynasty, attacking the former beylik of the Shah-Armens whose realm extended around Lake Van and which had been absorbed by the Ayyubids in 1207. The ruler of Ahlat was Al-Awhad Ayyub, son of Sultan Al-Adil I and nephew of Sultan Saladin. While the Georgian army besieged Ahlat, Ivane was captured, whereupon Ivane's brother, Zakare threatened to raze the city and put its population to the sword. Ivane was released only after the Georgians agreed to the Thirty Years' Truce on following terms:^[12] Georgia had to return the captured fortresses and captives, Georgians paid a ransom of 100,000 dinars and hand Ivane's daughter Tamta to al-Awhad.^[13]^[14]

The brothers commanded the Armenian-Georgian armies for almost three decades, achieving major victories at Shamkor in 1195 and Basen in 1203 and leading raids into northern Iran in 1210 and suppression of rebellions of mountaineers in 1212. They amassed a great fortune, governing all of northern Armenia; Zakare and his descendants ruled in northwestern Armenia with Ani as their capital, while Ivane and his offspring ruled eastern Armenia, including the city of Dvin.

Both brothers left several bilingual inscriptions across the Armeno-Georgian border lands and built several churches and forts, such as the Harichavank Monastery and Akhtala Monastery in northern Armenia. The family went in decline with the establishment of Mongol power in the Caucasus.

One of the vassals of Ivane Zakarian was Vasak Khaghbakian ("Vasak the Great"), who had helped in the reconquest of Vayots Dzor, Bjni, and Dvin, and was the father of Prosh Khaghbakian, the founder of the Proshyan dynasty.^[15]

Atabegate

When his brother Zakare died in 1213, Ivane was offered the title of Amirspasalar, but he declined.^[3] Instead, he asked for and obtained the title of Atabeg, which gave him the highest position in government. According to a contemporary Armenian historian, he said:^[3]

The honour which you have done is very great indeed. But I am not worthy to be called by my brother's name and do not wish to be ashamed of taking his place, so grant me the title of atabek, for in Georgia you, kings, do not yet have such a title. By so doing you will augment your favour to me, for you will bestow a new high honour on le, award me the title of Atabek, as is the custom with the sultans for, according to the law of the sultans, the atabek is the father and tutor of kings and sultans, and [for this reason] is called atabek.
— Discourse of Ivane.^[3]

Monastic contributions

The murals of Akhtala Monastery, in Armenian-Chalcedonian style, were commissionned by Ivane in 1205-1216.^[16]

Ivane and his brother Zakare encountered animosity in some quarters because of their religious affiliation to Armenian Monophysism, rather than the Chalcedonian faith of the Georgians.^[9] Ivane eventually converted around 1200, allowing the two brothers to adroitely bridge the religious spectrum in Georgia, Ivane commanding Georgian troops while Zakare commanded Armenian ones.^[9]

The beautiful murals of Akhtala Monastery, commissioned by Ivane in 1205–1216, are an example of Armenian-Chalcedonian art, blending Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian styles.^[16]

Ivane also founded the Tejharuyk Monastery in 1196–99,^[17] the Church of the Mother of God (Surb-Astuacacin) in the Monastery of Haṙič, and renovated Haghartsin Monastery together with his brother Zakare, which he selected as the family's burial ground.^[18]

Mongol and Kipchack invasions

The 13th century Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi reports the first 1220 Mongol incursions under Subutai, part of the Mongol invasions of Georgia. This first wave was only composed of 3 tümen (30,000 men), and was actually on a search for the fugitive Khwarizmian ruler Muhammad II of Khwarazm.^[21] The Zakarids served under the Georgian king George IV of Georgia to repulse them, with Ivane acting as atabeg (Governor General) and Amirspasalar (Commander-in-chief), their army only half the size of the Mongol one.^[22] The Georgians and Armenians were defeated, but the Mongol retreated with heavy losses.^[21] The Mongols came back the following year, but were blocked on the road to Tbilissi by an army of 70,000.^[21] The Mongols again won, but retreated to Tabriz.^[21] A third encounter the same year virtually annihilated the Georgian army, and the Mongols continued north to confront the Kipchaks at far as Soldaia, and the Rus' Principalities at the Battle of the Kalka River.^[23] Before dying, George IV made an alliance with the Sultanate of Rum, by marrying his sister Rusudan to Ghias ad-Din, son of the emir of Erzurum.^[23]

In 1222, the Kipchaks, fleeing from Mongol devastation, came to the Armenian city of Gandzak, where they encountered the troops of the atabeg Ivane Zakarian, who were again defeated.^[24]^[15]^[25] Although the Georgians ultimately prevailed in 1223, the Zakarian Prince Grigor Khaghbakian was captured and tortured to death by the Kipchak Turks.^[15]

When the Khwarazmians under Jalal al-Din Mangburni invaded the region in 1226–1230, Dvin was ruled by the aging Ivane, who had given Ani to his nephew Shahnshah, son of Zakare. Dvin was lost, but Kars and Ani did not surrender.^[5]

In 1225, Ivane, leading Georgian troops, was defeated against the Khwarizmian troops of Jalal al-Din Mangburni, at the Battle of Garni. This defeat led to royal court of Georgian Queen Rusudan (1223–1245) moving north to Kutaisi, which exposed the south of the country to subsequent looting during the Mongol invasions of Georgia.^[26]^[27]

Death

Haghartsin Monastery *zhamatun* built by Ivane I Zakarian c. 1215.^[18]

Ivane remained Atabeg until his death in 1227, when he was suceeeded by his son Avag Zakarian.^[28] The function of Amirspasalar was held by his nephew Shahnshah Zakarian, who had inherited from his father Zakare in 1212.^[28]

Ivane was buried in Akhtala Monastery, where he was followed by his son Avag and other members of his family.^[29] The 13th-century historians Kirakos Gandzaketsi and Vardan Areveltsi^[30] called the area Pghndzahank (copper mine), because of rich copper deposits in the surroundings. Gandzaketsi writes the following of the year 1227: "Ivane, Zakare's brother, also died [that year] and was buried at Pghndzahank near the church which he himself had built, taking it from the Armenians and making it into a Georgian monastery", referring to the fact that Ivane had converted to the Georgian Chalcedonian faith.^[31]

Sources

Baumer, Christoph (2024). History of the Caucasus. Volume 2: In the shadow of great powers / Christoph Baumer. London New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780755636303.
Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2.
Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. New York: Taylor’s Foreign Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.

References

^ Eastmond, Antony (20 April 2017). Tamta's World. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-107-16756-8. Zakare and Ivane Mqargrdzeli on the east facade at Harichavank, Armenia, 1201
^ Eastmond, Antony (2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–53, Fig.17. doi:10.1017/9781316711774. ISBN 9781316711774. At Harichavank the clothes have been updated to reflect contemporary fashion, with its sharbushes (the high, peaked hats) and bright kaftans, as can be seen when comparing the image with those in contemporary manuscripts, such as the Haghbat Gospels (Matenadaran 6288) of 1211 [Fig. 17].
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lidov, Aleksej M. (1991). The mural paintings of Akhtala. p. 19. doi:10.11588/diglit.27365.
^ Baillie MRes, James (2023). The Prosopography of High Medieval Georgia: A Digital Approach. Wien University.
^ ^a ^b Minorsky 1953, pp. 102–103.
^ Sim, Steven. "The City of Ani: A Very Brief History". VirtualANI. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
^ Szakonyi, David (2007). "Ethnic mobilization in post-Soviet Georgia: the case of the Yezidi-Kurds" (PDF). S2CID 154853564.
^ Kuehn, Sara (12 July 2011). The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art: With a Foreword by Robert Hillenbrand. BRILL. p. 28. ISBN 978-90-04-18663-7. David II laid the foundation for the power of the Georgian pan-Transcaucasian monarchy (in Peter Golden's term) that reached its zenith under queen T'amar (1184–1211/2). The queen's victories were chiefly due to the military successes of the Christianised Kurdish generals Zak'are and Ivane, whose family name in Georgian is Mkhargrdzeli "Longomani". The brothers took Ani in 1199 or 1201 and the queen bestowed it on them as fief. Under the rule of the Zak'arids (the dynastic name of the Mkhargrdzelis), which survived for a while even after the Mongol conquest in 1239, the city experienced a renaissance and became again an important centre of international trade.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Baumer 2024, p. 23-24.
^ Baumer 2024, p. 24.
^ Baumer 2024, p. 24-25.
^ Rayfield 2012, pp. 114–115.
^ Baumer 2024, p. 30.
^ Minorsky 1953, pp. 90–93.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bedrosian, Robert (2004). "Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods". The Armenian people from ancient to modern times (PDF) (1st pbk. ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1403964212. Another of Ivane's subordinates was Vasak Khaghbakian, originally from the Khachen area, who had helped in the reconquest of Vayots Dzor, Bjni, and Dvin. This family came to be known as Proshian after Vasak's energetic son Prosh (1223-1284).
^ ^a ^b Lidov, Aleksej M. (1991). The mural paintings of Akhtala. pp. 14–16. doi:10.11588/diglit.27365. p.114: In the first chapter historical evidence, epigraphic monuments and colophons were used to reconstruct the history of Akhtaia, a monastery transferred from the Monophysites to the Chalcedonians at the turn of the 13th century. In so doing the cultural environment in which the murals arose was more clearly elucidated. Particular attention was paid to the colophons of Symeon Plindzahanketsi: these writings by a monk of Akhtaia from the first half of 13th century revealed the worldview of the Armenian-Chalcedonians. For the first time a portrait was drawn of Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, the patron of the paintings, whose own historical destiny did much to determine the distinctive features of the frescoes. Finally, the juxtaposition of direct and indirect evidence proved that the paintings were executed between 1205 and 1216. This precise dating provides a firm point of departure for the study of other artistic phenomena of the period. (...) p.116 These findings confirm the importance of the Akhtaia murafs for the history of Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian art. Taken as a whole, the murals cannot be attributed to any single artistic tradition. They can only be correctly understood as a monument of Armenian-Chalcedonian art that achieved an original blend of elements drawn from Armenian, Georgian and Byzantine culture.
^ Lidov, Aleksej M. (1991). The mural paintings of Akhtala. pp. 19–20. doi:10.11588/diglit.27365.
^ ^a ^b Vardanyan, Edda (1 January 2015). "The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, Edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris: ACHCByz: 211.
^ Donabédian, Patrick. "Le khatchkar, un art emblématique de la spécificité arménienne". L'Église arménienne entre Grecs et Latins fin XIe – milieu XVe siècle. pp. 8–9, 15 Figure 10. Outre ces figurations, à partir du début du XIIIe siècle, une autre représentation humaine apparaît, soit sous la croix, soit sur le piédestal du khatchkar: l'image du donateur, ou plus exactement du défunt à la mémoire duquel le khatchkar a été érigé. Ce personnage est représenté en tenue d'apparat, armé et à cheval, rappelant le schéma iconographique sassanide de la chasse royale ou princière que l'architecture arménienne pratiquait depuis la période paléochrétienne.
^ Manuelian, Lucy Der; Zarian, Armen; Nersessian, Vrej; Stepanyan, Nonna S.; Eiland, Murray L.; Kouymjian, Dickran (2003). "Armenia, Republic of" (PDF). Oxford Art Online: 25. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004089. Some khatchk'ars have sacred images on the top frame or beside the cross, and a donor image, such as that at the base of Grigor Khaghbakian's khatchk'ar (1233) on the grounds of Ēdjmiadzin Cathedral, where it was brought from Imirzek'.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Baumer 2024, p. 32.
^ Baumer 2024, p. 32.
^ ^a ^b Baumer 2024, p. 33.
^ Baumer 2024, p. 34.
^ Bedrosian, Robert (1997). "Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods". The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol.1 (PDF). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 241–271. The second invasion of the Caucasus took place immediately after the Mongol departure in 1222, and was caused by it. This time the participants were nomadic Kipchak Turks from the plains to the north. In their turn defeated by the Mongols, one sizable body of Kipchaks fled from them in a southward direction. These nomads pillaged and looted from Darband south to Gandzak in Azerbaijan. Atabeg Ivane mustered troops and went against them, but he was defeated, having underestimated their strength. What was worse, many nakharars were captured, then killed or ransomed for huge sums of money. The Kipchaks continued looting and raiding different parts of the Caucasus until 1223, when Ivane, in alliance with other Caucasian peoples, finally defeated them, killing or selling them into slavery. The Kipchak raids, though less serious than the invasions that preceded and succeeded them, nonetheless contributed to the continued unsettled state of affairs initiated by the Mongols, depleted the Armeno-Georgian military of some capable leaders, and undoubtedly weakened the army's morale.
^ Eastmond, Antony (20 April 2017). Tamta's World. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-107-16756-8.
^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (6 February 2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-4422-4146-6.
^ ^a ^b May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (25 May 2022). The Mongol World. Taylor & Francis. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-351-67631-1.
^ Eastmond, Antony (20 April 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-316-73917-4.
^ Bedrosian, Robert. "Vardan Areweltsi's Compilation of History". Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
^ Bedrosian, Robert. "Kirakos Ganjakets'i's History of the Armenians". Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-10-03.

[1] Eastmond, Antony (20 April 2017). Tamta's World. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-107-16756-8. Zakare and Ivane Mqargrdzeli on the east facade at Harichavank, Armenia, 1201

[2] Eastmond, Antony (2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–53, Fig.17. doi:10.1017/9781316711774. ISBN 9781316711774. At Harichavank the clothes have been updated to reflect contemporary fashion, with its sharbushes (the high, peaked hats) and bright kaftans, as can be seen when comparing the image with those in contemporary manuscripts, such as the Haghbat Gospels (Matenadaran 6288) of 1211 [Fig. 17].

[AML19-3] Lidov, Aleksej M. (1991). The mural paintings of Akhtala. p. 19. doi:10.11588/diglit.27365.

[4] Baillie MRes, James (2023). The Prosopography of High Medieval Georgia: A Digital Approach. Wien University.

[FOOTNOTEMinorsky1953102–103-5] Minorsky 1953, pp. 102–103.

[sims-6] Sim, Steven. "The City of Ani: A Very Brief History". VirtualANI. Retrieved 2007-07-15.

[:0-7] Szakonyi, David (2007). "Ethnic mobilization in post-Soviet Georgia: the case of the Yezidi-Kurds" (PDF). S2CID 154853564.

[8] Kuehn, Sara (12 July 2011). The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art: With a Foreword by Robert Hillenbrand. BRILL. p. 28. ISBN 978-90-04-18663-7. David II laid the foundation for the power of the Georgian pan-Transcaucasian monarchy (in Peter Golden's term) that reached its zenith under queen T'amar (1184–1211/2). The queen's victories were chiefly due to the military successes of the Christianised Kurdish generals Zak'are and Ivane, whose family name in Georgian is Mkhargrdzeli "Longomani". The brothers took Ani in 1199 or 1201 and the queen bestowed it on them as fief. Under the rule of the Zak'arids (the dynastic name of the Mkhargrdzelis), which survived for a while even after the Mongol conquest in 1239, the city experienced a renaissance and became again an important centre of international trade.

[FOOTNOTEBaumer2024[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0MLXEAAAQBAJpgPA24_23-24]-9] Baumer 2024, p. 23-24.

[FOOTNOTEBaumer2024[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0MLXEAAAQBAJpgPA24_24]-10] Baumer 2024, p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEBaumer2024[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0MLXEAAAQBAJpgPA25_24-25]-11] Baumer 2024, p. 24-25.

[FOOTNOTERayfield2012114–115-12] Rayfield 2012, pp. 114–115.

[FOOTNOTEBaumer202430-13] Baumer 2024, p. 30.

[FOOTNOTEMinorsky195390–93-14] Minorsky 1953, pp. 90–93.

[RB-15] Bedrosian, Robert (2004). "Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods". The Armenian people from ancient to modern times (PDF) (1st pbk. ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1403964212. Another of Ivane's subordinates was Vasak Khaghbakian, originally from the Khachen area, who had helped in the reconquest of Vayots Dzor, Bjni, and Dvin. This family came to be known as Proshian after Vasak's energetic son Prosh (1223-1284).

[AML-16] Lidov, Aleksej M. (1991). The mural paintings of Akhtala. pp. 14–16. doi:10.11588/diglit.27365. p.114: In the first chapter historical evidence, epigraphic monuments and colophons were used to reconstruct the history of Akhtaia, a monastery transferred from the Monophysites to the Chalcedonians at the turn of the 13th century. In so doing the cultural environment in which the murals arose was more clearly elucidated. Particular attention was paid to the colophons of Symeon Plindzahanketsi: these writings by a monk of Akhtaia from the first half of 13th century revealed the worldview of the Armenian-Chalcedonians. For the first time a portrait was drawn of Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, the patron of the paintings, whose own historical destiny did much to determine the distinctive features of the frescoes. Finally, the juxtaposition of direct and indirect evidence proved that the paintings were executed between 1205 and 1216. This precise dating provides a firm point of departure for the study of other artistic phenomena of the period. (...) p.116 These findings confirm the importance of the Akhtaia murafs for the history of Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian art. Taken as a whole, the murals cannot be attributed to any single artistic tradition. They can only be correctly understood as a monument of Armenian-Chalcedonian art that achieved an original blend of elements drawn from Armenian, Georgian and Byzantine culture.

[17] Lidov, Aleksej M. (1991). The mural paintings of Akhtala. pp. 19–20. doi:10.11588/diglit.27365.

[EV211-18] Vardanyan, Edda (1 January 2015). "The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture". Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, Edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris: ACHCByz: 211.

[PD-19] Donabédian, Patrick. "Le khatchkar, un art emblématique de la spécificité arménienne". L'Église arménienne entre Grecs et Latins fin XIe – milieu XVe siècle. pp. 8–9, 15 Figure 10. Outre ces figurations, à partir du début du XIIIe siècle, une autre représentation humaine apparaît, soit sous la croix, soit sur le piédestal du khatchkar: l'image du donateur, ou plus exactement du défunt à la mémoire duquel le khatchkar a été érigé. Ce personnage est représenté en tenue d'apparat, armé et à cheval, rappelant le schéma iconographique sassanide de la chasse royale ou princière que l'architecture arménienne pratiquait depuis la période paléochrétienne.

[LDM-20] Manuelian, Lucy Der; Zarian, Armen; Nersessian, Vrej; Stepanyan, Nonna S.; Eiland, Murray L.; Kouymjian, Dickran (2003). "Armenia, Republic of" (PDF). Oxford Art Online: 25. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004089. Some khatchk'ars have sacred images on the top frame or beside the cross, and a donor image, such as that at the base of Grigor Khaghbakian's khatchk'ar (1233) on the grounds of Ēdjmiadzin Cathedral, where it was brought from Imirzek'.

[FOOTNOTEBaumer2024[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0MLXEAAAQBAJpgPA32_32]-21] Baumer 2024, p. 32.

[FOOTNOTEBaumer2024[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0MLXEAAAQBAJpgPA24_32]-22] Baumer 2024, p. 32.

[FOOTNOTEBaumer2024[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0MLXEAAAQBAJpgPA33_33]-23] Baumer 2024, p. 33.

[FOOTNOTEBaumer2024[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0MLXEAAAQBAJpgPA34_34]-24] Baumer 2024, p. 34.

[25] Bedrosian, Robert (1997). "Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods". The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol.1 (PDF). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 241–271. The second invasion of the Caucasus took place immediately after the Mongol departure in 1222, and was caused by it. This time the participants were nomadic Kipchak Turks from the plains to the north. In their turn defeated by the Mongols, one sizable body of Kipchaks fled from them in a southward direction. These nomads pillaged and looted from Darband south to Gandzak in Azerbaijan. Atabeg Ivane mustered troops and went against them, but he was defeated, having underestimated their strength. What was worse, many nakharars were captured, then killed or ransomed for huge sums of money. The Kipchaks continued looting and raiding different parts of the Caucasus until 1223, when Ivane, in alliance with other Caucasian peoples, finally defeated them, killing or selling them into slavery. The Kipchak raids, though less serious than the invasions that preceded and succeeded them, nonetheless contributed to the continued unsettled state of affairs initiated by the Mongols, depleted the Armeno-Georgian military of some capable leaders, and undoubtedly weakened the army's morale.

[26] Eastmond, Antony (20 April 2017). Tamta's World. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-107-16756-8.

[27] Mikaberidze, Alexander (6 February 2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-4422-4146-6.

[TM-28] May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (25 May 2022). The Mongol World. Taylor & Francis. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-351-67631-1.

[29] Eastmond, Antony (20 April 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-316-73917-4.

[30] Bedrosian, Robert. "Vardan Areweltsi's Compilation of History". Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2007-10-07.

[31] Bedrosian, Robert. "Kirakos Ganjakets'i's History of the Armenians". Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-10-03.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Armenian general (died 1227)}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
-| name                = Ivane Zakarian
+| name                = Ivane I Zakarian<br>Իվանե Ա Զաքարյան
 | honorific-suffix    =
 | image               = Ivane at Harichavank.jpg
-| caption             = Ivane on the east facade at [[Harichavank]], Armenia, 1201.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eastmond |first1=Antony |title=Tamta's World |date=20 April 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16756-8 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |language=en |quote=Zakare and Ivane Mqargrdzeli on the east facade at Harichavank, Armenia, 1201}}</ref> He wears the contemporary costume, with tall ''[[sharbush]]'' hat and heavy ''[[kaftan]]s''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eastmond |first1=Antony |title=Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia |date=2017 |doi=10.1017/9781316711774 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ISBN= 9781316711774 |p=52-53, Fig.17 |quote=At Harichavank the clothes have been updated to reflect contemporary fashion, with its sharbushes (the high, peaked hats) and bright kaftans, as can be seen when comparing the image with those in contemporary manuscripts, such as the Haghbat Gospels (Matenadaran 6288) of 1211 [[:File:Canon tables from the Haghbat Gospels; 1211 (Yerevan, Matendaran, MS 6288, fols. 8v (upper left and lower left figures).jpg|[Fig. 17]]].}}</ref>
+| caption             = Ivane on the east facade at [[Harichavank]], Armenia, 1201.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eastmond |first1=Antony |title=Tamta's World |date=20 April 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16756-8 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |language=en |quote=Zakare and Ivane Mqargrdzeli on the east facade at Harichavank, Armenia, 1201}}</ref> He wears the contemporary costume, with tall ''[[sharbush]]'' hat and heavy ''[[kaftan]]s''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eastmond |first1=Antony |title=Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia |date=2017 |doi=10.1017/9781316711774 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9781316711774 |pages=52–53, Fig.17 |quote=At Harichavank the clothes have been updated to reflect contemporary fashion, with its sharbushes (the high, peaked hats) and bright kaftans, as can be seen when comparing the image with those in contemporary manuscripts, such as the Haghbat Gospels (Matenadaran 6288) of 1211 [[:File:Canon tables from the Haghbat Gospels; 1211 (Yerevan, Matendaran, MS 6288, fols. 8v (upper left and lower left figures).jpg|[Fig. 17]]].}}</ref>
 | office1             = [[Msakhurtukhutsesi]]
 | primeminister1      =
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | term_end1           = 1213
 | predecessor1        = [[Vardan I Dadiani]]
-| successor1          = Vache I Vachutian
+| successor1          = [[Vache I Vachutian]]
 | birth_date          = Unknown
 | death_date          = 1227
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 | serviceyears        =
 | rank                =
-| battles             = [[Battle of Shamkor]]<br>[[Battle of Basiani]]<br>[[Siege of Ganja (1213)|Siege of Ganja]]<br>[[Battle of Khunan]]<br>[[Battle of Garni]]
+| battles             = [[Battle of Shamkor]]<br>[[Battle of Basiani]]<br>[[Siege of Kars (1206–1207)|Siege of Kars]]<br>[[Siege of Ganja (1213)|Siege of Ganja]]<br>[[Battle of Khunan]]<br>[[Battle of Garni]]
 | spouse              =
 | children            = [[Tamta Mkhargrdzeli]]<br>[[Avag Zakarian]]
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 }}
-'''Ivane Zakarian''' was a member of the [[Zakarids–Mkhargrdzeli]] line, the son of [[Sargis Zakarian|Sargis]], and the younger brother and successor of [[Zakare II Zakarian]]. He was a [[Court official of the Kingdom of Georgia]], holding the offices of ''[[Msakhurtukhutsesi]]'' (Majordomo) and  ''[[Atabeg]]'' (Governor General) for Queen [[Tamar of Georgia]] during the early 13th centuries. He was also ruler of feudal lands in the [[Kingdom of Georgia]].
+'''Ivane I Zakarian''' ({{lang-hy|Իվանե Ա Զաքարյան}}; {{lang-ka|ივანე I მხარგრძელი|tr}}) was an [[Armenians|Armenian]] prince, and a [[Court official of the Kingdom of Georgia]] holding the offices of ''[[Msakhurtukhutsesi]]'' (Majordomo) and  ''[[Atabeg]]'' (Governor General) for Queen [[Tamar of Georgia]] during the early 13th centuries. He was a prince of the [[Zakarid dynasty]], the son of [[Sargis Zakarian]], and the younger brother and successor of [[Zakare II Zakarian]]. He was also ruler of feudal lands in the [[Kingdom of Georgia]].
 == Biography ==
-The brothers, Zakare and Ivane Zakarian, who were sons of Sargis, were the most successful representatives of the family, who were military commanders under Queen Tamar. Zakare and Ivane took [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] in 1193 from the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] [[Eldiguzids]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baillie MRes |first1=James |title=„The Prosopography of High Medieval Georgia: A Digital Approach |date=2023 |publisher=Wien University |url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/download/o:1787198}}</ref> They also took Sevan, Bjni, Amberd and Bargushat, and all the towns above the city of [[Ani]], up to the bridge of [[Khodaafarin Bridges|Khodaafarin bridge]]. Around the year 1199, they took the city of Ani, and in 1201, Tamar gave Ani to them as a [[Zakarid Armenia|principality]].<ref name="minorsky">{{cite book|title=Studies in Caucasian History|last=Minorsky|first=Vladimir|publisher=Taylor’s Foreign Press|year=1953|isbn=0-521-05735-3|location=New York|pages=102–103}}</ref> Eventually, their territories came to resemble those of Bagratid Armenia.<ref name="sims">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualani.org/history/part1.htm|title=The City of Ani: A Very Brief History|last=Sim|first=Steven|publisher=VirtualANI|access-date=2007-07-15}}</ref> Their achievements under Queen Tamar also facilitated the first large-scale migration of [[Kurdish tribes]] to the Caucasus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Szakonyi|first=David|date=2007|title=Ethnic mobilization in post-Soviet Georgia: the case of the Yezidi-Kurds|s2cid=154853564|language=en |url=https://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/redakteure/publications/JEMIE_Datens%C3%A4tze/Jemie_datens%C3%A4tze_2007/2-2007-Szakonyi.pdf}}</ref>
+The brothers, Zakare and Ivane Zakarian, who were sons of Sargis, were the most successful representatives of the family, who were military commanders under Queen Tamar. Zakare and Ivane took [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] in 1193 from the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] [[Eldiguzids]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baillie MRes |first1=James |title=The Prosopography of High Medieval Georgia: A Digital Approach |date=2023 |publisher=Wien University |url=https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/download/o:1787198}}</ref> They also took Sevan, [[Bjni]], Amberd and Bargushat, and all the towns above the city of [[Ani]], up to the bridge of [[Khodaafarin Bridges|Khodaafarin bridge]]. Around the year 1199, they took the city of Ani, and in 1201, Tamar gave Ani to them as a [[Zakarid Armenia|principality]].{{sfn|Minorsky|1953|pp=102–103}} Eventually, their territories came to resemble those of Bagratid Armenia.<ref name="sims">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualani.org/history/part1.htm|title=The City of Ani: A Very Brief History|last=Sim|first=Steven|publisher=VirtualANI|access-date=2007-07-15}}</ref> Their achievements under Queen Tamar also facilitated the first large-scale migration of [[Kurdish tribes]] to the Caucasus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Szakonyi|first=David|date=2007|title=Ethnic mobilization in post-Soviet Georgia: the case of the Yezidi-Kurds|s2cid=154853564|language=en |url=https://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/redakteure/publications/JEMIE_Datens%C3%A4tze/Jemie_datens%C3%A4tze_2007/2-2007-Szakonyi.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuehn |first1=Sara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZWgdBCgmLYC&pg=PA28 |title=The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art: With a Foreword by Robert Hillenbrand |date=12 July 2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18663-7 |page=28 |language=en |quote=David II laid the foundation for the power of the Georgian pan-Transcaucasian monarchy (in Peter Golden's term) that reached its zenith under queen T'amar (1184–1211/2). The queen's victories were chiefly due to the military successes of the Christianised Kurdish generals Zak'are and Ivane, whose family name in Georgian is Mkhargrdzeli "Longomani". The brothers took Ani in 1199 or 1201 and the queen bestowed it on them as fief. Under the rule of the Zak'arids (the dynastic name of the Mkhargrdzelis), which survived for a while even after the Mongol conquest in 1239, the city experienced a renaissance and became again an important centre of international trade.}}</ref>
 Still, Ivane and Zakare encountered animosity in some quarters because of their religious affiliation to Armenian [[Monophysism]], rather than the [[Chalcedonian]] faith of the Georgians.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 23-24]}} The younger brother, Ivane eventually converted, allowing the two brothers to adroitely bridge the religious spectrum in Georgia, Ivane commanding Georgian troops while Zakare commanded Armenian ones.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 23-24]}} Conflicts regarding devotional practices still erupted between the two armies, hampering coordinated operations, as in a military campaign 1204.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 24]}} A synod had to be convened at the highest level, and the Armenians agreed to harmonize some practices.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 24-25]}}
+[[File:Haghartsin_Patron_Relief_Zakaryan_Brothers.JPG|thumb|Low-relief depiction of [[Zakare II Zakarian|Zakare]] and Ivane.|230x230px]]
+In 1210, Ivane had [[Ayyubid–Georgian wars|challenged]] the powerful [[Ayyubid dynasty]], attacking the former beylik of the [[Shah-Armens]] whose realm extended around [[Lake Van]] and which had been absorbed by the Ayyubids in 1207. The ruler of [[Ahlat]] was [[Al-Awhad Ayyub]], son of Sultan [[Al-Adil I]] and nephew of Sultan [[Saladin]]. While the Georgian army [[Siege of Ahlat (1210)|besieged Ahlat]], Ivane was captured, whereupon Ivane's brother, [[Zakare II Zakarian|Zakare]] threatened to raze the city and put its population to the sword. Ivane was released only after the [[Georgians]] agreed to the [[Thirty Years' Truce]] on following terms:{{Sfn|Rayfield|2012|pp=114–115}} Georgia had to return the captured fortresses and captives, Georgians paid a ransom of 100,000 [[Dinar|''dinars'']] and hand Ivane's daughter [[Tamta Mkhargrdzeli|Tamta]] to al-Awhad.{{Sfn|Baumer|2024|p=30}}{{Sfn|Minorsky|1953|pp=90–93}}
 The brothers commanded the Armenian-Georgian armies for almost three decades, achieving major victories at [[Battle of Shamkor|Shamkor]] in 1195 and [[Battle of Basian|Basen]] in 1203 and leading raids into northern Iran in 1210 and suppression of rebellions of mountaineers in 1212. They amassed a great fortune, governing all of northern Armenia; Zakare and his descendants ruled in northwestern Armenia with Ani as their capital, while Ivane and his offspring ruled eastern Armenia, including the city of Dvin.
@@ Line 51: / Line 53: @@
 Both brothers left several bilingual inscriptions across the Armeno-Georgian border lands and built several churches and forts, such as the [[Harichavank Monastery]] and [[Akhtala Monastery]] in northern Armenia. The family went in decline with the establishment of Mongol power in the Caucasus.
-One of the vassals of Ivane Zakarian was [[Vasak Khaghbakian]] ("Vasak the Great"), who had helped in the reconquest of [[Vayots Dzor]], [[Bjni]], and [[Dvin]], and was the father of [[Prince Prosh Khaghbakian|Prosh Khaghbakian]], the founder of the [[Proshyan dynasty]].<ref name="RB">{{cite book |title=The Armenian people from ancient to modern times |date=2004 |first=Robert | last=Bedrosian |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1403964212 |edition=1st pbk. |chapter=Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods |url=https://ia800605.us.archive.org/27/items/ArmeniaDuringTheSeljukAndMongolPeriods_580/asmp.pdf |quote=Another of Ivane's subordinates was Vasak Khaghbakian, originally from the Khachen area, who had helped in the reconquest of Vayots Dzor, Bjni, and Dvin. This family came to be known as Proshian after Vasak's energetic son Prosh (1223-1284).}}</ref>
+One of the vassals of Ivane Zakarian was [[Vasak Khaghbakian]] ("Vasak the Great"), who had helped in the reconquest of [[Vayots Dzor]], [[Bjni]], and Dvin, and was the father of [[Prince Prosh Khaghbakian|Prosh Khaghbakian]], the founder of the [[Proshyan dynasty]].<ref name="RB">{{cite book |title=The Armenian people from ancient to modern times |date=2004 |first=Robert | last=Bedrosian |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1403964212 |edition=1st pbk. |chapter=Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods |url=https://ia800605.us.archive.org/27/items/ArmeniaDuringTheSeljukAndMongolPeriods_580/asmp.pdf |quote=Another of Ivane's subordinates was Vasak Khaghbakian, originally from the Khachen area, who had helped in the reconquest of Vayots Dzor, Bjni, and Dvin. This family came to be known as Proshian after Vasak's energetic son Prosh (1223-1284).}}</ref>
 ===Atabegate===
 When his brother Zakare died in 1213, Ivane was offered the title of ''[[Amirspasalar]]'', but he declined.<ref name="AML19"/> Instead, he asked for and obtained the title of ''[[Atabeg]]'', which gave him the highest position in government. According to a contemporary Armenian historian, he said:<ref name="AML19"/>
-{{quote|The honour  which you have done is very great indeed. But I am not worthy to be called by my brother's name and do not wish to be ashamed of taking his place, so grant me the title of atabek, for in Georgia you, kings, do not yet have such a title. By so doing you will augment your favour to me, for you will bestow a new high honour on le, award me the title of Atabek, as is the custom with the sultans for, according to the law of the sultans, the atabek is the father and tutor of kings and sultans, and [for this reason] is called atabek.|Discourse of Ivane.<ref name="AML19">{{cite book |last1=Lidov |first1=Aleksej M. |title=The mural paintings of Akhtala |date=1991 |doi=10.11588/diglit.27365 |url=https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.27365 |page=19}}</ref>}}
+{{blockquote|The honour  which you have done is very great indeed. But I am not worthy to be called by my brother's name and do not wish to be ashamed of taking his place, so grant me the title of atabek, for in Georgia you, kings, do not yet have such a title. By so doing you will augment your favour to me, for you will bestow a new high honour on le, award me the title of Atabek, as is the custom with the sultans for, according to the law of the sultans, the atabek is the father and tutor of kings and sultans, and [for this reason] is called atabek.|Discourse of Ivane.<ref name="AML19">{{cite book |last1=Lidov |first1=Aleksej M. |title=The mural paintings of Akhtala |date=1991 |doi=10.11588/diglit.27365 |url=https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.27365 |page=19}}</ref>}}
+===Monastic contributions===
-==Mongol and Kipchack invasions==
-The 13th century Armenian historian [[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]] reports the first 1220 Mongol incursions under [[Subutai]], part of the [[Mongol invasions of Georgia]]. This first wave was only composed of 3 ''tümen'' (30,000 men), and was actually on a search for the fugitive [[Khwarizmian Empire|Khwarizmian]] ruler [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm]].{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32]}} The Zakarids served under the Georgian king [[George IV of Georgia]] to repulse them, with Ivane acting as ''[[atabeg]]'' (Governor General) and ''[[Amirspasalar]]'' (Commander-in-chief), their army only half the size of the Mongol one.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 32]}} The Georgians and Armenians were defeated, but the Mongol retreated with heavy losses.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32]}} The Mongols came back the following year, but were blocked on the road to [[Tbilissi]] by an army of 70,000.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32]}} The Mongols again won, but retreated to [[Tabriz]].{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32]}} A third encounter the same year virtually anihilated the Georgian army, and the Mongols continued north to confront the [[Kipchacks]] at far as [[Soldaia]], and the [[Rus' Principalities]] at the [[Battle of the Kalka River]].{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}} Before dying, George IV made an alliance with the [[Sultanate of Rum]], by marrying his sister [[Rusudan of Georgia|Rusudan]] to [[Ghias ad-Din]], son of the emir of [[Erzurum]].{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}}
-In 1222, the [[Kipchaks]], fleeing from Mongol devastation, came to the Armenian city of [[Gandzak, Armenia|Gandzak]], where they encountered the troops of the ''atabeg'' Ivane Zakarian, who were again defeated.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 34]}}<ref name="RB"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Bedrosian |title=The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol.1 | publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |chapter=Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods |date=1997 |pages= 241-271 |location=New York |url=https://ia600605.us.archive.org/27/items/ArmeniaDuringTheSeljukAndMongolPeriods_580/asmp.pdf |quote=The second invasion of the Caucasus took place immediately after the Mongol departure in 1222, and was caused by it. This time the participants were nomadic Kipchak Turks from the plains to the north. In their turn defeated by the Mongols, one sizable body of Kipchaks fled from them in a southward direction. These nomads pillaged and looted from Darband south to Gandzak in Azerbaijan. Atabeg Ivane mustered troops and went against them, but he was defeated, having underestimated their strength. What was worse, many nakharars were captured, then killed or ransomed for huge sums of money. The Kipchaks continued looting and raiding different parts of the Caucasus until 1223, when Ivane, in alliance with other Caucasian peoples, finally defeated them, killing or selling them into slavery. The Kipchak raids, though less serious than the invasions that preceded and succeeded them, nonetheless contributed to the continued unsettled state of affairs initiated by the Mongols, depleted the Armeno-Georgian military of some capable leaders, and undoubtedly weakened the army's morale.}}</ref> Although the Georgians ultimately prevailed in 1223, the Zakarian Prince [[Grigor Khaghbakian]] was captured and tortured to death by the [[Kipchak Turks]].<ref name="RB"/>
-When the [[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarazmians]] under [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] invaded the region in 1226-1230, [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] was ruled by the aging Ivane, who had given Ani to his nephew [[Shahnshah Zakarian|Shahnshah]], son of Zakare. Dvin was lost, but [[Kars]] and [[Ani]] did not surrender.<ref name="minorsky"/>
-In 1225, Ivane, leading Georgian troops, was defeated against the [[Khwarizmian]] troops of [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]], at the [[Battle of Garni]]. This defeat led to royal court of Georgian Queen [[Rusudan of Georgia|Rusudan]] (1223–1245) moving north to [[Kutaisi]], which exposed the south of the country to subsequent looting during the [[Mongol invasions of Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eastmond |first1=Antony |title=Tamta's World |date=20 April 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16756-8 |page=324 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA324 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mikaberidze |first1=Alexander |title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia |date=6 February 2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-4146-6 |page=310 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310 |language=en}}</ref>
-==Death==
 {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=500
 | align    = right
@@ Line 77: / Line 70: @@
 | footer=The murals of [[Akhtala Monastery]], in Armenian-Chalcedonian style, were commissionned by Ivane in 1205-1216.<ref name="AML"/>
 }}
+Ivane and his brother Zakare encountered animosity in some quarters because of their religious affiliation to Armenian [[Monophysism]], rather than the [[Chalcedonian]] faith of the Georgians.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 23-24]}} Ivane eventually converted around 1200, allowing the two brothers to adroitely bridge the religious spectrum in Georgia, Ivane commanding Georgian troops while Zakare commanded Armenian ones.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 23-24]}}
+The beautiful murals of [[Akhtala Monastery]], commissioned by Ivane in 1205–1216, are an example of Armenian-Chalcedonian art, blending Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian styles.<ref name="AML">{{cite book |last1=Lidov |first1=Aleksej M. |title=The mural paintings of Akhtala |date=1991 |doi=10.11588/diglit.27365 |url=https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.27365 |pages=14–16 |quote=p.114: In the first chapter historical evidence, epigraphic monuments and colophons were used to reconstruct the history of Akhtaia, a monastery transferred from the Monophysites to the Chalcedonians at the turn of the 13th century. In so doing the cultural environment in which the murals arose was more clearly elucidated. Particular attention was paid to the colophons of Symeon Plindzahanketsi: these writings by a monk of Akhtaia from the first half of 13th century revealed the worldview of the Armenian-Chalcedonians. For the first time a portrait was drawn of Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, the patron of the paintings, whose own historical destiny did much to determine the distinctive features of the frescoes. Finally, the juxtaposition of direct and indirect evidence proved that the paintings were executed between 1205 and 1216. This precise dating provides a firm point of departure for the study of other artistic phenomena of the period. (...) p.116 These findings confirm the importance of the Akhtaia murafs for the history of Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian art. Taken as a whole, the murals cannot be attributed to any single artistic tradition. They can only be correctly understood as a monument of Armenian-Chalcedonian art that achieved an original blend of elements drawn from Armenian, Georgian and Byzantine culture.}}</ref>
+Ivane also founded the [[Tejharuyk Monastery]] in 1196–99,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lidov |first1=Aleksej M. |title=The mural paintings of Akhtala |date=1991 |doi=10.11588/diglit.27365 |url=https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.27365 |pages=19–20}}</ref> the Church of the Mother of God (Surb-Astuacacin) in the [[Monastery of Haṙič]], and renovated [[Haghartsin Monastery]] together with his brother Zakare, which he selected as the family's burial ground.<ref name="EV211">{{cite journal |last1=Vardanyan |first1=Edda |title=The Žamatun of Hoṙomos and the Žamatun/Gawit' Structures in Armenien Architecture |journal=Hoṙomos Monastery: Art and History, Edited by Edda Vardanyan, Paris: ACHCByz |date=1 January 2015 |page=211 |url=https://www.academia.edu/42320635}}</ref>
+==Mongol and Kipchack invasions==
+[[File:Khachqar near Etchmiadzin Cathedral 1233 Knight detail.jpg|thumb|upright|Zakarid Prince [[Grigor Khaghbakian]] on horse, in his [[khatchkar]] (1233). He fought against the Kipchacks under the command of Ivane.<ref name="PD">{{cite book |last1=Donabédian |first1=Patrick |title=L'Église arménienne entre Grecs et Latins fin XIe – milieu XVe siècle |chapter=Le khatchkar, un art emblématique de la spécificité arménienne |pages=8–9, 15 Figure 10 |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00798108/document |quote=Outre ces figurations, à partir du début du XIIIe siècle, une autre représentation humaine apparaît, soit sous la croix, soit sur le piédestal du khatchkar: l’image du donateur, ou plus exactement du défunt à la mémoire duquel le khatchkar a été érigé. Ce personnage est représenté en tenue d’apparat, armé et à cheval, rappelant le schéma iconographique sassanide de la chasse royale ou princière que l’architecture arménienne pratiquait depuis la période paléochrétienne.}}</ref><ref name="LDM">{{cite journal |last1=Manuelian |first1=Lucy Der |last2=Zarian |first2=Armen |last3=Nersessian |first3=Vrej |last4=Stepanyan |first4=Nonna S. |last5=Eiland |first5=Murray L. |last6=Kouymjian |first6=Dickran |title=Armenia, Republic of |journal=Oxford Art Online |date=2003 |page=25 |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004089 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bc79233e5f7d1102fbc7e0f/t/5c978dfdc83025368bf492ab/1553436158226/Armania2003.pdf |quote=Some khatchk‘ars have sacred images on the top frame or beside the cross, and a donor image, such as that at the base of Grigor Khaghbakian’s khatchk‘ar (1233) on the grounds of Ēdjmiadzin Cathedral, where it was brought from Imirzek‘.}}</ref>]]
+The 13th century Armenian historian [[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]] reports the first 1220 Mongol incursions under [[Subutai]], part of the [[Mongol invasions of Georgia]]. This first wave was only composed of 3 ''tümen'' (30,000 men), and was actually on a search for the fugitive [[Khwarizmian Empire|Khwarizmian]] ruler [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm]].{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32]}} The Zakarids served under the Georgian king [[George IV of Georgia]] to repulse them, with Ivane acting as ''[[atabeg]]'' (Governor General) and ''[[Amirspasalar]]'' (Commander-in-chief), their army only half the size of the Mongol one.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 32]}} The Georgians and Armenians were defeated, but the Mongol retreated with heavy losses.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32]}} The Mongols came back the following year, but were blocked on the road to [[Tbilissi]] by an army of 70,000.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32]}} The Mongols again won, but retreated to [[Tabriz]].{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32]}} A third encounter the same year virtually annihilated the Georgian army, and the Mongols continued north to confront the [[Kipchaks]] at far as [[Soldaia]], and the [[Rus' Principalities]] at the [[Battle of the Kalka River]].{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}} Before dying, George IV made an alliance with the [[Sultanate of Rum]], by marrying his sister [[Rusudan of Georgia|Rusudan]] to [[Ghias ad-Din]], son of the emir of [[Erzurum]].{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}}
+In 1222, the [[Kipchaks]], fleeing from Mongol devastation, came to the Armenian city of [[Gandzak, Armenia|Gandzak]], where they encountered the troops of the ''atabeg'' Ivane Zakarian, who were again defeated.{{sfn|Baumer|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0MLXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 34]}}<ref name="RB"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Bedrosian |title=The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol.1 | publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |chapter=Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods |date=1997 |pages= 241–271 |location=New York |url=https://ia600605.us.archive.org/27/items/ArmeniaDuringTheSeljukAndMongolPeriods_580/asmp.pdf |quote=The second invasion of the Caucasus took place immediately after the Mongol departure in 1222, and was caused by it. This time the participants were nomadic Kipchak Turks from the plains to the north. In their turn defeated by the Mongols, one sizable body of Kipchaks fled from them in a southward direction. These nomads pillaged and looted from Darband south to Gandzak in Azerbaijan. Atabeg Ivane mustered troops and went against them, but he was defeated, having underestimated their strength. What was worse, many nakharars were captured, then killed or ransomed for huge sums of money. The Kipchaks continued looting and raiding different parts of the Caucasus until 1223, when Ivane, in alliance with other Caucasian peoples, finally defeated them, killing or selling them into slavery. The Kipchak raids, though less serious than the invasions that preceded and succeeded them, nonetheless contributed to the continued unsettled state of affairs initiated by the Mongols, depleted the Armeno-Georgian military of some capable leaders, and undoubtedly weakened the army's morale.}}</ref> Although the Georgians ultimately prevailed in 1223, the Zakarian Prince [[Grigor Khaghbakian]] was captured and tortured to death by the [[Kipchak Turks]].<ref name="RB"/>
+When the Khwarazmians under [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] invaded the region in 1226–1230, [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] was ruled by the aging Ivane, who had given Ani to his nephew [[Shahnshah Zakarian|Shahnshah]], son of Zakare. Dvin was lost, but [[Kars]] and [[Ani]] did not surrender.{{sfn|Minorsky|1953|pp=102–103}}
+In 1225, Ivane, leading Georgian troops, was defeated against the Khwarizmian troops of Jalal al-Din Mangburni, at the [[Battle of Garni]]. This defeat led to royal court of Georgian Queen [[Rusudan of Georgia|Rusudan]] (1223–1245) moving north to [[Kutaisi]], which exposed the south of the country to subsequent looting during the [[Mongol invasions of Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eastmond |first1=Antony |title=Tamta's World |date=20 April 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16756-8 |page=324 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA324 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mikaberidze |first1=Alexander |title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia |date=6 February 2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-4146-6 |page=310 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310 |language=en}}</ref>
+==Death==
+[[File:16062013(027)Hakharcin.jpg|thumb|[[Haghartsin Monastery]] ''zhamatun'' built by Ivane I Zakarian {{c.|1215}}.<ref name="EV211"/>]]
 Ivane remained ''Atabeg'' until his death in 1227, when he was suceeeded by his son [[Avag Zakarian]].<ref name="TM">{{cite book |last1=May |first1=Timothy |last2=Hope |first2=Michael |title=The Mongol World |date=25 May 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-67631-1 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1adnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT279 |language=en}}</ref> The function of ''[[Amirspasalar]]'' was held by his nephew [[Shahnshah Zakarian]], who had inherited from his father [[Zakare II Zakarian|Zakare]] in 1212.<ref name="TM"/>
@@ Line 99: / Line 110: @@
  |archive-date=2007-07-16
 }}
+</ref>
-</ref> The beautiful murals of [[Akhtala Monastery]], commissioned by Ivane in 1205-1216, are an example of Armenian-Chalcedonian art, blending Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian styles.<ref name="AML">{{cite book |last1=Lidov |first1=Aleksej M. |title=The mural paintings of Akhtala |date=1991 |doi=10.11588/diglit.27365 |url=https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.27365 |pages=14-16 |quote=p.114: In the first chapter historical evidence, epigraphic monuments and colophons were used to reconstruct the history of Akhtaia, a monastery transferred from the Monophysites to the Chalcedonians at the turn of the 13th century. In so doing the cultural environment in which the murals arose was more clearly elucidated. Particular attention was paid to the colophons of Symeon Plindzahanketsi: these writings by a monk of Akhtaia from the first half of 13th century revealed the worldview of the Armenian-Chalcedonians. For the first time a portrait was drawn of Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, the patron of the paintings, whose own historical destiny did much to determine the distinctive features of the frescoes. Finally, the juxtaposition of direct and indirect evidence proved that the paintings were executed between 1205 and 1216. This precise dating provides a firm point of departure for the study of other artistic phenomena of the period. (...) p.116 These findings confirm the importance of the Akhtaia murafs for the history of Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian art. Taken as a whole, the murals cannot be attributed to any single artistic tradition. They can only be correctly understood as a monument of Armenian-Chalcedonian art that achieved an original blend of elements drawn from Armenian, Georgian and Byzantine culture.}}</ref>
-He also founded the [[Tejharuyk Monastery]] in 1196–99.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lidov |first1=Aleksej M. |title=The mural paintings of Akhtala |date=1991 |doi=10.11588/diglit.27365 |url=https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.27365 |pages=19-20}}</ref>
-<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
-</gallery>
 ==Sources==
 * {{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=History of the Caucasus. Volume 2: In the shadow of great powers / Christoph Baumer |date=2024 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London New York |isbn=9780755636303}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Rayfield |first=Donald |title=Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-78023-070-2 |location=London}}
+* {{cite book |last=Minorsky |first=Vladimir |title=Studies in Caucasian History |publisher=Taylor’s Foreign Press |year=1953 |isbn=0-521-05735-3 |location=New York}}
 ==References==