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{{Short description|French politician (1746–1823)}}
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{{Infobox Mayor
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Jean-Nicolas Pache
|name = Jean-Nicolas Pache
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|caption =Statue of Jean-Nicolas Pache in the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Town Hall]] of [[Paris]]
|caption =Statue of Jean-Nicolas Pache in the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Town Hall]] of [[Paris]]
|order =
|order =
|title = 7th [[List of mayors of Paris|Mayor of Paris]]
|title = 5th [[List of mayors of Paris|Mayor of Paris]]
| nationality = [[French people|French]]
| nationality = [[French people|French]]
|term_start = 14 February 1793
|term_start = 14 February 1793
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}}
}}


'''Jean-Nicolas Pache''' (5 May 1746 – 18 November 1823) was a French [[politician]] who served as [[List of mayors of Paris|Mayor of Paris]] from 1793 to 1794.
'''Jean-Nicolas Pache''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ nikɔla paʃ}}, 5 May 1746 – 18 November 1823) was a French [[politician]], a [[Jacobin]] who served as Minister of War from October 1792 and [[List of mayors of Paris|Mayor of Paris]] from February 1793 to May 1794.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Pache was born in [[Verdun]], but grew up in Paris, of Swiss parentage, the son of the concièrge of the hotel of Marshal de Castries. He became tutor to the marshal's children, and subsequently first secretary at the ministry of marine, head of supplies (''munitionnaire général des vivres''), and comptroller of the king's household. After spending several years in Switzerland with his family, he returned to France at the beginning of the [[French Revolution|Revolution]].
Pache was born in [[Verdun]], but grew up in Paris, of Swiss parentage, the son of the concièrge of the hotel of Marshal de Castries. He became tutor to the marshal's children, and subsequently first secretary at the ministry of marine, head of supplies (''munitionnaire général des vivres''), and comptroller of the king's household. After spending several years in Switzerland with his family, he returned to France at the beginning of the [[French Revolution|Revolution]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Pache, Jean Nicolas|volume=20|page=432}}</ref>


He was employed successively at the ministries of the interior and of war, and was appointed on 20 September 1793 third deputy suppliant of Paris by the [[Luxembourg]] section. Thus brought into notice, he was made minister of war on 3 October 1792<ref>John W. Fortescue, ''A History of the British Army'', vol. IV, part I, London, Macmillan, 1915, p.</ref>
He was employed successively at the ministries of the interior and of war, and was appointed on 20 September 1793 third deputy suppliant of Paris by the [[Luxembourg]] section. Thus brought into notice, he was made minister of war on 3 October 1792.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>John W. Fortescue, ''A History of the British Army'', vol. IV, part I, London, Macmillan, 1915, p.</ref>


Pache was a [[Girondist]] himself, but aroused their hostility by his incompetence. He was supported, however, by [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]], and when he was superseded in the ministry of war by [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville|Beurnonville]] (4 February 1793) he was chosen [[Mayor (France)|mayor]] by the Parisians. In that capacity he contributed to the fall of the Girondists. Jean Nicolas Pache would be the first to submit a petition to the National Convention on 15 April 1793 for the totemic 22 Girondist leaders to be removed from office. Although he was scoffed at, the Commune would publish a petition for the removal of the same 22 Girondins, reinforced with 12,000 signatures, and submit it to the Convention on 18 April. The petition would again be scoffed at by a Convention led by Girondins. However, Pache and [[Chaumette]] would lead a march on the Convention on 31 May. The Convention was ultimately forced to hand over the 22 in order to appease the threatening crowd, reinforced with National Guard troops, that had arrived on the Convention floor.<ref>Andress, David The Terror New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.</ref> Pache also brought before the Convention a petition for a ’maximum’ on bread prices on 18 April. With a threat from the Commune issued to the Convention, the maximum was voted on 4 May.<ref>Madelin, Louis The French Revolution London: William Heineman, 1923.</ref> On 2 June Pache turned his attention to the matter of the constitution. He wrote to the departments calling for them to give the people what they had fought for time and again: the new constitution that had been promised.
Pache was a [[Girondist]] himself, but aroused their hostility by his incompetence.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} He was supported, however, by [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]], and when he was superseded in the ministry of war by [[Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville|Beurnonville]] (4 February 1793) he was chosen [[Mayor (France)|mayor]] by the Parisians. In that capacity he contributed to the fall of the Girondists.<ref name="EB1911"/> Jean Nicolas Pache would be the first to submit a petition to the National Convention on 15 April 1793 for the totemic 22 Girondist leaders to be removed from office. Although he was scoffed at, the Commune would publish a petition for the removal of the same 22 Girondins, reinforced with 12,000 signatures, and submit it to the convention on 18 April. The petition would again be scoffed at by a Convention led by Girondins. Pache also brought before the convention a petition for a ’maximum’ on bread prices on 18 April. With a threat from the Commune issued to the convention, the maximum was voted on 4 May.<ref>Madelin, Louis The French Revolution London: William Heineman, 1923.</ref> However, Pache and [[Pierre Gaspard Chaumette|Chaumette]] would lead a march on the Convention on [[Insurrection of 31 May-2 June 1793]]. The convention was ultimately forced to hand over the 22 in order to appease the threatening crowd, reinforced with National Guard troops and [[François Hanriot]] who had arrived on the Convention floor.<ref>Andress, David The Terror New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.</ref> Pache turned his attention to the matter of the constitution. He wrote to the departments calling for them to give the people what they had fought for time and again: the new [[French Constitution of 1793|constitution]] that had been promised.


His relations with [[Jacques Hébert]] and [[Pierre Gaspard Chaumette]], and with the enemies of [[Robespierre]] led to his arrest on 10 May 1794. Jean Nicolas Pache would be replaced as [[Mayor (France)|mayor]] by Lescot-Fleuriot, who was more subservient to the Convention.<ref>Thompson, J. M. ''The French Revolution'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1966</ref> He owed his safety only to the amnesty of 25 October 1795. After acting as commissary to the civil hospitals of Paris in 1799, he retired from public life, and died at [[Thin-le-Moutier]] on 18 November 1823.
His relations with [[Jacques Hébert]] and [[Pierre Gaspard Chaumette]], and with the enemies of [[Robespierre]] led to his arrest on 10 May 1794. Jean Nicolas Pache would be replaced as [[Mayor (France)|mayor]] by Lescot-Fleuriot, who was more subservient to the convention.<ref>Thompson, J. M. ''The French Revolution'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1966</ref> He owed his safety only to the amnesty of 25 October 1795. After acting as commissary to the civil hospitals of Paris in 1799, he retired from public life, and died at [[Thin-le-Moutier]] on 18 November 1823.<ref name="EB1911"/>


==Impact==
==Impact==
Jean Nicholas Pache may not have single-handedly brought down the [[Girondin]], but his determination played an important role. Pache was a key player in changing the political scene in Paris in this time.
Jean Nicholas Pache may not have single-handedly brought down the [[Girondin]], but his determination played an important role. Pache was a key player in changing the political scene in Paris in this time.
Pache also helped to truly give power to the people of Paris. The people of Paris had successfully humiliated the Convention in forcing it to do their bidding and the Convention would not recover this lost power until the [[Thermidorian Reaction]] shattered the power of the [[Jacobin Club]]s and [[sans culottes]]. The people of Paris would not forget this and the legacy of "the people in arms" would have a long-term impact on the French revolutionary tradition, in the readiness of the Parisian population to "rush to the barricades," through the 19th and 20th centuries.
Pache also helped to truly give power to the people of Paris. The people of Paris had successfully humiliated the Convention in forcing it to do their bidding and the convention would not recover this lost power until the [[Thermidorian Reaction]] shattered the power of the [[Jacobin Club]]s and [[sans culottes]]. The people of Paris would not forget this and the legacy of "the people in arms" would have a long-term impact on the French revolutionary tradition, in the readiness of the Parisian population to "rush to the barricades," through the 19th and 20th centuries.

== Bibliography ==
*''Observations sur les sociétés patriotiques'' (1790)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=i1kp1x_UivwC ''Correspondance du général Dumourier avec Pache, ministre de la Guerre, pendans la Campagne de la Belgique, en 1792''] (1793)
*''Correspondance du général Miranda avec le général Dumourier, les ministres de la guerre, Pache et Beurnonville, depuis janvier 1793. : ordres du général Dumourier au général Miranda, pour la bataille de Nerwinden, et la retraite qui en a été la suite'' (1793)
*''Lettre du citoyen Pache, maire de Paris, aux départemens qui voudraient faire marcher une force armée contre cette ville'' (1793)
*''Sur les factions et les partis, les conspirations et les conjurations, et sur celles de l'ordre du jour'' (1797)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=F1wOAAAAQAAJ ''Sur une affaire pendante à la troisième Section du Tribunal civil de la Seine''] (1797)
*''J.-N. Pache à la Société libre d'agriculture, des arts et du commerce du département des Ardennes'' (1799)


== References ==
== References ==
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* Louis Madelin, ''The French Revolution'' (London, 1923).
* Louis Madelin, ''The French Revolution'' (London, 1923).
* David Andress, ''The Terror'' (New York, 2005).
* David Andress, ''The Terror'' (New York, 2005).
* {{EB1911 |wstitle = Pache, Jean Nicolas |volume = 20 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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{{Ministers of the French National Convention}}
{{Ministers of the French National Convention}}
{{Schiller Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Mayors of Paris}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pache, Jean-Nicolas}}
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[[Category:People from Verdun]]
[[Category:People from Verdun]]
[[Category:Mayors of Paris]]
[[Category:Mayors of Paris]]
[[Category:French Ministers of War]]
[[Category:18th-century mayors]]
[[Category:Ministers of war of France]]
[[Category:18th-century French politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century French politicians]]

Latest revision as of 12:01, 6 September 2024

Jean-Nicolas Pache
Statue of Jean-Nicolas Pache in the Town Hall of Paris
5th Mayor of Paris
In office
14 February 1793 – 10 May 1794
Preceded byNicolas Chambon
Succeeded byJean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot
Personal details
Born(1746-05-05)5 May 1746
Verdun, France
Died18 November 1823(1823-11-18) (aged 77)
Thin-le-Moutier, Ardennes, France
Occupationpolitician

Jean-Nicolas Pache (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ nikɔla paʃ], 5 May 1746 – 18 November 1823) was a French politician, a Jacobin who served as Minister of War from October 1792 and Mayor of Paris from February 1793 to May 1794.

Biography

[edit]

Pache was born in Verdun, but grew up in Paris, of Swiss parentage, the son of the concièrge of the hotel of Marshal de Castries. He became tutor to the marshal's children, and subsequently first secretary at the ministry of marine, head of supplies (munitionnaire général des vivres), and comptroller of the king's household. After spending several years in Switzerland with his family, he returned to France at the beginning of the Revolution.[1]

He was employed successively at the ministries of the interior and of war, and was appointed on 20 September 1793 third deputy suppliant of Paris by the Luxembourg section. Thus brought into notice, he was made minister of war on 3 October 1792.[1][2]

Pache was a Girondist himself, but aroused their hostility by his incompetence.[citation needed] He was supported, however, by Marat, and when he was superseded in the ministry of war by Beurnonville (4 February 1793) he was chosen mayor by the Parisians. In that capacity he contributed to the fall of the Girondists.[1] Jean Nicolas Pache would be the first to submit a petition to the National Convention on 15 April 1793 for the totemic 22 Girondist leaders to be removed from office. Although he was scoffed at, the Commune would publish a petition for the removal of the same 22 Girondins, reinforced with 12,000 signatures, and submit it to the convention on 18 April. The petition would again be scoffed at by a Convention led by Girondins. Pache also brought before the convention a petition for a ’maximum’ on bread prices on 18 April. With a threat from the Commune issued to the convention, the maximum was voted on 4 May.[3] However, Pache and Chaumette would lead a march on the Convention on Insurrection of 31 May-2 June 1793. The convention was ultimately forced to hand over the 22 in order to appease the threatening crowd, reinforced with National Guard troops and François Hanriot who had arrived on the Convention floor.[4] Pache turned his attention to the matter of the constitution. He wrote to the departments calling for them to give the people what they had fought for time and again: the new constitution that had been promised.

His relations with Jacques Hébert and Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, and with the enemies of Robespierre led to his arrest on 10 May 1794. Jean Nicolas Pache would be replaced as mayor by Lescot-Fleuriot, who was more subservient to the convention.[5] He owed his safety only to the amnesty of 25 October 1795. After acting as commissary to the civil hospitals of Paris in 1799, he retired from public life, and died at Thin-le-Moutier on 18 November 1823.[1]

Impact

[edit]

Jean Nicholas Pache may not have single-handedly brought down the Girondin, but his determination played an important role. Pache was a key player in changing the political scene in Paris in this time.

Pache also helped to truly give power to the people of Paris. The people of Paris had successfully humiliated the Convention in forcing it to do their bidding and the convention would not recover this lost power until the Thermidorian Reaction shattered the power of the Jacobin Clubs and sans culottes. The people of Paris would not forget this and the legacy of "the people in arms" would have a long-term impact on the French revolutionary tradition, in the readiness of the Parisian population to "rush to the barricades," through the 19th and 20th centuries.

Bibliography

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pache, Jean Nicolas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 432.
  2. ^ John W. Fortescue, A History of the British Army, vol. IV, part I, London, Macmillan, 1915, p.
  3. ^ Madelin, Louis The French Revolution London: William Heineman, 1923.
  4. ^ Andress, David The Terror New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
  5. ^ Thompson, J. M. The French Revolution Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1966

Sources

[edit]
  • L. Pierquin, Memoires sur Pache (Charleville, 1900).
  • J. M. Thompson, The French Revolution (Oxford, 1966).
  • Louis Madelin, The French Revolution (London, 1923).
  • David Andress, The Terror (New York, 2005).
Political offices
Preceded by Secretary of State for War
18 October 1792 – 4 February 1793 		Succeeded by
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