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{{Short description|Ancient fortress on the Euphrates in present-day Turkey}} |
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[[File:Fortress of Rumkale 01.jpg|thumb|upright 1.8|The Rumkale Fortress]]'''Rumkale''' ({{Lang-hy|Հռոմկլա|translit=Hromkla}}; [[Syriac language|Syriac]]: ''Qal'ah Rumita;'' {{Lang-ar|قلعة الروم|translit=Qal'at al-Rum}}) literally means "Roman Castle", was a powerful [[Qalat (fortress)|fortress]] on the river [[Euphrates]], 50 km west of [[Şanlıurfa]]. |
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{{Infobox military installation |
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| name = Rumkale |
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| location = Rumkale, [[Gaziantep]], [[Turkey]] |
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| image = The Euphrates River in Turkey, Rumkale (52031477798).jpg |
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| image_size = 280px |
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| caption = The Rumkale Fortress |
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| pushpin_map = Turkey |
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| pushpin_mapsize = 300px |
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| coordinates = {{coord|37|16|19|N|37|50|17|E|type:landmark_region:TR|display=inline,title}} |
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| type = Fortress |
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| controlledby = |
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| built = |
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| builder = |
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| events = Synod of [[Armenian Church]] in 1179 |
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| used = |
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| materials = |
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| battles = |
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| past_commanders = |
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| garrison = |
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| website = |
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}} |
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'''Rumkale''' ({{literal translation}} 'Roman Castle'; {{lang-hy|Հռոմկլա|Hromgla}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarafean |first1=Georg Avedis |title=A Briefer History of Aintab A Concise History of the Cultural, Religious, Educational, Political, Industrial and Commercial Life of the Armenians of Aintab |date=1957 |publisher=Union of the Armenians of Aintab |location=Boston |page=27 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39076006639285&view=1up&seq=51&q1=ehnesh |access-date=4 September 2022 }}</ref>), also known as '''Urumgala''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Öcal |first1=Mehmet |last2=Güler |first2=Selahaddin E. |last3=Mızrak |first3=Remzi |title=Şanlıurfa kültürü sözlüğü |date=2001 |publisher=Şurkav Yayınları |page=39 |isbn=9789757394235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFltAAAAMAAJ&q=urumgala |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> is a [[Qalat (fortress)|fortress]] on the [[Euphrates]], located in the province of [[Gaziantep Province|Gaziantep]] and 50 km west of [[Şanlıurfa]]. |
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==History== |
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Its strategic location was already known to the [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]], although the present structure is largely [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] in origin. It is said that [[John the Apostle|John]], an apostle of Jesus, lived in Rumkale during Roman times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/roman-castle-to-open-to-tourism--115972|title=Roman Castle to open to tourism|website=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> The site was occupied by various Byzantine and Armenian warlords during the [[Middle Ages]]. During the 12th c, it also became the seat of an [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian bishop]]. In 1179, a synod took place in Rumkale, attempting a compromise between the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greeks]] and the [[Armenians]]. From 1203 to 1293, it served as the residence of the [[Catholicos of All Armenians|Catholicos]] of the Armenian Church.<ref>"Eastern Churches" by James Darling, London 1850, page 35, paragraph 2</ref> In 1293 it was captured by the [[Mamluk]]s of [[Egypt]] following a protracted siege who then named it ''Qal'at al-Muslimin''. |
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===Ancient History=== |
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Its strategic location was already known to the [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]] and it is possible that it was fortified by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], no remains of periods earlier than 1000 CE have been identified at the side.{{sfn|Comfort|Abadie-Reynal|Ergeç|2000|p=113}} It is said that [[John the Apostle|John]], an apostle of Jesus, lived in Rumkale during Roman times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/roman-castle-to-open-to-tourism--115972|title=Roman Castle to open to tourism|website=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> Rumkale became then a part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. |
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===Medieval History=== |
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| ⚫ | The fortress, now situated across a peninsula created by the [[dam reservoir|reservoir]] of [[Birecik Dam]] and within the administrative boundaries of [[ |
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In the late 11th century, the castle now known as Hromgla was part of the Armenian principalities of first [[Philaretos Brachamios]] and then [[Kogh Vasil]].{{sfn|Dadoyan |2012|p=41}} It was for some time under Latin rule with an Armenian bishop present before [[Grigor III Pahlavuni|Gregory III]] purchased it from Beatrice of Turbessel in 1148 or 1150 to obtain a safe settlement for the Armenian Catholicosate.{{sfn|van Lint|1999|p=32}} Gregory's brother [[Nerses IV the Gracious|Nerses IV]] was elected as [[Armenian Catholicos]] here in 1166 and it seems that at this time a very considerable settlement existed there during his time that also housed representatives of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] and the [[Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Russel|2005|p=201}}{{sfn|Evans|2008|p=141}} |
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[[File:Cilician Armenia-en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Hromkla within the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]]]] |
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The castle became then part of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. In the 1170 and 1172, theological conferences exploring a union of churches were held at Hromgla between the Armenian Church and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Byzantine Church]] with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syrian Orthox]] (Jacobite) Church sending observers. In 1179, a [[synod]] of 33 Armenian bishops took place in Hromgla came up with a compromise and sent a profession of faith to Byzantine Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]], but he died in September 1180 before it reached him.{{sfn|Hamilton|1999|pp=4-5}} From 1203 to 1293, it served as the residence of the [[Catholicos of All Armenians|Catholicos]] of the Armenian Church.<ref>"Eastern Churches" by James Darling, London 1850, page 35, paragraph 2</ref> The site became an important center for manuscript production, reaching its artistic peak under the Catholicos [[Constantine I of Cilicia|Constantine I]] who employed [[Toros Roslin]], whose stylistic and iconographic innovations had profound influence on subsequent generations of Armenian art.{{sfn|Evans|2008|p=141}} |
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In 1292, it [[Siege of Rumkale|was captured]] by the [[Mamluk]]s of [[Egypt]] following a protracted siege who then named it ''Qal'at al-Muslimin''. |
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==Access== |
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| ⚫ | The fortress, now situated across a peninsula created by the [[dam reservoir|reservoir]] of [[Birecik Dam]] and within the administrative boundaries of [[Gaziantep Province|Gaziantep]]'s Nizip district, is currently accessible by boat either from the neighboring site of [[Zeugma, Commagene|Zeugma]] or from the town of [[Halfeti]]. As of March 2017, it was not possible to land at the site; extensive (re)building is underway inside the fortress and on the external walls.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} |
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==Gallery== |
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{{Gallery |
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| File: Rumkale 25 05 2010 Osttor.jpg |
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| Eastern gate |
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| alt1=Eastern gate |
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| File: Rumkale 09 04 2004 oberes Westtor.jpg |
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| Western gate |
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| alt2=Western gate |
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| File: Rumkale 09 04 2004 Brunnenschacht.jpg |
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| Well |
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| alt3= Well |
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| File: Rumkale 09 04 2004 Mittleres Westtor.jpg |
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| Inside the western gate |
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| alt4= Inside the western gate |
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| File: Rumkale Gaziantep boats.jpg |
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| Boats around Rumkale |
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| alt5= Boats around Rumkale |
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}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references /> |
<references /> |
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==Secondary References== |
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==Sources== |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Comfort |first1=Anthony |last2=Abadie-Reynal |first2=Catherine |last3=Ergeç |first3=Rifat |title=Crossing the Euphrates in antiquity: Zeugma seen from space |journal=Anatolian Studies |date=December 2000 |volume=50 |pages=99–126 |doi=10.2307/3643016 |jstor=3643016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/82588544 |access-date=27 February 2024}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Dadoyan |first1=Seta B. |title=The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigmscase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth C |date=1 November 2012 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-4782-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acX8ODNtdIAC |access-date=25 February 2024 |language=en}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Helen C. |title=Armenia - Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages |date=2008 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=9781588396600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezNtDwAAQBAJ |access-date=27 February 2024 |language=en |chapter=Hromkla}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=B. |editor1-last=Ciggaar |editor1-first=Krijna Nelly |editor2-last=Teule |editor2-first=Herman G. B. |title=East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations II : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in May 1997 |date=1999 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-0786-7 |pages=1–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIcB2H-O_ZoC |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en |chapter=Aimery of Limoges and the Unity of Churches}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=van Lint |first1=Theo M. |editor1-last=Ciggaar |editor1-first=Krijna Nelly |editor2-last=Teule |editor2-first=Herman G. B. |title=East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations II : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in May 1997 |date=1999 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-0786-7 |pages=29–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIcB2H-O_ZoC |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en |chapter=Lament on Edessa by Nerses Snorhali}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Russel |first1=James R. |editor1-last=Ginkel |editor1-first=Jan J. |editor2-last=Murre-van den Berg |editor2-first=Hendrika Lena |editor3-last=Lint |editor3-first=Theo Maarten van |title=Redefining Christian Identity: Cultural Interaction in the Middle East Since the Rise of Islam |date=2005 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-1418-6 |pages=185–236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1nM57HD6joC |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en |chapter=The Credal Poem Hawatov Xostovanim ("I confess in faith") of St. Nerses the Graceful}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
* [[Reuven Amitai-Preiss]] (1995), ''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281'', pp. 179–225. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-46226-6}}. |
* [[Reuven Amitai-Preiss]] (1995), ''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281'', pp. 179–225. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-46226-6}}. |
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| ⚫ | |||
{{Castles in Turkey}} |
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{{refbegin}} |
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{{refend}} |
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{{coord|37|16|14.80|N|37|50|16.50|E|dim:200_scale:2000_region:TR_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}{{Castles in Turkey}} |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gaziantep Province]] |
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gaziantep Province]] |
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[[Category:Christian monasteries in Armenia]] |
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[[Category:Castles in Turkey]] |
[[Category:Castles in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Armenian buildings in Turkey]] |
[[Category:Armenian buildings in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Nizip District]] |
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Revision as of 16:39, 15 September 2024
| Rumkale | |
|---|---|
| Rumkale, Gaziantep, Turkey | |
.jpg) The Rumkale Fortress | |
  Rumkale | |
| Coordinates | 37°16′19″N 37°50′17″E / 37.27194°N 37.83806°E |
| Type | Fortress |
| Site history | |
| Events | Synod of Armenian Church in 1179 |
Rumkale (lit. 'Roman Castle'; Template:Lang-hy[1]), also known as Urumgala,[2] is a fortress on the Euphrates, located in the province of Gaziantep and 50 km west of Şanlıurfa.
History
Ancient History
Its strategic location was already known to the Assyrians and it is possible that it was fortified by the Romans, no remains of periods earlier than 1000 CE have been identified at the side.[3] It is said that John, an apostle of Jesus, lived in Rumkale during Roman times.[4] Rumkale became then a part of the Byzantine Empire.
Medieval History
In the late 11th century, the castle now known as Hromgla was part of the Armenian principalities of first Philaretos Brachamios and then Kogh Vasil.[5] It was for some time under Latin rule with an Armenian bishop present before Gregory III purchased it from Beatrice of Turbessel in 1148 or 1150 to obtain a safe settlement for the Armenian Catholicosate.[6] Gregory's brother Nerses IV was elected as Armenian Catholicos here in 1166 and it seems that at this time a very considerable settlement existed there during his time that also housed representatives of the Syriac Orthodox and the Catholic Church.[7][8]
The castle became then part of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. In the 1170 and 1172, theological conferences exploring a union of churches were held at Hromgla between the Armenian Church and the Byzantine Church with the Syrian Orthox (Jacobite) Church sending observers. In 1179, a synod of 33 Armenian bishops took place in Hromgla came up with a compromise and sent a profession of faith to Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, but he died in September 1180 before it reached him.[9] From 1203 to 1293, it served as the residence of the Catholicos of the Armenian Church.[10] The site became an important center for manuscript production, reaching its artistic peak under the Catholicos Constantine I who employed Toros Roslin, whose stylistic and iconographic innovations had profound influence on subsequent generations of Armenian art.[8]
In 1292, it was captured by the Mamluks of Egypt following a protracted siege who then named it Qal'at al-Muslimin.
Access
The fortress, now situated across a peninsula created by the reservoir of Birecik Dam and within the administrative boundaries of Gaziantep's Nizip district, is currently accessible by boat either from the neighboring site of Zeugma or from the town of Halfeti. As of March 2017, it was not possible to land at the site; extensive (re)building is underway inside the fortress and on the external walls.[citation needed]
Gallery
-
Eastern gate -
Western gate -
Well -
Inside the western gate -
Boats around Rumkale
References
- ^ Sarafean, Georg Avedis (1957). A Briefer History of Aintab A Concise History of the Cultural, Religious, Educational, Political, Industrial and Commercial Life of the Armenians of Aintab. Boston: Union of the Armenians of Aintab. p. 27. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ Öcal, Mehmet; Güler, Selahaddin E.; Mızrak, Remzi (2001). Şanlıurfa kültürü sözlüğü. Şurkav Yayınları. p. 39. ISBN 9789757394235. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ Comfort, Abadie-Reynal & Ergeç 2000, p. 113.
- ^ "Roman Castle to open to tourism". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
- ^ Dadoyan 2012, p. 41.
- ^ van Lint 1999, p. 32.
- ^ Russel 2005, p. 201.
- ^ a b Evans 2008, p. 141.
- ^ Hamilton 1999, pp. 4–5.
- ^ "Eastern Churches" by James Darling, London 1850, page 35, paragraph 2
Sources
- Comfort, Anthony; Abadie-Reynal, Catherine; Ergeç, Rifat (December 2000). "Crossing the Euphrates in antiquity: Zeugma seen from space". Anatolian Studies. 50: 99–126. doi:10.2307/3643016. JSTOR 3643016. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- Dadoyan, Seta B. (1 November 2012). The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigmscase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth C. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-4782-7. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
- Evans, Helen C. (2008). "Hromkla". Armenia - Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588396600. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- Hamilton, B. (1999). "Aimery of Limoges and the Unity of Churches". In Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly; Teule, Herman G. B. (eds.). East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations II : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in May 1997. Peeters Publishers. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-90-429-0786-7. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- van Lint, Theo M. (1999). "Lament on Edessa by Nerses Snorhali". In Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly; Teule, Herman G. B. (eds.). East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations II : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in May 1997. Peeters Publishers. pp. 29–48. ISBN 978-90-429-0786-7. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- Russel, James R. (2005). "The Credal Poem Hawatov Xostovanim ("I confess in faith") of St. Nerses the Graceful". In Ginkel, Jan J.; Murre-van den Berg, Hendrika Lena; Lint, Theo Maarten van (eds.). Redefining Christian Identity: Cultural Interaction in the Middle East Since the Rise of Islam. Peeters Publishers. pp. 185–236. ISBN 978-90-429-1418-6. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- Stewart, Angus (2006), 'Hromgla', in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopaedia, II, p. 607. ABC-CLIO, Inc., ISBN 1-57607-862-0
- Reuven Amitai-Preiss (1995), Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281, pp. 179–225. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-46226-6.
