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{{short description|Iranian poet (1935-1967)}}
{{short description|Iranian poet (1935–1967)}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = Forugh Farrokhzad
| name = Forugh Farrokhzad
| native_name = {{lang|fa|فروغ فرخزاد}}
| native_name = فروغ فرخزاد
| image = File:Farokhzad.jpg
| image = File:Farokhzad.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| image_size = 220px
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_name = Foroghzaman Farrokhzād Arraghi
| birth_name = Foroghzaman Farrokhzād Arraghi
| birth_date = 28 December 1934<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Farzaneh Milani|date=March 11, 2016|title=Forough Farrokhzhad's Biography & Unpublished Letters|medium=Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lN1_mjWxO0A|access-date=August 17, 2017|time=12:31-13:00|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>
| birth_date = 28 December 1934<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Farzaneh Milani|date=11 March 2016|title=Forough Farrokhzhad's Biography & Unpublished Letters|medium=Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lN1_mjWxO0A|access-date=17 August 2017|time=12:31-13:00|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tehran]], [[Imperial Iran]]
| birth_place = [[Tehran]], [[Imperial Iran]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1967|2|13|1935|01|05|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1967|2|13|1935|01|05|df=y}}
| resting_place = [[Zahir-od-dowleh cemetery|Zahir Dowleh Cemetery]]
| resting_place = [[Zahir-od-dowleh cemetery|Zahir Dowleh Cemetery]]
| death_place = Tehran, Iran
| death_place = Tehran, [[Imperial State of Iran]]
| nationality = Iranian
| nationality = [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]
| education =
| education =
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[Filmmaking|filmmaker]]
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[filmmaker]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Parviz Shapour]]|1952|1955|reason=divorced}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Parviz Shapour]]|1952|1955|reason=divorced}}
| partner = [[Ebrahim Golestan]] (1960–1967)
| partner = [[Ebrahim Golestan]] (1960–1967)
Line 20: Line 20:
| relatives = [[Fereydoun Farrokhzad]] (brother)<br>[[Pooran Farrokhzad]] (sister)
| relatives = [[Fereydoun Farrokhzad]] (brother)<br>[[Pooran Farrokhzad]] (sister)
| notable_works = The Captive (1955)<br>Wall (1956) <br>Rebellion (1958)<br>Another Birth (1964)
| notable_works = The Captive (1955)<br>Wall (1956) <br>Rebellion (1958)<br>Another Birth (1964)
| native_name_lang = Fa
}}
}}

'''Forugh Farrokhzad''' ({{lang-fa|فروغ فرخزاد}};<ref>{{IPA-fa|fʊˌɾuːɣe fæɾɾoxˈzɒːd}}</ref> 28 December 1934 – 14 February 1967) was an influential [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[poet]] and [[film director]].<ref name="Dabashi2012">{{cite book|author=Hamid Dabashi|title=The World of Persian Literary Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqWIhuwtppUC&pg=PT290|date=20 November 2012|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07061-5|pages=290–}}</ref> She was a controversial [[modernist]] poet and an iconoclast,<ref name=daniel>*{{cite book |last=Daniel |first=Elton L. |title=Culture and Customs of Iran |author2=Mahdi, Ali Akbar |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-32053-8 |pages=81–82 }}</ref> feminist author.<ref name="Afary2009">{{cite book|author=Janet Afary|title=Sexual Politics in Modern Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwYmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT283|date=9 April 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-39435-3|pages=283–}}</ref><ref name="Paidar1997">{{cite book|author=Parvin Paidar|title=Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CP61Ke2cTQC&pg=PA168|date=24 July 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59572-8|pages=168–}}</ref> Farrokhzad died at the age of 32 due to a car accident.
'''Forugh Farrokhzad''' ({{lang-fa|فروغ فرخزاد}};<ref>{{IPA|fa|fʊˌɾuːɣe fæɾɾoxˈzɒːd}}</ref> 28 December 1934 – 14 February 1967) was an influential [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[poet]] and [[film director]].<ref name="Dabashi2012">{{cite book |last=Dabashi |first=Hamid |title=The World of Persian Literary Humanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqWIhuwtppUC&pg=PT290 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=20 November 2012 |pages=290– |isbn=978-0-674-07061-5}}</ref> She was a controversial [[modernist]] poet and an iconoclastic,<ref name=daniel>*{{cite book |last=Daniel |first=Elton L. |title=Culture and Customs of Iran |author2=Mahdi, Ali Akbar |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-32053-8 |pages=81–82}}</ref> feminist author.<ref name="Afary2009">{{cite book|author=Janet Afary|title=Sexual Politics in Modern Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwYmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT283|date=9 April 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-39435-3|pages=283–}}</ref><ref name="Paidar1997">{{cite book|author=Parvin Paidar|title=Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CP61Ke2cTQC&pg=PA168|date=24 July 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59572-8|pages=168–}}</ref> Farrokhzad died in a car accident at the age of 32.


==Early life and career==
==Early life and career==
Forugh Farrokhzad was born in Tehran on 28 December 1934, to career military officer Colonel Mohammad Bagher Farrokhzad (the Farrokhzad family hail from [[Tafresh]]) and his wife Touran Vaziri-Tabar. The fourth of seven children (Amir, Massoud, Mehrdad, [[Fereydoun Farrokhzad|Fereydoun]], [[Pooran Farrokhzad|Pooran]], Gloria), she attended school until the ninth grade, then was taught painting and sewing at a girls' school for the manual arts. At the age of 16, she was married to satirist [[Parviz Shapour]]. She continued her education with painting and sewing classes and moved with her husband to [[Ahvaz]]. Her only child, a son named Kamyar Shapour (subject of ''The Return''), was born a year later.
Forugh Farrokhzad was born in Tehran on 28 December 1934, to career military officer Colonel Mohammad Bagher Farrokhzad (the Farrokhzad family hail from [[Tafresh]]) and his wife Touran Vaziri-Tabar. The fourth of seven children (the others being Amir, Massoud, Mehrdad, [[Fereydoun Farrokhzad|Fereydoun]], [[Pooran Farrokhzad|Pooran]], and Gloria), she attended school until the ninth grade, then was taught painting and sewing at a girls' school for the manual arts. At the age of 16, she was married to satirist [[Parviz Shapour]]. She continued her education with painting and sewing classes and moved with her husband to [[Ahvaz]]. Her only child, a son named Kamyar Shapour (subject of ''The Return''), was born a year later.


"After her separation, and later her divorce (1954), from Parviz, she lost custody of her son because she had had several affairs. Her son Kamyar, whom she affectionately calls Kami, was taken away from her and brought up by Parviz and his family. Forugh was given very few visiting rights, and the child was brought up with the impression that his mother had abandoned him for poetry and the pursuit of her sexual pleasures. The thought of her son thinking that she willingly abandoned him, was a source of great sorrow and constant torment for her."<ref>from "Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad" by Sholeh Wolpe, University of Arkansas Press, 2007</ref>
"After her separation, and later her divorce (1954), from Parviz, she lost custody of her son because she had had several affairs. Her son Kamyar, whom she affectionately calls Kami, was taken away from her and brought up by Parviz and his family. Forugh was given very few visiting rights, and the child was brought up with the impression that his mother had abandoned him for poetry and the pursuit of her sexual pleasures. The thought of her son thinking that she willingly abandoned him was a source of great sorrow and constant torment for her."<ref>from ''Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad'' by Sholeh Wolpe, University of Arkansas Press, 2007</ref>


Farrokhzad spent nine months in Europe in 1958. After returning to Iran, in search of a job she met filmmaker and writer [[Ebrahim Golestan]], who reinforced her own inclinations to express herself and live independently, and with whom she began a love affair.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/12/forough-farrokhzad-iranian-poet-ebrahim-golestan-slyvia-plath|title=Former lover of the poet known as Iran's Sylvia Plath breaks his silence|last=Dehghan|first=Saeed Kamali|date=2017-02-12|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> She published two more volumes, ''The Wall'' and ''The Rebellion'', before traveling to [[Tabriz]] to make a film about Iranians affected by [[leprosy]]. This 1962 documentary film, titled ''[[iarchive:vimeo-136522352|The House is Black]]'', is considered to be an essential part of the [[Iranian New Wave]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1265720/bio|title=Forugh Farrokhzad|website=IMDb|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref> During the 12 days of shooting, she became attached to Hossein Mansouri, the child of two lepers. She adopted the boy and brought him to live at her mother's house.
Farrokhzad spent nine months in Europe in 1958. After returning to Iran, in search of a job she met filmmaker and writer [[Ebrahim Golestan]], who reinforced her own inclinations to express herself and live independently, and with whom she began a love affair.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/12/forough-farrokhzad-iranian-poet-ebrahim-golestan-slyvia-plath|title=Former lover of the poet known as Iran's Sylvia Plath breaks his silence|last=Dehghan|first=Saeed Kamali|date=2017-02-12|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> She published two more volumes, ''The Wall'' and ''The Rebellion'', before traveling to [[Tabriz]] to make a film about Iranians affected by [[leprosy]]. This 1962 documentary film, titled ''[[iarchive:vimeo-136522352|The House is Black]]'', is considered to be an essential part of the [[Iranian New Wave]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1265720/bio|title=Forugh Farrokhzad|website=IMDb|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref> During the 12 days of shooting, she became attached to Hossein Mansouri, the child of two lepers. She adopted the boy and brought him to live at her mother's house.


She published ''Reborn'' in 1964. Her poetry at that time varied significantly from former Iranian poetic traditions.
She published ''Reborn'' in 1964. Her poetry at that time varied significantly from former Iranian poetic traditions.
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==Feminine perspective in Farrokhzad's poetry==
==Feminine perspective in Farrokhzad's poetry==
[[File:Forough Farrokhzad with pipe.jpg|thumb|left|Farrokhzad in 1965]]
[[File:Forough Farrokhzad with pipe.jpg|thumb|left|Farrokhzad in 1965]]
Farrokhzad's strong feminine voice became the focus of much negative attention and open disapproval, both during her lifetime and in posthumous reception of her work.
Farrokhzad's strong feminine voice became the focus of much negative attention and open disapproval, both during her lifetime and in the posthumous reception of her work.


In a radio interview, when asked about the feminine perspective in her poems, Farrokhzad replied: "If my poems, as you say, have an aspect of femininity, it is of course quite natural. After all, fortunately, I am a woman. But if you speak of artistic merits, I think gender cannot play a role. In fact to even voice such a suggestion is unethical. It is natural that a woman, because of her physical, emotional, and spiritual inclinations, may give certain issues greater attention, issues that men may not normally address. I believe that if those who choose art to express their inner self, feel they have to do so with their gender in mind, they would never progress in their art -- and that is not right. So when I write, if I keep thinking, oh I'm a woman and I must address feminine issues rather than human issues, then that is a kind of stopping and self-destruction. Because what matters, is to cultivate and nourish one's own positive characteristics until one reaches a level worthy of being a human. What is important is the work produced by a human being and not one labelled as a man or a woman. When a poem reaches a certain level of maturation, it separates itself from its creator and connects to a world where it is valid based on its own merits."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sin|date=2007-10-01|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=9781610753838|doi = 10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm51}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Wolpé|first=Sholeh|chapter=FORUGH FARROKHZAD (1935–1967)|pages=xvi–xxxii|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=9781610753838|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm51.6|title=Sin|year=2007}}</ref> Emphasizing human issues, she also calls for a recognition of women's abilities that goes beyond the traditional binary oppositions:<ref>Dobie, Ann B. Theory into practice, Third edition.P.117</ref>
In a radio interview, when asked about the feminine perspective in her poems, Farrokhzad replied: "If my poems, as you say, have an aspect of femininity, it is of course quite natural. After all, fortunately, I am a woman. But if you speak of artistic merits, I think gender cannot play a role. In fact, to even voice such a suggestion is unethical. It is natural that a woman, because of her physical, emotional, and spiritual inclinations, may give certain issues greater attention, issues that men may not normally address. I believe that if those who choose art to express their inner self, feel they have to do so with their gender in mind, they would never progress in their art -- and that is not right. So when I write, if I keep thinking, oh I'm a woman and I must address feminine issues rather than human issues, then that is a kind of stopping and self-destruction. Because what matters, is to cultivate and nourish one's own positive characteristics until one reaches a level worthy of being a human. What is important is the work produced by a human being and not one labelled as a man or a woman. When a poem reaches a certain level of maturation, it separates itself from its creator and connects to a world where it is valid based on its own merits."<ref>{{cite book|title=Sin|date=2007-10-01|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=9781610753838|doi = 10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm51}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Wolpé|first=Sholeh|chapter=FORUGH FARROKHZAD (1935–1967)|pages=xvi–xxxii|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=9781610753838|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm51.6|title=Sin|year=2007}}</ref> Emphasizing human issues, she also calls for a recognition of women's abilities that goes beyond the traditional binary oppositions.<ref>Dobie, Ann B. Theory into practice, Third edition.P.117</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
⚫
Farrokhzad died in a car accident on 14 February 1967, at the age of 32.<ref name="Paidar1997"/> Although the exact circumstances of her demise have been the subject of much debate, the official story is that she swerved her jeep to avoid an oncoming school bus and was thrown out of her car, hitting her head against the curb. It was believed she died before reaching the hospital, however, [[Farzaneh Milani]] in her book, ''Forugh Farrokhzad: A Literary Biography with Unpublished Letters'', cites an interview with [[Ebrahim Golestan]] who speaks about Farrokhzad's final moments where she died in his arms.<ref>{{lang|fa|زندگی نامه ادبی فروغ فرخ زاد همراه با نامه‌های چاپ نشده}}</ref> Farrokhzad's poem "Let Us Believe in the Dawn of the Cold Season"<ref>The literal translation of the title is "Let Us Believe in the beginning of the Cold Season". "Let Us Believe in the Dawn of the Cold Season" is a poetic translation/re-creation by poet Sholeh Wolpe in ''Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad''</ref> was published posthumously, and is considered by some to be one of the best-structured modern poems in [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>Levi Thompson, [http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3bq9v3sc "Speaking Laterally: Transnational Poetics and the Rise of Modern Arabic and Persian Poetry in Iraq and Iran"], UCLA, May 2017, p. 156</ref>

⚫
Farrokhzad died in a car accident on 14 February 1967, at the age of 32.<ref name="Paidar1997"/> Although the exact circumstances of her demise have been the subject of much debate, the official story is that she swerved her jeep to avoid an oncoming school bus and was thrown out of her car, hitting her head against the curb. It was believed she died before reaching the hospital, however, [[Farzaneh Milani]] in her book, ''Forugh Farrokhzad: A Literary Biography With Unpublished Letters / فروغ فرخ زاد: زندگی نامه ادبی همراه با نامه های چاپ نشده (Farsi)'', cites an interview with [[Ebrahim Golestan]] who speaks about Farrokhzad's final moments where she died in his arms.<ref>{{lang|fa|زندگی نامه ادبی فروغ فرخ زاد همراه با نامه‌های چاپ نشده}}</ref> Farrokhzad's poem "Let Us Believe in the Dawn of the Cold Season"<ref>The literal translation of the title is "Let Us Believe in the beginning of the Cold Season". "Let Us Believe in the Dawn of the Cold Season" is a poetic translation/re-creation by poet Sholeh Wolpe in Sin:Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad'</ref> was published posthumously, and is considered by some to be one of the best-structured modern poems in [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>Levi Thompson, [http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3bq9v3sc "Speaking Laterally: Transnational Poetics and the Rise of Modern Arabic and Persian Poetry in Iraq and Iran"], UCLA, May 2017, p. 156</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:53rd death anniversary of Forough Farokhzad 9106.jpg|thumb|Grave of Forugh Farrokhzad at [[Zahir-od-dowleh cemetery|Zahir Dowleh Cemetery]]]]
[[File:53rd death anniversary of Forough Farokhzad 9106.jpg|thumb|Grave of Forugh Farrokhzad at [[Zahir-od-dowleh cemetery|Zahir Dowleh Cemetery]]]]
Farrokhzad's poetry was banned for more than a decade after the [[Islamic Revolution]].<ref name=daniel /> A brief literary biography of Farrokhzad, Michael Hillmann's ''A lonely woman: Forough Farrokhzad and her poetry'', was published in 1987.<ref name="Afary2009" /> Farzaneh Milani's work ''Veils and words: the emerging voices of Iranian women writers'' (1992) included a chapter about her. [[Abdolali Dastgheib]], literary critic writer, published a critical review of Farrokhzad's poems titled 'The Little Mermaid' (Farsi title پری کوچک دریا) (2006) in which he describes Forugh as a pioneer in modern Farsi poetry who symbolizes feminism in her work.<ref>[[Abdolali Dastgheib|Dastgheib, Abdolali]] The Little Mermaid, Critical Review of poems by Forough Farrokhzad. 2006. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. {{ISBN|964-8787-09-3}}. (Farsi title پری کوچک دریا)</ref>
Farrokhzad's poetry was banned for more than a decade after the [[Islamic Revolution]].<ref name=daniel /> A brief literary biography of Farrokhzad, [[Michael Craig Hillmann]]'s ''A Lonely Woman: Forough Farrokhzad and Her Poetry'', was published in 1987.<ref name="Afary2009" /> Farzaneh Milani's work ''Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers'' (1992) included a chapter about her. [[Abdolali Dastgheib]], literary critic writer, published a critical review of Farrokhzad's poems titled ''The Little Mermaid'' (Farsi title پری کوچک دریا) (2006) in which he describes Forugh as a pioneer in modern Farsi poetry who symbolizes feminism in her work.<ref>[[Abdolali Dastgheib|Dastgheib, Abdolali]] The Little Mermaid, Critical Review of Poems by Forough Farrokhzad. 2006. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. {{ISBN|964-8787-09-3}}. (Farsi title پری کوچک دریا)</ref> Nasser Saffarian has directed three documentaries about her life: ''The Mirror of the Soul'' (2000), ''The Green Cold'' (2003), and ''Summit of the Wave'' (2004).
Nasser Saffarian has directed three documentaries about her life: ''The Mirror of the Soul'' (2000), ''The Green Cold'' (2003), and ''Summit of the Wave'' (2004), and [[Sholeh Wolpe|Sholeh Wolpé]] has written a short biography of Farrokhzad's life in "Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad" (2007).

⚫
In February 2017, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Farrokhzad's death, the 94-year-old Golestan broke his silence about his relationship with her, speaking to [[Saeed Kamali Dehghan]] of ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name="GuardianInterview">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/12/forough-farrokhzad-iranian-poet-ebrahim-golestan-slyvia-plath|title=Former lover of the poet known as Iran's Sylvia Plath breaks his silence|date=February 12, 2017|website=The Guardian}}</ref> "I rue all the years she isn't here, of course, that's obvious," he said. "We were very close, but I can't measure how much I had feelings for her. How can I? In kilos? In metres?"


⚫
In February 2017, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Farrokhzad's death, the 94-year-old Golestan broke his silence about his relationship with her, speaking to [[Saeed Kamali Dehghan]] of ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name="GuardianInterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/12/forough-farrokhzad-iranian-poet-ebrahim-golestan-slyvia-plath|title=Former lover of the poet known as Iran's Sylvia Plath breaks his silence|date=February 12, 2017|website=The Guardian}}</ref> "I rue all the years she isn't here, of course, that's obvious," he said. "We were very close, but I can't measure how much I had feelings for her. How can I? In kilos? In metres?"
[[Sholeh Wolpe|Sholeh Wolpé]] writes, "Farrokhzad is Iran's most revered female poet. She was a poet of great audacity and extraordinary talent. Her poetry was the poetry of protest-- protest through revelation-- the revelation of the innermost world of women (considered taboo until then), their intimate secrets and desires, their sorrows, longings, aspirations and at times even their articulation through silence. Her poems are still relevant in their advocacy for women's liberation and independence."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/contributor/forugh-farrokhzad|title=Forugh Farrokhzad|website=Words Without Borders}}</ref>


==Translations of Farrokhzad's works==
==Translations of Farrokhzad's works==
* [[Arabic]]: Mohammad Al-Amin, [[Gassan Hamdan]]
* [[Arabic]]: Mohammad Al-Amin, [[Ghassan Hamdan|Gassan Hamdan]]
* [[Azeri]]: [[Samad Behrangi]]
* [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: [[Samad Behrangi]]
* [[English language|English]]:
* [[English language|English]]:
** Sin- Selected Poem of Forugh Farrokhzad, edited and translated by [[Sholeh Wolpé]] (University of Arkansas Press) ISBN 978-1557289483 Recipient of Lois Roth Translation Award
** ''Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndbooks.com/book/let-us-believe-in-the-beginning-of-the-cold-season/|title=Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season|website=New Directions Publishing}}</ref> translated and edited by Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr., ([[New Directions Publishing]], 2022) {{ISBN|978-0811231657}}.
** ''Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season'', translated and edited by Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr., ([[New Directions Publishing]], 2022) {{ISBN|978-0811231657}}.
** ''Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uapress.com/product/sin/|title=Sin|website=University of Arkansas Press}}</ref> translated and edited by [[Sholeh Wolpe|Sholeh Wolpé]], ([[Fayetteville, Arkansas]]: [[University of Arkansas Press]], 2007) {{ISBN|1-55728-861-5}}.
** ''Another Birth: Selected Poems'', translated by Ali Salami, (Zabankadeh Publications, 2001) {{ISBN|978-9646117365}}.
** ''Another Birth: Selected Poems'', translated by Ali Salami, (Zabankadeh Publications, 2001) {{ISBN|978-9646117365}}.
** Hasan Javadi and Susan Sallée translated ''Another Birth: Selected Poems'' of Forugh Farrokhzad with her letters and interviews in 1981. A revised edition of the same volume is published by Mage Publishers (Washington, DC) in 2010 as a bilingual edition.
** Hasan Javadi and Susan Sallée translated ''Another Birth: Selected Poems'' of Forugh Farrokhzad with her letters and interviews in 1981. A revised edition of the same volume is published by Mage Publishers (Washington, DC) in 2010 as a bilingual edition.
** ''Bride of Acacias: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad'', translated by Jascha Kessler and Amin Banani, (Caravan Books, Delmar, N.Y., 1982) {{ISBN|0-88206-050-3}}.
** ''Bride of Acacias: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad'', translated by Jascha Kessler and Amin Banani, (Caravan Books, Delmar, N.Y., 1982) {{ISBN|0-88206-050-3}}.
** ''A Rebirth: Poems'', translated by David Martin, with a critical essay by Farzaneh Milani (Mazda Publishers, Lexington Ky., 1985) {{ISBN|093921430X}}.
** ''A Rebirth: Poems'', translated by David Martin, with a critical essay by Farzaneh Milani (Mazda Publishers, Lexington, Ky., 1985) {{ISBN|093921430X}}, including the poem "[[The Wind-Up Doll]]"
** ''I Pity The Garden'' was included in ''The Green Book of Poetry'' edited by [[Ivo Mosley]], (Frontier Publishing, Norfolk, 1993), later reprinted as ''Earth Poems: Poems From Around The World To Honor The Earth'' (HarperSanFrancisco, 1996) {{ISBN|0-06-251283-8}}.
** "I Pity The Garden" was included in ''The Green Book of Poetry'' edited by [[Ivo Mosley]], (Frontier Publishing, Norfolk, 1993), later reprinted as ''Earth Poems: Poems From Around The World To Honor The Earth'' (HarperSanFrancisco, 1996) {{ISBN|0-06-251283-8}}.
* [[French language|French]]: [[Mahshid Moshiri]], Sylvie Mochiri (pen name : Sylvie M. Miller)
* [[French language|French]]: [[Mahshid Moshiri]], Sylvie Mochiri (pen name: Sylvie M. Miller)
* [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: Sivan Balslev<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balslev |first=Sivan |url=https://www.academia.edu/2582504/Leda_Acheret_Another_Birth_a_translation_to_Hebrew_of_Forough_Farokhzads_Book_of_Poems |title=Leda Acheret (Another Birth) a translation to Hebrew of Forough Farokhzad's Book of Poems |date=2012-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Balslev |first=Sivan |url=https://www.academia.edu/7374779/Hava_Naamin_be_Reshit_HaOna_HaKara_Let_Us_Believe_in_the_Beginning_of_the_Cold_Season_A_translation_to_Hebrew_of_Forough_Farrokhzads_book_of_poems |title=Hava Na'amin be Reshit HaOna HaKara (Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season) - A translation to Hebrew of Forough Farrokhzad's book of poems |date=2014-05-01}}</ref>
* [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: Sivan Balslev<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balslev |first=Sivan |url=https://www.academia.edu/2582504 |title=Leda Acheret (Another Birth) a translation to Hebrew of Forough Farokhzad's Book of Poems |date=2012-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Balslev |first=Sivan |url=https://www.academia.edu/7374779 |title=Hava Na'amin be Reshit HaOna HaKara (Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season) - A translation to Hebrew of Forough Farrokhzad's book of poems |date=2014-05-01}}</ref>
* [[German language|German]]: [[Annemarie Schimmel]]
* [[German language|German]]: [[Annemarie Schimmel]]
* [[Italian language|Italian]]: Domenico Ingenito (ed.) Domenico Ingenito (ed.), ''Io parlo dai confini della notte''. ''Forugh Farrokhzad: tutte le poesie'' (Milan: Bompiani, 2023)
* [[Italian language|Italian]]: Domenico Ingenito<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orientexpress.na.it/libro.asp?LibroID=12&AutoreID=85 |title=Orientexpress.na.it |access-date=2008-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017233346/http://www.orientexpress.na.it/libro.asp?LibroID=12&AutoreID=85 |archive-date=2008-10-17 }}</ref>
* [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]: Haidar Khezri, ''It is Only Sound that Remains: The Life and Legacy of Forough Farrokhzad, with Translation of Two Collections of her Poetry ("Another Birth" and "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season"),'' published by [[Salahaddin University-Erbil|Salahaddin University]] Press 2016.
* [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]: Haidar Khezri, ''It is Only Sound that Remains: The Life and Legacy of Forough Farrokhzad, with Translation of Two Collections of her Poetry ("Another Birth" and "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season"),'' published by [[Salahaddin University-Erbil|Salahaddin University]] Press 2016.
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: Collected in Manpareka Kehi Kavita translated by [[Suman Pokhrel]]<ref name="Manpareka 1">{{cite book|last1=Akhmatova|first1=Anna|author-link1=Anna Akhmatova|last2=Świrszczyńska|first2=Anna|author-link2=Anna Świrszczyńska|last3=Ginsberg |first3= Allen |author-link3=Allen Ginsberg|last4=Agustini |first4=Delmira |author-link4=Delmira Agustini|last5= Farrokhzad |first5=Forough |author-link5=Forough Farrokhzad|last6= Mistral |first6=Gabriela|author-link6=Gabriela Mistral| last7= Jacques |first7=Jacques |author-link7=Jacques Prévert|last8=Mahmoud |first8= Mahmoud|author-link8=Mahmoud Darwish| last9=Al-Malaika |first9= Nazik|author-link9= Nazik Al-Malaika|last10=Hikmet |first10=Nazim|author-link10=Nazim Hikmet|last11=Qabbani |first11= Nizar|author-link11=Nizar Qabbani| last12=Paz |first12=Octavio |author-link12=Octavio Paz| last13=Neruda |first13= Pablo |author-link13=Pablo Neruda|last14=Plath |first14=Sylvia |author-link14=Sylvia Plath|last15=Amichai |first15=Yehuda|author-link15=Yehuda Amichai|translator-last1=Pokhrel|translator-first1=Suman|translator-link1=Suman Pokhrel|year=2018|title=Manpareka Kehi Kavita|script-title=ne:मनपरेका केही कविता|trans-title=Some Poems of My Choice|language=ne|edition=First|location=Kathmandu|publisher=Shikha Books|publication-date=2018|pages=174}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.goodreads.com/author_blog_posts/4724485-nepali-translation-of-anna-swir-s-poem-myself-and-my-person | title=Suman Pokhrel's Blog: सुमन पोखरेल Suman Pokhrel - म र मेरो म (Nepali translation of Anna Swir's poem "Myself and My Person") - August 14, 2011 20:12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.goodreads.com/author_blog_posts/4724900-nepali-translation-of-anna-swir-s-poem-i-kn | title=Suman Pokhrel's Blog: सुमन पोखरेल Suman Pokhrel - भित्तामा टाउको बजारेँ मैले (Nepali translation of Anna Swir's poem "I Knocked My Head against the Wall") - November 05, 2012 11:09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=अनुवादमा 'मनपरेका केही कविता'|trans-title=Manpareka Kehi Kavita in Translation |first=Geeta|last=Tripathi|publisher=Kalashree |pages=358–359|year=2018|issue=7}}</ref>
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: Collected in Manpareka Kehi Kavita translated by [[Suman Pokhrel]]<ref name="Manpareka 1">{{cite book|last1=Akhmatova|first1=Anna|author-link1=Anna Akhmatova|last2=Świrszczyńska|first2=Anna|author-link2=Anna Świrszczyńska|last3=Ginsberg |first3= Allen |author-link3=Allen Ginsberg|last4=Agustini |first4=Delmira |author-link4=Delmira Agustini|last5= Farrokhzad |first5=Forough |author-link5=Forough Farrokhzad|last6= Mistral |first6=Gabriela|author-link6=Gabriela Mistral| last7= Jacques |first7=Jacques |author-link7=Jacques Prévert|last8=Mahmoud |first8= Mahmoud|author-link8=Mahmoud Darwish| last9=Al-Malaika |first9= Nazik|author-link9= Nazik Al-Malaika|last10=Hikmet |first10=Nazim|author-link10=Nazim Hikmet|last11=Qabbani |first11= Nizar|author-link11=Nizar Qabbani| last12=Paz |first12=Octavio |author-link12=Octavio Paz| last13=Neruda |first13= Pablo |author-link13=Pablo Neruda|last14=Plath |first14=Sylvia |author-link14=Sylvia Plath|last15=Amichai |first15=Yehuda|author-link15=Yehuda Amichai|translator-last1=Pokhrel|translator-first1=Suman|translator-link1=Suman Pokhrel|year=2018|title=Manpareka Kehi Kavita|script-title=ne:मनपरेका केही कविता|trans-title=Some Poems of My Choice|language=ne|edition=First|location=Kathmandu|publisher=Shikha Books|publication-date=2018|pages=174}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.goodreads.com/author_blog_posts/4724485-nepali-translation-of-anna-swir-s-poem-myself-and-my-person | title=Suman Pokhrel's Blog: सुमन पोखरेल Suman Pokhrel - म र मेरो म (Nepali translation of Anna Swir's poem "Myself and My Person") - August 14, 2011 20:12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.goodreads.com/author_blog_posts/4724900-nepali-translation-of-anna-swir-s-poem-i-kn | title=Suman Pokhrel's Blog: सुमन पोखरेल Suman Pokhrel - भित्तामा टाउको बजारेँ मैले (Nepali translation of Anna Swir's poem "I Knocked My Head against the Wall") - November 05, 2012 11:09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=अनुवादमा 'मनपरेका केही कविता'|trans-title=Manpareka Kehi Kavita in Translation |first=Geeta|last=Tripathi|publisher=Kalashree |pages=358–359|year=2018|issue=7}}</ref>
* [[Polish language|Polish]]: Piotr Bachtin<ref>Bachtin, Piotr (2023). "Siedem wierszy Forugh Farrochzād". In ''O Ty, z jakiejkolwiek przychodzisz krainy, przeczytaj opowiedzianą pieśń…'', edited by Sylwia Surdykowska-Konieczny, Magdalena Rodziewicz, Mirosław Michalak, and Piotr Bachtin, 69–88. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.</ref>
* [[Russian language|Russian]]: Viktor Poleshchuk<ref>{{cite journal|last=Полещук|first=Виктор|year=2002|script-title=ru:Форуг Фаррохзад, Стихи из книги "Новое рождение"|journal=Inostrannaya Literatura|location=[[Moscow]]|issue=8|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/inostran/2002/8/farrro-pr.html|language=ru}}</ref>
* [[Russian language|Russian]]: Viktor Poleshchuk<ref>{{cite journal|last=Полещук|first=Виктор|year=2002|script-title=ru:Форуг Фаррохзад, Стихи из книги "Новое рождение"|journal=Inostrannaya Literatura|location=[[Moscow]]|issue=8|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/inostran/2002/8/farrro-pr.html|language=ru}}</ref>
* [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: Namdar Nasser
* [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: Namdar Nasser
Line 77: Line 76:


== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
*[[Sholeh Wolpé]], Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad, (Fayetteville [Arkansas]: University of Arkansas Press, 2007). {{ISBN|1-55728-861-5}}
*Michael Craig Hillmann, ''A Lonely Woman: Forough Farrokhzad and Her Poetry'' (Three Continents Press, Washington, D.C., 1987). {{ISBN|0-934211-11-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-934211-11-6}}.
*Domenico Ingenito (ed.), [https://www.bompiani.it/catalogo/io-parlo-dai-confini-della-notte-9788830107779 ''Io parlo dai confini della notte''. ''Forugh Farrokhzad: tutte le poesie'' (Milan: Bompiani, 2023)].
*Michael Craig Hillmann, ''A lonely woman: Forough Farrokhzad and her poetry'' (Three Continents Press, Washington, D.C., 1987). {{ISBN|0-934211-11-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-934211-11-6}}.


==Documentaries and other works==
==Documentaries and other works==
[[File:Painting by Forough Farrokhzad.jpg|thumb|Painting by Forough Farrokhzad]]
[[File:Painting by Forough Farrokhzad.jpg|thumb|Painting by Forough Farrokhzad]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH6JFa1ESDE Only Voice Remains], English language award-winning short experimental documentary about Forugh Farrokhzad using [[Sholeh Wolpé|Sholeh Wolpe]]'s translations. Directed by London Based filmmaker [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10566464/?ref_=nv_sr_3?ref_=nv_sr_3 Makez Rikweda].
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH6JFa1ESDE ''Only Voice Remains''], English-language award-winning short experimental documentary about Forugh Farrokhzad using [[Sholeh Wolpé|Sholeh Wolpe]]'s translations. Directed by London-based filmmaker [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10566464/?ref_=nv_sr_3?ref_=nv_sr_3 Makez Rikweda].
*''I Shall Salute the Sun Once Again'', English-language documentary about Forough Farrokhzad, by Mansooreh Saboori, Irandukht Productions 1998.
*''I Shall Salute the Sun Once Again'', English-language documentary about Forough Farrokhzad, by Mansooreh Saboori, Irandukht Productions 1998.
* ''Moon Sun Flower Game'', German documentary about Forough Farrokhzad's adopted son Hossein Mansouri, by Claus Strigel, Denkmal-Film 2007.
* ''Moon Sun Flower Game'', German documentary about Forough Farrokhzad's adopted son Hossein Mansouri, by Claus Strigel, Denkmal-Film 2007.
* ''The Bride of Acacias'', a play about Forough Farrokhzad by [[Ezzat Goushegir]].<ref name="thebrideofacacias"/>
* ''The Bride of Acacias'', a play about Forough Farrokhzad by [[Ezzat Goushegir]].<ref name="thebrideofacacias"/>
* ''Song of a captive bird'', a novel about Forough Farrokhzad by [[Jasmin Darznik]].
* ''Song of a Captive Bird'', a novel about Forough Farrokhzad by [[Jasmin Darznik]].


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*[[Sholeh Wolpé]], ''Sin: Selected poems of Forugh Farrokhzad'', (Fayetteville [Arkansas]: University of Arkansas Press, 2007). {{ISBN|1-55728-861-5}}
*[[Sholeh Wolpé]] (ed.), ''Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad'', (Fayetteville [Arkansas]: University of Arkansas Press, 2007). {{ISBN|1-55728-861-5}}
*Manijeh Mannani, ''The Reader's Experience and Forough Farrokhzad's Poetry'', Crossing Boundaries - an interdiciplinary journal, Vol. '''1''', pp.&nbsp;49–65 (2001).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crossingboundaries.gsa.ualberta.ca/v1n1_04.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-10-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710225221/http://crossingboundaries.gsa.ualberta.ca/v1n1_04.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-10 }}</ref>
*Manijeh Mannani, "The Reader's Experience and Forough Farrokhzad's Poetry", ''Crossing Boundaries'', Vol. '''1''', pp.&nbsp;49–65 (2001).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crossingboundaries.gsa.ualberta.ca/v1n1_04.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-10-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710225221/http://crossingboundaries.gsa.ualberta.ca/v1n1_04.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-10}}</ref>
* Michael Craig Hillmann, ''An Autobiographical Voice: Forough Farrokhzad'', in ''Women's Autobiographies in Contemporary Iran'', edited by [[Afsaneh Najmabadi]] (Cambridge [Massachusetts]: Harvard University Press, 1990). {{ISBN|0-932885-05-5}}.
* Michael Craig Hillmann, "An Autobiographical Voice: Forough Farrokhzad", in ''Women's Autobiographies in Contemporary Iran'', edited by [[Afsaneh Najmabadi]] (Cambridge [Massachusetts]: [[Harvard University Press]], 1990). {{ISBN|0-932885-05-5}}.
* Ezzat Goushegir, ''The Bride of Acacias,'' (a play about Forough Farrokhzad).<ref name="thebrideofacacias">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ezzatgoushegir.com/Writingscontents/Plays/thebrideofacacias.html|title=thebrideofacacias|website=www.ezzatgoushegir.com}}</ref>
* Ezzat Goushegir, ''The Bride of Acacias'' (a play about Forough Farrokhzad).<ref name="thebrideofacacias">{{cite web|url=http://www.ezzatgoushegir.com/Writingscontents/Plays/thebrideofacacias.html|title=The Bride of Acacias|website=www.ezzatgoushegir.com}}</ref>
* Chopra, R M, "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2010.
* R. M. Chopra, ''Eminent Poetesses of Persian'' (Kolkata: Iran Society, 2010).
* Dastgheib, Abdolali. 2006. The Little Mermaid, Critical Review of poems by Forough Farrokhzad. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. {{ISBN|964-8787-09-3}}. (Farsi title پری کوچک دریا).
* Abdolali Dastgheib, ''Parī-e kūchak-e daryā : naqd va taḥlīl-e she'r-i Forugh Farrokhzād'' [The little mermaid: critical review of poems by Forough Farrokhzad] (Tehran: Amitis Publishers, 2006). {{ISBN|964-8787-09-3}}.
* Mohammad Reza Vaez Shahrestani, Forough's Existentialist Lifeworld: A Minimalist Reading, Literature & Aesthetics<nowiki>''</nowiki> 28 (2): 33-50. 2018.
* Mohammad Reza Vaez Shahrestani, "Forough's Existentialist Lifeworld: A Minimalist Reading", ''Literature & Aesthetics'' 28 (2): 33–50. 2018.


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Iran|Biography|Poetry}}
{{portal|Iran|Biography|Poetry}}
* [[Mina Assadi]]
* [[Mina Assadi]]
* [[Simin Behbahani]]
* [[Simin Behbahani]]
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==External links==
==External links==
{{external links|date=January 2023}}
{{External links|date=January 2023}}
*{{commons category-inline}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{IMDb name|nm1265720}}
*{{IMDb name|nm1265720}}
*[http://farrokhzadpoems.com Website with poems by Farrokhzad]
*[http://farrokhzadpoems.com Website with poems by Farrokhzad]
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*[https://lithub.com/the-legendary-iranian-poet-who-gives-me-hope/ The Legendary Iranian Poet Who Gave Me Hope, Literary Hub]
*[https://lithub.com/the-legendary-iranian-poet-who-gives-me-hope/ The Legendary Iranian Poet Who Gave Me Hope, Literary Hub]
*[http://www.pulse-berlin.com/?p=506 Interview on Pusle Berlin]
*[http://www.pulse-berlin.com/?p=506 Interview on Pusle Berlin]
*[https://www.FAFND.ORG FAFND] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927071536/https://fafnd.org/ |date=2020-09-27 }}
*[https://www.FAFND.ORG FAFND] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927071536/https://fafnd.org/ |date=2020-09-27}}
*[http://blog.bestamericanpoetry.com/the_best_american_poetry/2012/11/i-have-sinned-by-sholeh-wolpé.html I Have Sinned. Forugh Farrokhzad in Best American Poetry blog]
*[http://blog.bestamericanpoetry.com/the_best_american_poetry/2012/11/i-have-sinned-by-sholeh-wolpé.html I Have Sinned. Forugh Farrokhzad in Best American Poetry blog]
*[http://www.foroughfarrokhzad.org/ Another website containing her poems in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817061413/http://www.foroughfarrokhzad.org/ |date=2015-08-17 }}
*[http://www.foroughfarrokhzad.org/ Another website containing her poems in English] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817061413/http://www.foroughfarrokhzad.org/ |date=2015-08-17}}
*[http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/ffarrokhzad/forough_farrokhzad.php Iran Chamber's Article on Forugh]
*[http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/ffarrokhzad/forough_farrokhzad.php Iran Chamber's Article on Forugh]
*[http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Forugh.html Farrukhzad, Forugh], a biography by Professor [[Iraj Bashiri]], [[University of Minnesota]]
*[https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Forugh.html Farrukhzad, Forugh], a biography by Professor [[Iraj Bashiri]], [[University of Minnesota]]
*[https://womensvoicesforchange.org/poetry-sunday-sin-by-forough-farrokhzad.htm Women Voices for Change]
*[https://womensvoicesforchange.org/poetry-sunday-sin-by-forough-farrokhzad.htm Women Voices for Change]
*[http://rajabpur.blogspot.com/2010/12/terrestrial-verses.html Terrestrial Verses] Forough's poem translated by Mohammad Rajabpur
*[http://rajabpur.blogspot.com/2010/12/terrestrial-verses.html Terrestrial Verses] Forough's poem translated by Mohammad Rajabpur
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[[Category:Iranian film directors]]
[[Category:Iranian film directors]]
[[Category:Iranian women film directors]]
[[Category:Iranian women film directors]]
[[Category:People from Tehran]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
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[[Category:Persian-language women poets]]
[[Category:Persian-language women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century poets]]
[[Category:Iranian women writers]]
[[Category:Iranian women writers]]
[[Category:Women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Women documentary filmmakers]]

Latest revision as of 03:22, 4 September 2024

Forugh Farrokhzad
Native name
فروغ فرخزاد
BornForoghzaman Farrokhzād Arraghi
28 December 1934[1]
Tehran, Imperial Iran
Died13 February 1967(1967-02-13) (aged 32)
Tehran, Imperial State of Iran
Resting placeZahir Dowleh Cemetery
OccupationPoet, filmmaker
NationalityIranian
Notable worksThe Captive (1955)
Wall (1956)
Rebellion (1958)
Another Birth (1964)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1952; div. 1955)​
PartnerEbrahim Golestan (1960–1967)
ChildrenKamyar
Hossein (adopted)
RelativesFereydoun Farrokhzad (brother)
Pooran Farrokhzad (sister)

Forugh Farrokhzad (Persian: فروغ فرخزاد;[2] 28 December 1934 – 14 February 1967) was an influential Iranian poet and film director.[3] She was a controversial modernist poet and an iconoclastic,[4] feminist author.[5][6] Farrokhzad died in a car accident at the age of 32.

Early life and career

[edit]

Forugh Farrokhzad was born in Tehran on 28 December 1934, to career military officer Colonel Mohammad Bagher Farrokhzad (the Farrokhzad family hail from Tafresh) and his wife Touran Vaziri-Tabar. The fourth of seven children (the others being Amir, Massoud, Mehrdad, Fereydoun, Pooran, and Gloria), she attended school until the ninth grade, then was taught painting and sewing at a girls' school for the manual arts. At the age of 16, she was married to satirist Parviz Shapour. She continued her education with painting and sewing classes and moved with her husband to Ahvaz. Her only child, a son named Kamyar Shapour (subject of The Return), was born a year later.

"After her separation, and later her divorce (1954), from Parviz, she lost custody of her son because she had had several affairs. Her son Kamyar, whom she affectionately calls Kami, was taken away from her and brought up by Parviz and his family. Forugh was given very few visiting rights, and the child was brought up with the impression that his mother had abandoned him for poetry and the pursuit of her sexual pleasures. The thought of her son thinking that she willingly abandoned him was a source of great sorrow and constant torment for her."[7]

Farrokhzad spent nine months in Europe in 1958. After returning to Iran, in search of a job she met filmmaker and writer Ebrahim Golestan, who reinforced her own inclinations to express herself and live independently, and with whom she began a love affair.[8] She published two more volumes, The Wall and The Rebellion, before traveling to Tabriz to make a film about Iranians affected by leprosy. This 1962 documentary film, titled The House is Black, is considered to be an essential part of the Iranian New Wave movement.[9] During the 12 days of shooting, she became attached to Hossein Mansouri, the child of two lepers. She adopted the boy and brought him to live at her mother's house.

She published Reborn in 1964. Her poetry at that time varied significantly from former Iranian poetic traditions.

Feminine perspective in Farrokhzad's poetry

[edit]
Farrokhzad in 1965

Farrokhzad's strong feminine voice became the focus of much negative attention and open disapproval, both during her lifetime and in the posthumous reception of her work.

In a radio interview, when asked about the feminine perspective in her poems, Farrokhzad replied: "If my poems, as you say, have an aspect of femininity, it is of course quite natural. After all, fortunately, I am a woman. But if you speak of artistic merits, I think gender cannot play a role. In fact, to even voice such a suggestion is unethical. It is natural that a woman, because of her physical, emotional, and spiritual inclinations, may give certain issues greater attention, issues that men may not normally address. I believe that if those who choose art to express their inner self, feel they have to do so with their gender in mind, they would never progress in their art -- and that is not right. So when I write, if I keep thinking, oh I'm a woman and I must address feminine issues rather than human issues, then that is a kind of stopping and self-destruction. Because what matters, is to cultivate and nourish one's own positive characteristics until one reaches a level worthy of being a human. What is important is the work produced by a human being and not one labelled as a man or a woman. When a poem reaches a certain level of maturation, it separates itself from its creator and connects to a world where it is valid based on its own merits."[10][11] Emphasizing human issues, she also calls for a recognition of women's abilities that goes beyond the traditional binary oppositions.[12]

Death

[edit]

Farrokhzad died in a car accident on 14 February 1967, at the age of 32.[6] Although the exact circumstances of her demise have been the subject of much debate, the official story is that she swerved her jeep to avoid an oncoming school bus and was thrown out of her car, hitting her head against the curb. It was believed she died before reaching the hospital, however, Farzaneh Milani in her book, Forugh Farrokhzad: A Literary Biography with Unpublished Letters, cites an interview with Ebrahim Golestan who speaks about Farrokhzad's final moments where she died in his arms.[13] Farrokhzad's poem "Let Us Believe in the Dawn of the Cold Season"[14] was published posthumously, and is considered by some to be one of the best-structured modern poems in Persian.[15]

Legacy

[edit]
Grave of Forugh Farrokhzad at Zahir Dowleh Cemetery

Farrokhzad's poetry was banned for more than a decade after the Islamic Revolution.[4] A brief literary biography of Farrokhzad, Michael Craig Hillmann's A Lonely Woman: Forough Farrokhzad and Her Poetry, was published in 1987.[5] Farzaneh Milani's work Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers (1992) included a chapter about her. Abdolali Dastgheib, literary critic writer, published a critical review of Farrokhzad's poems titled The Little Mermaid (Farsi title پری کوچک دریا) (2006) in which he describes Forugh as a pioneer in modern Farsi poetry who symbolizes feminism in her work.[16] Nasser Saffarian has directed three documentaries about her life: The Mirror of the Soul (2000), The Green Cold (2003), and Summit of the Wave (2004).

In February 2017, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Farrokhzad's death, the 94-year-old Golestan broke his silence about his relationship with her, speaking to Saeed Kamali Dehghan of The Guardian.[17] "I rue all the years she isn't here, of course, that's obvious," he said. "We were very close, but I can't measure how much I had feelings for her. How can I? In kilos? In metres?"

Translations of Farrokhzad's works

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  • Arabic: Mohammad Al-Amin, Gassan Hamdan
  • Azerbaijani: Samad Behrangi
  • English:
    • Sin- Selected Poem of Forugh Farrokhzad, edited and translated by Sholeh Wolpé (University of Arkansas Press) ISBN 978-1557289483 Recipient of Lois Roth Translation Award
    • Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season, translated and edited by Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr., (New Directions Publishing, 2022) ISBN 978-0811231657.
    • Another Birth: Selected Poems, translated by Ali Salami, (Zabankadeh Publications, 2001) ISBN 978-9646117365.
    • Hasan Javadi and Susan Sallée translated Another Birth: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad with her letters and interviews in 1981. A revised edition of the same volume is published by Mage Publishers (Washington, DC) in 2010 as a bilingual edition.
    • Bride of Acacias: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad, translated by Jascha Kessler and Amin Banani, (Caravan Books, Delmar, N.Y., 1982) ISBN 0-88206-050-3.
    • A Rebirth: Poems, translated by David Martin, with a critical essay by Farzaneh Milani (Mazda Publishers, Lexington, Ky., 1985) ISBN 093921430X, including the poem "The Wind-Up Doll"
    • "I Pity The Garden" was included in The Green Book of Poetry edited by Ivo Mosley, (Frontier Publishing, Norfolk, 1993), later reprinted as Earth Poems: Poems From Around The World To Honor The Earth (HarperSanFrancisco, 1996) ISBN 0-06-251283-8.
  • French: Mahshid Moshiri, Sylvie Mochiri (pen name: Sylvie M. Miller)
  • Hebrew: Sivan Balslev[18][19]
  • German: Annemarie Schimmel
  • Italian: Domenico Ingenito (ed.) Domenico Ingenito (ed.), Io parlo dai confini della notte. Forugh Farrokhzad: tutte le poesie (Milan: Bompiani, 2023)
  • Kurdish: Haidar Khezri, It is Only Sound that Remains: The Life and Legacy of Forough Farrokhzad, with Translation of Two Collections of her Poetry ("Another Birth" and "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season"), published by Salahaddin University Press 2016.
  • Nepali: Collected in Manpareka Kehi Kavita translated by Suman Pokhrel[20][21][22][23]
  • Polish: Piotr Bachtin[24]
  • Russian: Viktor Poleshchuk[25]
  • Swedish: Namdar Nasser
  • Turkish: Hashem Khosrow-Shahi, Jalal Khosrow-Shahi
  • Urdu: Fehmida Riaz published by 'Sheherzade Publications' Karachi
  • Uzbek:
    • Khurshid Davron published by "Qirq bir oshiq daftari" Tashkent
    • "Qayg'u guli", Tashkent, 2019-yil

Bibliography

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Documentaries and other works

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Painting by Forough Farrokhzad
  • Only Voice Remains, English-language award-winning short experimental documentary about Forugh Farrokhzad using Sholeh Wolpe's translations. Directed by London-based filmmaker Makez Rikweda.
  • I Shall Salute the Sun Once Again, English-language documentary about Forough Farrokhzad, by Mansooreh Saboori, Irandukht Productions 1998.
  • Moon Sun Flower Game, German documentary about Forough Farrokhzad's adopted son Hossein Mansouri, by Claus Strigel, Denkmal-Film 2007.
  • The Bride of Acacias, a play about Forough Farrokhzad by Ezzat Goushegir.[26]
  • Song of a Captive Bird, a novel about Forough Farrokhzad by Jasmin Darznik.

Further reading

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  • Sholeh Wolpé (ed.), Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad, (Fayetteville [Arkansas]: University of Arkansas Press, 2007). ISBN 1-55728-861-5
  • Manijeh Mannani, "The Reader's Experience and Forough Farrokhzad's Poetry", Crossing Boundaries, Vol. 1, pp. 49–65 (2001).[27]
  • Michael Craig Hillmann, "An Autobiographical Voice: Forough Farrokhzad", in Women's Autobiographies in Contemporary Iran, edited by Afsaneh Najmabadi (Cambridge [Massachusetts]: Harvard University Press, 1990). ISBN 0-932885-05-5.
  • Ezzat Goushegir, The Bride of Acacias (a play about Forough Farrokhzad).[26]
  • R. M. Chopra, Eminent Poetesses of Persian (Kolkata: Iran Society, 2010).
  • Abdolali Dastgheib, Parī-e kūchak-e daryā : naqd va taḥlīl-e she'r-i Forugh Farrokhzād [The little mermaid: critical review of poems by Forough Farrokhzad] (Tehran: Amitis Publishers, 2006). ISBN 964-8787-09-3.
  • Mohammad Reza Vaez Shahrestani, "Forough's Existentialist Lifeworld: A Minimalist Reading", Literature & Aesthetics 28 (2): 33–50. 2018.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Farzaneh Milani (11 March 2016). Forough Farrokhzhad's Biography & Unpublished Letters (Video). Library of Congress. Event occurs at 12:31-13:00. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  2. ^ Persian pronunciation: [fʊˌɾuːɣe fæɾɾoxˈzɒːd]
  3. ^ Dabashi, Hamid (20 November 2012). The World of Persian Literary Humanism. Harvard University Press. pp. 290–. ISBN 978-0-674-07061-5.
  4. ^ a b *Daniel, Elton L.; Mahdi, Ali Akbar (2006). Culture and Customs of Iran. Greenwood Press. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-0-313-32053-8.
  5. ^ a b Janet Afary (9 April 2009). Sexual Politics in Modern Iran. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-1-107-39435-3.
  6. ^ a b Parvin Paidar (24 July 1997). Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-0-521-59572-8.
  7. ^ from Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad by Sholeh Wolpe, University of Arkansas Press, 2007
  8. ^ Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (2017-02-12). "Former lover of the poet known as Iran's Sylvia Plath breaks his silence". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  9. ^ "Forugh Farrokhzad". IMDb. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  10. ^ Sin. University of Arkansas Press. 2007-10-01. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm51. ISBN 9781610753838.
  11. ^ Wolpé, Sholeh (2007), "FORUGH FARROKHZAD (1935–1967)", Sin, University of Arkansas Press, pp. xvi–xxxii, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm51.6, ISBN 9781610753838
  12. ^ Dobie, Ann B. Theory into practice, Third edition.P.117
  13. ^ زندگی نامه ادبی فروغ فرخ زاد همراه با نامه‌های چاپ نشده
  14. ^ The literal translation of the title is "Let Us Believe in the beginning of the Cold Season". "Let Us Believe in the Dawn of the Cold Season" is a poetic translation/re-creation by poet Sholeh Wolpe in Sin: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad
  15. ^ Levi Thompson, "Speaking Laterally: Transnational Poetics and the Rise of Modern Arabic and Persian Poetry in Iraq and Iran", UCLA, May 2017, p. 156
  16. ^ Dastgheib, Abdolali The Little Mermaid, Critical Review of Poems by Forough Farrokhzad. 2006. Amitis Publishers, Tehran, Iran. ISBN 964-8787-09-3. (Farsi title پری کوچک دریا)
  17. ^ "Former lover of the poet known as Iran's Sylvia Plath breaks his silence". The Guardian. February 12, 2017.
  18. ^ Balslev, Sivan (2012-08-01). Leda Acheret (Another Birth) a translation to Hebrew of Forough Farokhzad's Book of Poems.
  19. ^ Balslev, Sivan (2014-05-01). Hava Na'amin be Reshit HaOna HaKara (Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season) - A translation to Hebrew of Forough Farrokhzad's book of poems.
  20. ^ Akhmatova, Anna; Świrszczyńska, Anna; Ginsberg, Allen; Agustini, Delmira; Farrokhzad, Forough; Mistral, Gabriela; Jacques, Jacques; Mahmoud, Mahmoud; Al-Malaika, Nazik; Hikmet, Nazim; Qabbani, Nizar; Paz, Octavio; Neruda, Pablo; Plath, Sylvia; Amichai, Yehuda (2018). Manpareka Kehi Kavita मनपरेका केही कविता [Some Poems of My Choice] (in Nepali). Translated by Pokhrel, Suman (First ed.). Kathmandu: Shikha Books. p. 174.
  21. ^ "Suman Pokhrel's Blog: सुमन पोखरेल Suman Pokhrel - म र मेरो म (Nepali translation of Anna Swir's poem "Myself and My Person") - August 14, 2011 20:12".
  22. ^ "Suman Pokhrel's Blog: सुमन पोखरेल Suman Pokhrel - भित्तामा टाउको बजारेँ मैले (Nepali translation of Anna Swir's poem "I Knocked My Head against the Wall") - November 05, 2012 11:09".
  23. ^ Tripathi, Geeta (2018). अनुवादमा 'मनपरेका केही कविता' [Manpareka Kehi Kavita in Translation]. Kalashree. pp. 358–359.
  24. ^ Bachtin, Piotr (2023). "Siedem wierszy Forugh Farrochzād". In O Ty, z jakiejkolwiek przychodzisz krainy, przeczytaj opowiedzianą pieśń…, edited by Sylwia Surdykowska-Konieczny, Magdalena Rodziewicz, Mirosław Michalak, and Piotr Bachtin, 69–88. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
  25. ^ Полещук, Виктор (2002). Форуг Фаррохзад, Стихи из книги "Новое рождение". Inostrannaya Literatura (in Russian) (8). Moscow.
  26. ^ a b "The Bride of Acacias". www.ezzatgoushegir.com.
  27. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2007-10-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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