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{{Short description|Plant species in the gentian family}}
{{Under construction}}
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{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|image=Gentiana amarella L ag1.jpg
| image = Gentiana amarella L ag1.jpg
| status = {{TNCStatus}}
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|genus=Gentianella
| status_system = TNC
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|species=amarella
| status_ref = <ref name="NatureServe">{{cite web |last1=NatureServe |title=''Gentianella amarella'' |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1300819/Gentianella_amarella |access-date=10 September 2024 |location=Arlington, Virginia |date=2024}}</ref>
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|authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Carl Julius Bernhard Börner|Börner]]
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| genus = Gentianella
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| species = amarella
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| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Carl Julius Bernhard Börner|Börner]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=108639-2 |title=''Gentianella amarella'' (L.) Börner |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{Species list
|Eyrythalia pulchella|Gray
|Gentiana amarella|L.
|Gentiana pulchella|Salisb.
|Gentianella amarella subsp. euamarella|Á.Löve & D.Löve
|Gentianusa amarella|(L.) Pohl
|Opsantha amarella|(L.) Delarbre
}}
}}
}}


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==Description==
==Description==
''Gentianella amarella'' is a biennial [[herbaceous plant]], which only produces a low leaf rosette with elliptical to [[lanceolate]] leaves in its first year. In the second year it usually grows a [[stem]] from 5 to 30 (3 to 50) centimeters long. The stem is straight or branched just above the base; at flowering time it is without leaves (distinction to similar species)
''Gentianella amarella'' the autumn gentian, autumn dwarf gentian,{{r|usda}} or autumn felwort is a biennial [[herbaceous plant]], which only produces a low leaf rosette with elliptical to [[lanceolate]] leaves in its first year. In the second year it usually grows a [[Plant stem|stem]] from 5 to 30 (3 to 50) centimeters long. The stem is straight or branched just above the base; at flowering time it is without leaves which distinguishes it from similar species.
The flowers are purplish bells between 12 and 22&nbsp;mm long. It flowers between July and September. The [[ovary]] and the fruit are sedentary or rarely short-stalked.


=== Generative characteristics ===
=== Generative characteristics ===
The flowering period is from August to early October, and the [[axil]]s produce numerous flowers.
The flowering period is from July to early October, and the [[axil]]s produce numerous flowers.

The relatively small, [[hermaphrodite]] flowers have five petals with double [[perianth]] (calyx and corolla). The cup is much shorter than the crown tube. The five vestibules are upright and mostly somewhat unequal. The mostly reddish-violet corolla is trumpet-shaped and 14 to 20 millimeters long. The coronet is bearded.
The relatively small, [[hermaphrodite]] flowers are purplish bells (reddish-violet corolla) are trumpet-shaped between 12 and 22&nbsp;mm long and have five petals with double [[perianth]] (calyx and corolla). The cup is much shorter than the crown tube. The five vestibules are upright and mostly somewhat unequal. The coronet is bearded. The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] and the fruit are sedentary or rarely short-stalked.


The number of [[chromosomes]] is 2n = 36.
The number of [[chromosomes]] is 2n = 36.

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== Taxonomy and distribution ==
''Gentianella amarella'' was first published in 1753 under the name ([[basionym]]) ''Gentiana amarella'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]]. The new combination to ''Gentianella amarella'' was published in 1912 by [[Carl Julius Bernhard Börner]]. The [[Botanical name#Components of plant names|epithet]] ''amarella'' means somewhat bitter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |url=http://botanicalepithets.net/dictionary/dictionary.20.html |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=botanicalepithets.net}}</ref>

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There are about five subspecies of ''Gentianella amarella'':{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
{| class="wikitable "
|-
! Image !! Subspecies !! Distribution
|-
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|[[File:Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta kz01.jpg|150px]]||''Gentianella amarella'' subsp. ''acuta'' <small>(Michx.) J.M.Gillett</small> (syn.: ''Comastoma acutum'' <small>(Michx.) Y.Z.Zhao & X.Zhang</small>, ''Gentiana acuta'' <small>Michx.</small>, ''Gentianella acuta'' <small>(Michx.) Hiitonen</small> ||It is widespread in temperate Asia and North America, e.g. Mongolia, [[Inner Mongolia]], the Chinese provinces Heilongjiang, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, [[Shaanxi]] as well as [[Ningxia]], the Eastern Russian territories of Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Krasnoyarsk, Chita and Irkutsk, the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia and Nunavut, the US states Alaska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Maine, Vermont, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and California and the northern Mexican states of Durango and Nuevo León.
|-
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|||''Gentianella amarella'' subsp. ''amarella'' (syn.: ''Gentiana livonica'' <small>Eschsch. ex Griseb.</small>, ''Gentianella amarella'' subsp. ''hibernica'' <small>N.M.Pritch.</small> ||It is located in North, South, Southeast, Central and Eastern Europe, in [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]], [Siberia] widespread. [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Dagestan]], Ciscaucasia, [[Kazakhstan]], Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Karelia, Murmansk, [[Belarus]], [[Estonia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], European parts of Russia, [[Ukraine]], [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Serbia]], Slovakia, [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], Czech Republic, [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Belgium]], [[Switzerland]], [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Finland]], [[Ireland]] and [[United Kingdom]].
|-
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|||''Gentianella amarella'' subsp. ''lingulata'' <small>(C.Agardh) Holub</small> (syn.: ''Gentiana lingulata'' <small>C.Agardh</small> ||It is found in the Czech Republic and Eastern Europe.
|-
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|||''Gentianella amarella'' subsp.''reussii'' <small>(Tocl) Holub</small> || It occurs in [[Slovakia]]
|-
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|[[File:Gentianella amarella.jpg|150px]]||''Gentianella amarella'' subsp.''septentrionalis'' <small>(Druce) N.M.Pritch.</small> ||It occurs in [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]] and [[Iceland]].
|-
|}


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Its habitat is in grass, often on lime-rich soil (in England typically on chalk).{{r|fitter1974}}
Its habitat is in grass, often on lime-rich soil (in England typically on chalk).{{r|fitter1974}}
It grows on dry, sandy or calcareous soils, but also on wet peat or marl soils and thus thrives in bog meadows. It is growing in the [[molinion]] association.
It grows on dry, sandy or calcareous soils, but also on wet peat or marl soils and thus thrives in bog meadows. It is growing in the [[molinion]] association.

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== Systematics and distribution ==
''Gentianella amarella'' was first published in 1753 under the name ([[Basionym]]) ''Gentiana amarella'' by [[Carl von Linné]]. The new combination to ''Gentianella amarella'' was published in 1912 by [[Carl Julius Bernhard Börner]]. The [[Epitheton#Biologie|Artepitheton]] ''Gentiana amarella'' means somewhat bitter. Other [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] for 'Gentianella amarella'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Carl Julius Bernhard Börner|Börner]] are: ''Gentiana axillaris'' (F.W.Schmidt, Rchb.), 'Gentiana axillaris'' (Rchb.), ''Gentiana lingulata'' (C. Agardh), ''Gentiana uliginosa'' (Murb. ), ''Gentianella axillaris'' (Rchb.) Á.Löve & D.Löve), ''Gentianella axillaris'' (F.W.Schmidt, Jovanovic-Dunjic), ''Gentianella amarella'' subsp. ''axillaris'' (F.W.Schmidt, Murb. ), ''Gentiana amarella'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) subsp.'''amarella''

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There are about five subspecies of 'Gentianella amarella':
⚫
* ''Gentianella amarella'' subsp. ''acuta'' (Michx. J.M.Gillett) (Syn.: 'Comastoma acutum'' (Michx. Y.Z.Zhao & X.Zhang), ''Gentiana acuta'' Michx., ''Gentianella acuta'' (Michx. Hiitonen): It is widespread in temperate Asia and North America, e.g. Mongolia, Inner Mongolia]], the Chinese provinces Heilongjiang, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, [[Shaanxi]] as well as [[Ningxia]], the Eastern Russian territories of Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Krasnoyarsk, Chita and Irkutsk, the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia and Nunavut, the US states Alaska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Maine, Vermont, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and California and the northern Mexican states of Durango and Nuevo Leon.
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* ''Gentianella amarella'' (L. Börner) subsp. ''amarella'' (Syn.: ''Gentiana livonica'' (Ledeb. Eschsch.), ''Gentianella amarella'' subsp. ''hibernica'' (N.M.Pritch.): It is located in North, South, Southeast, Central and Eastern Europe, in [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]], [Siberia] widespread. [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Dagestan]], Ciscaucasia, [[Kazakhstan]], Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Karelia, Murmansk, [[Belarus]], [[Estonia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], European parts of Russia, [[Ukraine]], [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Serbia]], Slovakia, [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], Czech Republic, [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Belgium]], [[Switzerland]], [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Finland]], [[Ireland]] and [[United Kingdom]].
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* ''Gentianella amarella'' subsp. ''lingulata'' (C.Agardh Holub) (Syn.: ''Gentiana lingulata'' (C.Agardh): It is found in the Czech Republic and Eastern Europe.
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* ''Gentianella amarella'' subsp.''reussii'' (Tocl Holub): It occurs in [[Slovakia]]
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* ''Gentianella amarella'' subsp.''septentrionalis'' (Druce N.M.Pritch.): It occurs in [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]] and [[Iceland]].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=fitter1974>{{cite book |title=The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe |publisher=Collins |author1=Fitter, Richard |author2=Fitter, Alastair |author3=Blamey, Marjorie |year=1974 |pages=182}}</ref>
<ref name=fitter1974>{{cite book |title=The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe |publisher=Collins |author1=Fitter, Richard |author2=Fitter, Alastair |author3=Blamey, Marjorie |year=1974 |pages=182}}</ref>
<ref name=nelc>{{cite web |url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003854.pdf |title=Lardon Chase |publisher=Natural England |accessdate=2016-02-02}}</ref>
<ref name=nelc>{{cite web |url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003854.pdf |title=Lardon Chase |publisher=Natural England |access-date=2016-02-02 |archive-date=2014-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330114002/http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003854.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=usda>{{PLANTS |id=GEAM3 |taxon=Gentianella amarella |accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=usda>{{PLANTS |id=GEAM3 |taxon=Gentianella amarella |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=vascan>{{cite web |authors=Brouillet L, Desmet P, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, Shorthouse D, and contributors (2010+) |title=''Gentianella amarella'' (Linnaeus) Börner |url=https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/6010 |website=data.canadensys.net |publisher=Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) |accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=vascan>{{cite web |vauthors=Brouillet L, Desmet P, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, Shorthouse D, etal |date=2010 |title=''Gentianella amarella'' (Linnaeus) Börner |url=https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/6010 |website=Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>
}}
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Gentianella amarella }}
* {{FloraWeb|2650|Gentianella amarella agg.}}
* {{BiolFlor|1354}}
* [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/gentiana/genta/gentamav.jpg Distribution across the Northern hemisphere] according to [[Eric Hultén]]
* Thomas Meyer: [http://www.blumeninschwaben.de/Zweikeimblaettrige/Enziangewaechse/kelch_u-form.htm#Bitterer Kranzenzian Data sheet and identification key with photos ''Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland''.]
* [http://montana.plant-life.org/species/gentianella_amare.htm Datenblatt ''Gentianella amarella'' in ''Montana Plant Life''.]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q159257}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q159257}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Gentianella|amarella]]
[[Category:Gentianella|amarella]]

Latest revision as of 20:37, 10 September 2024

Gentianella amarella

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Gentianaceae
Genus: Gentianella
Species:
G. amarella
Binomial name
Gentianella amarella
Synonyms[2]
  • Eyrythalia pulchella Gray
  • Gentiana amarella L.
  • Gentiana pulchella Salisb.
  • Gentianella amarella subsp. euamarella Á.Löve & D.Löve
  • Gentianusa amarella (L.) Pohl
  • Opsantha amarella (L.) Delarbre

Gentianella amarella, the autumn gentian, autumn dwarf gentian,[3] or autumn felwort,[4] is a short biennial plant flowering plant in the gentian family, Gentianaceae. It is found throughout Northern Europe, the western and northern United States, and Canada.[3][5][6]

Description

[edit]

Gentianella amarella the autumn gentian, autumn dwarf gentian,[3] or autumn felwort is a biennial herbaceous plant, which only produces a low leaf rosette with elliptical to lanceolate leaves in its first year. In the second year it usually grows a stem from 5 to 30 (3 to 50) centimeters long. The stem is straight or branched just above the base; at flowering time it is without leaves which distinguishes it from similar species.

Generative characteristics

[edit]

The flowering period is from July to early October, and the axils produce numerous flowers.

The relatively small, hermaphrodite flowers are purplish bells (reddish-violet corolla) are trumpet-shaped between 12 and 22 mm long and have five petals with double perianth (calyx and corolla). The cup is much shorter than the crown tube. The five vestibules are upright and mostly somewhat unequal. The coronet is bearded. The ovary and the fruit are sedentary or rarely short-stalked.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.

Taxonomy and distribution

[edit]

Gentianella amarella was first published in 1753 under the name (basionym) Gentiana amarella by Carl Linnaeus. The new combination to Gentianella amarella was published in 1912 by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner. The epithet amarella means somewhat bitter.[7]

There are about five subspecies of Gentianella amarella:[citation needed]

Image Subspecies Distribution
Gentianella amarella subsp. acuta (Michx.) J.M.Gillett (syn.: Comastoma acutum (Michx.) Y.Z.Zhao & X.Zhang, Gentiana acuta Michx., Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hiitonen It is widespread in temperate Asia and North America, e.g. Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, the Chinese provinces Heilongjiang, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi as well as Ningxia, the Eastern Russian territories of Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Krasnoyarsk, Chita and Irkutsk, the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia and Nunavut, the US states Alaska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Maine, Vermont, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and California and the northern Mexican states of Durango and Nuevo León.
Gentianella amarella subsp. amarella (syn.: Gentiana livonica Eschsch. ex Griseb., Gentianella amarella subsp. hibernica N.M.Pritch. It is located in North, South, Southeast, Central and Eastern Europe, in Caucasus and Central Asia, [Siberia] widespread. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Ciscaucasia, Kazakhstan, Magadan, Buryatia, Gorno-Altay, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Karelia, Murmansk, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, European parts of Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, France, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Ireland and United Kingdom.
Gentianella amarella subsp. lingulata (C.Agardh) Holub (syn.: Gentiana lingulata C.Agardh It is found in the Czech Republic and Eastern Europe.
Gentianella amarella subsp.reussii (Tocl) Holub It occurs in Slovakia
Gentianella amarella subsp.septentrionalis (Druce) N.M.Pritch. It occurs in Great Britain and Iceland.

Ecology

[edit]

Its habitat is in grass, often on lime-rich soil (in England typically on chalk).[5] It grows on dry, sandy or calcareous soils, but also on wet peat or marl soils and thus thrives in bog meadows. It is growing in the molinion association.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ NatureServe (2024). "Gentianella amarella". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  2. ^ "Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b c USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "​Gentianella amarella​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  4. ^ "Lardon Chase" (PDF). Natural England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  5. ^ a b Fitter, Richard; Fitter, Alastair; Blamey, Marjorie (1974). The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins. p. 182.
  6. ^ Brouillet L, Desmet P, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, Shorthouse D, et al. (2010). "Gentianella amarella (Linnaeus) Börner". Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  7. ^ "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". botanicalepithets.net. 2019. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
[edit]
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