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{{Short description|Sealed blown-glass miniature aquaria}}
[[File:Oval ecosphere.jpg|thumbnail|A pod Ecosphere.]]
[[File:Oval ecosphere.jpg|thumbnail|A pod Ecosphere.]]


The '''EcoSphere''' and "Original Ecosphere" are trademark names for sealed blown-glass miniature [[aquarium|aquaria]] produced by Ecosphere Associates, Inc., of [[Tucson, Arizona]], United States. Spherical or ovoid, the aquaria range from roughly baseball-size to soccer-ball-size. They are sold worldwide as scientific novelties and decorative objects.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eco-sphere.com/ | title= Ecosphere Associates, Inc., main web page }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent | title=Turntable mounted spherical aquarium | number=USD418634S | url=http://www.google.com/patents/USD418634 | country = US | pubdate = Jan 4, 2000 | fdate = Apr 7, 1999 | inventor = Daniel C. Harmony | assign1 = Ecosphere Associates, Inc. | class = D30/101 }}</ref>
The '''EcoSphere''' and "Original Ecosphere" are trademark names for sealed blown-glass miniature [[aquarium|aquaria]] formerly produced by Ecosphere Associates, Inc., of [[Tucson, Arizona]], United States. Spherical or ovoid, the aquaria range from roughly pool-ball-size to basket-ball-size. They are sold worldwide as scientific novelties and decorative objects.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eco-sphere.com/ | title= Ecosphere Associates, Inc., main web page }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent | title=Turntable mounted spherical aquarium | number=USD418634S | url=http://www.google.com/patents/USD418634 | country = US | pubdate = Jan 4, 2000 | fdate = Apr 7, 1999 | inventor = Daniel C. Harmony | assign1 = Ecosphere Associates, Inc.}}</ref>


The EcoSphere's main visual appeal is provided by tiny red-pink [[shrimp]], ''[[Halocaridina rubra]]'', between 1/4 and 3/8 inch (or approximately a centimeter) in length. The shrimp swim energetically around the aquarium, eat the brown bacterial and algal scum on the glass, consume the filamentous [[green algae]] which sometimes forms a globular pillow in the water, and perch on a fragment of [[Alcyonacea|soft coral]].
The EcoSphere's main visual appeal is provided by tiny red-pink [[shrimp]], ''[[Halocaridina rubra]]'', between 1/4 and 3/8 inch (or approximately a centimeter) in length. The shrimp swim energetically around the aquarium, eat the brown bacterial and algal scum on the glass, consume the filamentous [[green algae]] which sometimes forms a globular pillow in the water, and perch on a fragment of [[Alcyonacea|soft coral]].


The main conceptual interest of these objects lies in the fact that they are materially [[closed ecological system]]s which are self-sustaining over a period of years. At [[room temperature]], and with only low inputs of light, the [[algae]] produce oxygen which supports the shrimp and [[bacteria]]. Bacteria break down the shrimps' wastes. The breakdown products provide nutrients to the algae and bacteria upon which the shrimp feed. The manufacturer states that shrimp live in the EcoSphere for an average of 2 to 3 years, and are known to live over 10 years.
The main conceptual interest of these objects lies in the fact that they are materially [[closed ecological system]]s which are self-sustaining over a period of years. At [[room temperature]], and with only low inputs of light, the [[algae]] produce oxygen which supports the shrimp and [[bacteria]]. Bacteria break down the shrimps' wastes. The breakdown products provide nutrients to the algae and bacteria upon which the shrimp feed. The manufacturer states that shrimp live in the EcoSphere for an average of 2 to 3 years, and are known to live over 12 years.


A magnetic scrubber is enclosed in each EcoSphere. By passing another magnet over the outside of the glass, the owner can manipulate the scrubber to clean the inside of the EcoSphere.
A magnetic scrubber is enclosed in each EcoSphere. By passing another magnet over the outside of the glass, the owner can manipulate the scrubber to clean the inside of the EcoSphere.


==History==
==History==
Research on closed ecosystems was initiated by [[Vladimir Vernadsky]]'s 1926 book "The Biosphere" and [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] in the 1950s and 1960s in Russia, culminating in the manned closed [[BIOS-3]] facility, a 315 cubic meter habitat located at the Institute of Biophysics, [[Krasnoyarsk]], Siberia. Frieda Taub reviewed work from 1953 to 1974.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Frieda B. Taub | title=Closed Ecological Systems | journal= Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume=5 | pages=139–160 | date =Nov 1974 | doi =10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001035}}</ref> Another pioneer was [[Clair Folsom]] of the University of Washington in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.eco-sphere.com/history/CarolinaTips.pdf | journal=Carolina Tips | date=1 Apr 1988 | author=Nicholas Jensen | title=Ecosystem in a Glass | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319050951/http://eco-sphere.com/history/CarolinaTips.pdf | archivedate=2016-03-19 | df= }}</ref> On July 15, 1982, [[Joe A. Hanson|Joe Hanson]] of the NASA [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) in Pasadena, CA held a workshop on “Closed Ecosystems.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.eco-sphere.com/history.html | title=EcoSphere History | accessdate = 24 Aug 2014}}</ref> In 1983 Loren Acker, President of Engineering and Research Associates, Inc. obtained a NASA Spin-Off Technology license for the EcoSphere and with Daniel Harmony, in 1984 put the EcoSphere into full production.
Research on closed ecosystems was initiated by [[Vladimir Vernadsky]]'s 1926 book ''The Biosphere'' and [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] in the 1950s and 1960s in Russia, culminating in the manned closed [[BIOS-3]] facility, a 315 cubic meter habitat located at the Institute of Biophysics, [[Krasnoyarsk]], Siberia. Frieda Taub reviewed work from 1953 to 1974.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Frieda B. Taub | title=Closed Ecological Systems | journal= Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume=5 | pages=139–160 | date =Nov 1974 | doi =10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001035}}</ref> Another pioneer was [[Clair Folsom]] of the University of Washington in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.eco-sphere.com/history/CarolinaTips.pdf | journal=Carolina Tips | date=1 Apr 1988 | author=Nicholas Jensen | title=Ecosystem in a Glass | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319050951/http://eco-sphere.com/history/CarolinaTips.pdf | archivedate=2016-03-19 }}</ref> On July 15, 1982, Joe Hanson of the NASA [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) in Pasadena, California, held a workshop on "Closed Ecosystems".<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.eco-sphere.com/history.html | title=EcoSphere History | accessdate = 24 Aug 2014}}</ref> In 1983 Loren Acker, President of Engineering and Research Associates, Inc. obtained a NASA Spin-Off Technology license for the EcoSphere and with Daniel Harmony, in 1984 put the EcoSphere into full production.

Ecosphere Associates went out of business in early 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grubbs |first=Patrick |date=2017-12-19 |title=EcoSphere - Closed Aquatic Ecosystem - Self-Sustaining Ecosystem |url=https://www.selfsustainingecosystem.com/ecosphere-closed-aquatic-ecosystem/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Biota==
==Biota==


The manufacturer does not reveal the species of any of the components of the Ecosphere. However, Hawaiian aquarists readily recognize the shrimp as ''[[Halocaridina rubra]]'' or a very similar species.<ref name="sd2003" /> ''H. rubra'' is native to [[Hawaii]], where it and other tiny shrimp occupy [[anchialine pool]]s. These are puddles or ponds located near shores and surrounded with [[lava rock]]. The pores and chambers of the lava allow seawater to seep into the pools, where it mixes with freshwater from springs or rain. Anchialine shrimp are noted for their great [[adaptability]]: they survive in pools of undiluted seawater and in [[Brackish water|brackish]] ponds; they tolerate water temperatures over 85 degrees Fahrenheit (near 30 degrees C) when the tropical sun heats up the shallowest anchialine pools, and they also thrive in cool water.<ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal |author=Julie H. Bailey-Brock & Richard E. Brock |year=1993 |title=Feeding, reproduction, and sense organs of the Hawaiian anchialine shrimp ''Halocaridina rubra'' (Atyidae) |journal=[[Pacific Science]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=338–355 |hdl=10125/2024}}</ref>
The manufacturer does not reveal the species of any of the components of the Ecosphere. However, Hawaiian aquarists readily recognize the shrimp as ''[[Halocaridina rubra]]'' or a very similar species.<ref name="sd2003" /> ''H. rubra'' is native to [[Hawaii]], where it and other tiny shrimp occupy [[anchialine pool]]s. These are puddles or ponds located near shores and surrounded with [[lava rock]]. The pores and chambers of the lava allow seawater to seep into the pools, where it mixes with freshwater from springs or rain. Anchialine shrimp are noted for their great [[adaptability]]: they survive in pools of undiluted seawater and in [[Brackish water|brackish]] ponds; they tolerate water temperatures over 85 degrees Fahrenheit (near 30 degrees C) when the tropical sun heats up the shallowest anchialine pools, and they also thrive in cool water.<ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal |author=Julie H. Bailey-Brock & Richard E. Brock |year=1993 |title=Feeding, reproduction, and sense organs of the Hawaiian anchialine shrimp ''Halocaridina rubra'' (Atyidae) |journal=[[Pacific Science]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=338–355 |hdl=10125/2024}}</ref>


Prior to 2003, the EcoSpheres contained at least one [[snail]] at the time of purchase.<ref name="sd2003">{{cite web | url=http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/archive/index.php/t-208753.html | date= 2 Sep 2003 | title=Straight Dope Message Board: EcoSphere}}</ref> However, the system is self-sustaining without the snails. (The main function of the snails was aesthetic, as they cleaned scum from the glass.) The ''[[Gorgonia]]'' coral in EcoSpheres<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ecospheres.co.uk/what-is-an-ecosphere/ | title=What is an EcoSphere? (Shrimp and Gorgonia coral)}}</ref> is dead and plays no active biological role in the system, however it does increase the surface area for beneficial bacteria and algae, and the [[calcium carbonate]] in the coral acts as a [[pH]] [[buffering agent]].
Prior to 2003, the EcoSpheres contained at least one [[snail]] at the time of purchase.<ref name="sd2003">{{cite web | url=http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/archive/index.php/t-208753.html | date= 2 Sep 2003 | title=Straight Dope Message Board: EcoSphere}}</ref> However, the system is self-sustaining without the snails. (The main function of the snails was aesthetic, as they cleaned scum from the glass.) The ''[[Gorgonia]]'' coral in EcoSpheres<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ecospheres.co.uk/what-is-an-ecosphere/ | title=What is an EcoSphere? (Shrimp and Gorgonia coral)}}</ref> is dead and plays no active biological role in the system, however it does increase the surface area for beneficial bacteria and algae, and the [[calcium carbonate]] in the coral acts as a [[pH]] [[buffering agent]].


==Concerns==
==Concerns==
A major concern is that the shrimp’s sole habitat is shrinking, with over 90% of Hawaii’s [[anchialine pool]]s having disappeared due to development, and this species of shrimp is disappearing along with them.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/redshrimp.jsp |title = Disappearing Red Shrimp - Science Nation &#124; National Science Foundation}}</ref>

These shrimp are social creatures, but the Ecosphere starts with only four (often less, with one or more dead on arrival), and eventually only a single one is left to swim around alone, perhaps for years.{{cn|date=July 2017}}

A further concern is that this shrimp’s sole habitat is shrinking, with over 90% of Hawaii’s [[Anchialine_pool|anchialine pools]] having disappeared due to development, and this species of shrimp is disappearing along with them.<ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/redshrimp.jsp]</ref> The removal of these shrimp from their remaining pools (which are connected underground to both the ocean and other pools), only to be trapped in an environment where they will never reproduce, reduces not only the overall population of this species but also the genetic diversity of what remains.


==Comparable objects and systems==
==Comparable objects and systems==
Line 36: Line 36:
Freshwater closed systems are often attempted by nature hobbyists and as experimental projects or demonstrations for biology classes. These require nothing more than a large glass jar with an airtight lid, a few cups of lake or river water, and mud or other substrate from the same body of water. Kept indoors at room temperatures, with exposure to sunlight from a window, such systems have been found to contain living organisms even after several decades. The original level of diversity always falls drastically, sometimes exhibiting interesting patterns of population flux and extinction. Multicellular organisms fare poorly. Eventually an equilibrium of micro-organisms is established.
Freshwater closed systems are often attempted by nature hobbyists and as experimental projects or demonstrations for biology classes. These require nothing more than a large glass jar with an airtight lid, a few cups of lake or river water, and mud or other substrate from the same body of water. Kept indoors at room temperatures, with exposure to sunlight from a window, such systems have been found to contain living organisms even after several decades. The original level of diversity always falls drastically, sometimes exhibiting interesting patterns of population flux and extinction. Multicellular organisms fare poorly. Eventually an equilibrium of micro-organisms is established.


''[[Make (magazine)|Make]]'' magazine Volume 10 contained instructions for creating a self-contained fresh-water "biosphere", which contained a freshwater [[amano shrimp]], [[snails]], [[amphipods]], [[ostracods]], [[copepods]], [[rigid hornwort]], [[duckweed]], [[pond scum]] (for microorganisms), and small rocks or shells (as a pH buffer).<ref>{{cite journal | url= http://cachefly.oreilly.com/make/wp_aquanaut.pdf | title=Make a Tabletop Biosphere | journal=Make magazine | archiveurl= http://archive.makezine.com/10/biosphere |archivedate=2016 | volume =10}}</ref>
''[[Make (magazine)|Make]]'' magazine Volume 10 contained instructions for creating a self-contained fresh-water "biosphere", which contained a freshwater [[amano shrimp]], [[snails]], [[amphipods]], [[ostracods]], [[copepods]], [[rigid hornwort]], [[duckweed]], [[pond scum]] (for microorganisms), and small rocks or shells (as a pH buffer).<ref>{{cite journal | url= http://cachefly.oreilly.com/make/wp_aquanaut.pdf | title= Make a Tabletop Biosphere | journal= Make Magazine | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080902013712/http://cachefly.oreilly.com/make/wp_aquanaut.pdf | archivedate= 2008-09-02 | volume= 10 | access-date= 2008-04-16 | url-status= dead }}</ref>


In their paper "The Emergence of Materially-closed-system Ecology", Joe Hanson and Clair Folsome discussed the creation of Ecosphere-like closed ecosystems. They talked about how they were going to make vibrating eggs but they took a different route.In the paper Hanson stated that the composition of the closed ecosystems he created was 50% distilled water brought to a salinity of 11 parts per thousand by the addition of "Instant Ocean", 50% air, algae collected from the ponds of ''Halocaridina rubra'' shrimp (and their associated microbial populations), and 3 to 16 ''Halocaridina rubra'' shrimp (and their associated microbial populations). No container size was given. However, in similar, 2,000 ml setups the authors noted that while the survival rate of shrimp varies it averages 4 shrimp per 2,000 ml of container when not carbon, sulfur, or phosphorus limited or 1 to 8 shrimp per 1,000 ml when limited. They also noted that the shrimp population in all ecosystems declined from the starting number to a steady state within 60 days. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Folsome |first1=Clair E. and |last2=Hanson |first2=Joe A. |editor1-last=Polunin |editor1-first=Nicholas |encyclopedia=Ecosystem Theory and Application |title=The Emergence of Materially-closed-system Ecology |date=1986 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=0-471-10274-1 |pages=269–288}}</ref>
An [[England|English]] [[pensioner]] named David Latimer has allegedly managed to keep a sealed [[plant]], [[Tradescantia|Spiderworts]], for 40 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=MailOnline article|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2267504/The-sealed-bottle-garden-thriving-40-years-fresh-air-water.html | location=London | work=Daily Mail|first=David|last=Wilkes|date=January 24, 2013}}</ref> According to Latimer his [[bottle garden]] begun as an open system, and after a decade Latimer sealed it.


==In the media==
==In the media==
The ecosphere was reviewed by [[Carl Sagan]] in a 1986 [[Parade (magazine)|''Parade'' magazine]] article entitled "The World That Came in the Mail."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eco-sphere.com/sagan.html |title = The World that Came in the Mail |author = Carl Sagan |date = 1986 |publisher = Parade Magazine | accessdate = January 18, 2011}}</ref> The article is reprinted as a chapter in Sagan's last book, ''[[Billions and Billions]].''
The ecosphere was reviewed by [[Carl Sagan]] in a 1986 [[Parade (magazine)|''Parade'' magazine]] article entitled "The World That Came in the Mail".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eco-sphere.com/sagan.html |title = The World that Came in the Mail |author = Carl Sagan |date = 1986 |publisher = Parade Magazine | accessdate = January 18, 2011}}</ref> The article is reprinted as a chapter in Sagan's last book, ''[[Billions and Billions]].''


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Controlled ecological life support systems]]
[[Category:Controlled ecological life support systems]]
[[Category:Artificial ecosystems]]
[[Category:Artificial ecosystems]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1984]]

Latest revision as of 23:13, 8 September 2024

A pod Ecosphere.

The EcoSphere and "Original Ecosphere" are trademark names for sealed blown-glass miniature aquaria formerly produced by Ecosphere Associates, Inc., of Tucson, Arizona, United States. Spherical or ovoid, the aquaria range from roughly pool-ball-size to basket-ball-size. They are sold worldwide as scientific novelties and decorative objects.[1][2]

The EcoSphere's main visual appeal is provided by tiny red-pink shrimp, Halocaridina rubra, between 1/4 and 3/8 inch (or approximately a centimeter) in length. The shrimp swim energetically around the aquarium, eat the brown bacterial and algal scum on the glass, consume the filamentous green algae which sometimes forms a globular pillow in the water, and perch on a fragment of soft coral.

The main conceptual interest of these objects lies in the fact that they are materially closed ecological systems which are self-sustaining over a period of years. At room temperature, and with only low inputs of light, the algae produce oxygen which supports the shrimp and bacteria. Bacteria break down the shrimps' wastes. The breakdown products provide nutrients to the algae and bacteria upon which the shrimp feed. The manufacturer states that shrimp live in the EcoSphere for an average of 2 to 3 years, and are known to live over 12 years.

A magnetic scrubber is enclosed in each EcoSphere. By passing another magnet over the outside of the glass, the owner can manipulate the scrubber to clean the inside of the EcoSphere.

History

[edit]

Research on closed ecosystems was initiated by Vladimir Vernadsky's 1926 book The Biosphere and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in the 1950s and 1960s in Russia, culminating in the manned closed BIOS-3 facility, a 315 cubic meter habitat located at the Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk, Siberia. Frieda Taub reviewed work from 1953 to 1974.[3] Another pioneer was Clair Folsom of the University of Washington in the 1960s.[4] On July 15, 1982, Joe Hanson of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, held a workshop on "Closed Ecosystems".[5] In 1983 Loren Acker, President of Engineering and Research Associates, Inc. obtained a NASA Spin-Off Technology license for the EcoSphere and with Daniel Harmony, in 1984 put the EcoSphere into full production.

Ecosphere Associates went out of business in early 2022.[6]

Biota

[edit]

The manufacturer does not reveal the species of any of the components of the Ecosphere. However, Hawaiian aquarists readily recognize the shrimp as Halocaridina rubra or a very similar species.[7] H. rubra is native to Hawaii, where it and other tiny shrimp occupy anchialine pools. These are puddles or ponds located near shores and surrounded with lava rock. The pores and chambers of the lava allow seawater to seep into the pools, where it mixes with freshwater from springs or rain. Anchialine shrimp are noted for their great adaptability: they survive in pools of undiluted seawater and in brackish ponds; they tolerate water temperatures over 85 degrees Fahrenheit (near 30 degrees C) when the tropical sun heats up the shallowest anchialine pools, and they also thrive in cool water.[8]

Prior to 2003, the EcoSpheres contained at least one snail at the time of purchase.[7] However, the system is self-sustaining without the snails. (The main function of the snails was aesthetic, as they cleaned scum from the glass.) The Gorgonia coral in EcoSpheres[9] is dead and plays no active biological role in the system, however it does increase the surface area for beneficial bacteria and algae, and the calcium carbonate in the coral acts as a pH buffering agent.

Concerns

[edit]

A major concern is that the shrimp’s sole habitat is shrinking, with over 90% of Hawaii’s anchialine pools having disappeared due to development, and this species of shrimp is disappearing along with them.[10]

Comparable objects and systems

[edit]

Commercially packaged aquarium kits, including algae, anchialine be left open or closed, are available in Hawaii. The customer can combine these to create an aquarium comparable to the EcoSphere.

It is possible to purchase Halocaridina shrimp from Hawaiian aquarium dealers and create home-made sealed aquaria with no other special supplies. Sand, gravel, crushed shell, and very well cycled filtered water from a successful saltwater aquarium, with the lowest attainable ammonia content, should be used. A small inoculation of live Spirulina algae may be introduced. Certain ubiquitous algae and bacteria are likely to be carried by the shrimp themselves and will soon colonize the walls of the container. There is a risk that pathogens also may be introduced.

The Ecosphere can degrade with time. It is "self-sustaining" in comparison to systems which degrade much more quickly.

The advantage of an aquarium closed with a lid (rather than a permanently sealed plug, which is found in the base of an EcoSphere) is that if the system goes out of equilibrium, the owner can remedy conditions and prevent a complete die-off. Intervention to maintain good water quality allows a larger number of shrimp to live in the open system than can survive in the relatively poor quality closed environment.

Freshwater closed systems are often attempted by nature hobbyists and as experimental projects or demonstrations for biology classes. These require nothing more than a large glass jar with an airtight lid, a few cups of lake or river water, and mud or other substrate from the same body of water. Kept indoors at room temperatures, with exposure to sunlight from a window, such systems have been found to contain living organisms even after several decades. The original level of diversity always falls drastically, sometimes exhibiting interesting patterns of population flux and extinction. Multicellular organisms fare poorly. Eventually an equilibrium of micro-organisms is established.

Make magazine Volume 10 contained instructions for creating a self-contained fresh-water "biosphere", which contained a freshwater amano shrimp, snails, amphipods, ostracods, copepods, rigid hornwort, duckweed, pond scum (for microorganisms), and small rocks or shells (as a pH buffer).[11]

In their paper "The Emergence of Materially-closed-system Ecology", Joe Hanson and Clair Folsome discussed the creation of Ecosphere-like closed ecosystems. They talked about how they were going to make vibrating eggs but they took a different route.In the paper Hanson stated that the composition of the closed ecosystems he created was 50% distilled water brought to a salinity of 11 parts per thousand by the addition of "Instant Ocean", 50% air, algae collected from the ponds of Halocaridina rubra shrimp (and their associated microbial populations), and 3 to 16 Halocaridina rubra shrimp (and their associated microbial populations). No container size was given. However, in similar, 2,000 ml setups the authors noted that while the survival rate of shrimp varies it averages 4 shrimp per 2,000 ml of container when not carbon, sulfur, or phosphorus limited or 1 to 8 shrimp per 1,000 ml when limited. They also noted that the shrimp population in all ecosystems declined from the starting number to a steady state within 60 days. [12]

In the media

[edit]

The ecosphere was reviewed by Carl Sagan in a 1986 Parade magazine article entitled "The World That Came in the Mail".[13] The article is reprinted as a chapter in Sagan's last book, Billions and Billions.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ecosphere Associates, Inc., main web page".
  2. ^ US USD418634S, Daniel C. Harmony, "Turntable mounted spherical aquarium", published Jan 4, 2000, assigned to Ecosphere Associates, Inc. 
  3. ^ Frieda B. Taub (Nov 1974). "Closed Ecological Systems". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5: 139–160. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001035.
  4. ^ Nicholas Jensen (1 Apr 1988). "Ecosystem in a Glass" (PDF). Carolina Tips. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-19.
  5. ^ "EcoSphere History". Retrieved 24 Aug 2014.
  6. ^ Grubbs, Patrick (2017-12-19). "EcoSphere - Closed Aquatic Ecosystem - Self-Sustaining Ecosystem". Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  7. ^ a b "Straight Dope Message Board: EcoSphere". 2 Sep 2003.
  8. ^ Julie H. Bailey-Brock & Richard E. Brock (1993). "Feeding, reproduction, and sense organs of the Hawaiian anchialine shrimp Halocaridina rubra (Atyidae)". Pacific Science. 47 (4): 338–355. hdl:10125/2024.
  9. ^ "What is an EcoSphere? (Shrimp and Gorgonia coral)".
  10. ^ "Disappearing Red Shrimp - Science Nation | National Science Foundation".
  11. ^ "Make a Tabletop Biosphere" (PDF). Make Magazine. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  12. ^ Folsome, Clair E. and; Hanson, Joe A. (1986). "The Emergence of Materially-closed-system Ecology". In Polunin, Nicholas (ed.). Ecosystem Theory and Application. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 269–288. ISBN 0-471-10274-1.
  13. ^ Carl Sagan (1986). "The World that Came in the Mail". Parade Magazine. Retrieved January 18, 2011.