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{{Family name hatnote|Ashikaga|lang=Japanese}}
{{Family name hatnote|Ashikaga|lang=Japanese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashikaga Takauji<br />{{lang|ja|足利 尊氏}}
| name = Ashikaga Takauji
| native_name = {{lang|ja|足利 尊氏}}
| image = Ashikaga Takauji Jōdo-ji.jpg
| image = Ashikaga Takauji Jōdo-ji.jpg
| office = ''[[Shōgun]]''
| office = ''[[Shōgun]]'' of [[Ashikaga shogunate]]
| term_start = 1338
| term_start = 1338
| term_end = 1358
| term_end = 1358
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* [[Ashikaga Yoshiakira]]
* [[Ashikaga Yoshiakira]]
* [[Ashikaga Motouji]]
* [[Ashikaga Motouji]]
*{{ill|Tazuō|ja|鶴王|vertical-align=sup}}
*Tsur-ō
*Ashikaga Takewakamaru
*Ashikaga Takewakamaru
}}
}}
| parents = {{Plainlist|
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ashikaga Sadauji]]
* {{ill|Ashikaga Sadauji|ja|足利貞氏|vertical-align=sup}}
* [[Uesugi Kiyoko]]}}
* [[Uesugi Kiyoko]]}}
| relations = {{Plainlist|
| relations = {{Plainlist|
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* [[Ashikaga Tadayoshi]] (younger brother)}}
* [[Ashikaga Tadayoshi]] (younger brother)}}
| birth_date = August 18, 1305
| birth_date = August 18, 1305
| birth_place = Uesugi-shō, [[Ayabe, Kyoto]], or<br />[[Kamakura, Kanagawa]],or<br /> [[Ashikaga, Tochigi]], [[Japan]]
| birth_place = Uesugi-shō, [[Ayabe, Kyoto]] or <br />[[Kamakura, Kanagawa]],or<br /> [[Ashikaga, Tochigi]], [[Japan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1358|06|7|1305|08|18}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1358|06|7|1305|08|18}}
| death_place = Masuya-chō, [[Kamigyō-ku]], [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]]
| death_place = Masuya-chō, [[Kamigyō-ku]], [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]]
| signature = Ashikaga Takauji kao.jpg
| signature = Kaō of Ashikaga Takauji.svg
| nationality =
| allegiance = [[Minamoto clan]] ([[Seiwa Genji]])
| branch = [[Ashikaga clan]]
| country = Japan
| citizenship =
}}
}}
[[File:Ashikaga Takauji.JPG|200px|thumb|Portrait traditionally identified as that of Ashikaga Takauji]]


{{nihongo|'''Ashikaga Takauji'''|足利 尊氏||extra=August 18, 1305 – June 7, 1358}}<ref>His name had originally been written with the characters 高氏，but he later received from Emperor Go-Daigo the right to use those 尊氏, under which he would become famous. According to Sansom (1977:87), in contemporary chronicles he is rarely called with his name, but referred to as {{nihongo|''Ō-gosho''|大御所|Great ''shōgun''}} or ''[[Dainagon]]'' (Great Councillor).</ref> was the founder and first ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Ashikaga shogunate]].<ref name=Brit>"Ashikaga Takauji" in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]], 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 625.</ref> His rule began in 1338, beginning the [[Muromachi period]] of [[Japan]], and ended with his death in 1358.<ref name="enc">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Japan |title=Ashikaga Takauji |url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |access-date=2012-06-03 |year=2012 |publisher=Shogakukan |location=Tokyo |oclc=56431036 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref> He was a male-line descendant of the [[samurai]] of the ([[Minamoto]]) [[Seiwa Genji]] line (meaning they were descendants of [[Emperor Seiwa]]) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of [[Shimotsuke Province]], in present-day [[Tochigi Prefecture]].
{{nihongo|'''Ashikaga Takauji'''|足利 尊氏||extra=August 18, 1305 – June 7, 1358}}<ref>His name had originally been written with the characters 高氏，but he later received from [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] the right to use those 尊氏, under which he would become famous. According to Sansom (1977:87), in contemporary chronicles he is rarely called with his name, but referred to as {{nihongo|''Ō-gosho''|大御所|Great ''shōgun''}} or ''[[Dainagon]]'' (Great Councillor).</ref> also known as '''Minamoto no Takauji''' was the founder and first ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Ashikaga shogunate]].<ref name=Brit>"Ashikaga Takauji" in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]], 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 625.</ref> His rule began in 1338, beginning the [[Muromachi period]] of [[Japan]], and ended with his death in 1358.<ref name="enc">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Japan |title=Ashikaga Takauji |url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |access-date=2012-06-03 |year=2012 |publisher=Shogakukan |location=Tokyo |oclc=56431036 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ |archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref> He was a male-line descendant of the [[samurai]] of the ([[Minamoto]]) [[Seiwa Genji]] line (meaning they were descendants of [[Emperor Seiwa]]) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of [[Shimotsuke Province]], in present-day [[Tochigi Prefecture]].


According to [[Zen]] master and intellectual [[Musō Soseki]], who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities. First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death.<ref name="matsuo">Matsuo (1997:105)</ref> Second, he was merciful and tolerant.<ref name="matsuo"/> Third, he was very generous with those below him.<ref name="matsuo"/>
According to [[Zen]] master and intellectual [[Musō Soseki]], who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities. First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death.<ref name="matsuo">Matsuo (1997:105)</ref> Second, he was merciful and tolerant.<ref name="matsuo"/> Third, he was very generous with those below him.<ref name="matsuo"/>
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After Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west, he then allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū. After defeating the [[Kikuchi clan]] at [[Hakata Bay]] in the [[Battle of Tatarahama (1336)]], Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu".{{attribution needed|date=May 2016}}<ref name="Sansom2" />{{rp|44–47}} His brother advanced simultaneously by land and both reached the environs of present-day Kobe in July.<ref name="Sansom2" />{{rp|48–50}}
After Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west, he then allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū. After defeating the [[Kikuchi clan]] at [[Hakata Bay]] in the [[Battle of Tatarahama (1336)]], Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu".{{attribution needed|date=May 2016}}<ref name="Sansom2" />{{rp|44–47}} His brother advanced simultaneously by land and both reached the environs of present-day Kobe in July.<ref name="Sansom2" />{{rp|48–50}}


At the decisive [[Battle of Minatogawa]] in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good. [[Emperor Kōmyō]] of the illegitimate Northern Court (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent [[Nanbokuchō period|Northern and Southern Court period]] (''Nanbokuchō''), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 years.<ref name="Turnbull3">{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=The Samurai, A Military History |publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. |year=1977 |isbn=0026205408 |pages=102–103}}</ref>
At the decisive [[Battle of Minatogawa]] in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good. [[Emperor Kōmyō]] of the illegitimate [[Northern Court]] (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled [[Southern Court]], beginning the turbulent [[Nanbokuchō period|Northern and Southern Court period]] (''Nanbokuchō''), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 years.<ref name="Turnbull3">{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=The Samurai, A Military History |publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. |year=1977 |isbn=0026205408 |pages=102–103}}</ref>


Besides other honors, Emperor Go-Daigo had given Takauji the title of ''[[Chinjufu-shōgun]]'', or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade.<ref name="enc"/><ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 290.|page=290}}</ref> His Buddhist name was '''Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono''' (等持院殿仁山妙義大居士長寿寺殿).
Besides other honors, Emperor Go-Daigo had given Takauji the title of ''[[Chinjufu-shōgun]]'', or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade.<ref name="enc"/><ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 290.|page=290}}</ref> His Buddhist name was '''Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono''' (等持院殿仁山妙義大居士長寿寺殿).
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* Siblings:
* Siblings:
** Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi (足利高義; 1297–1317)
** Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi (足利高義; 1297–1317)
** Natural Siblings:
** Natural Siblings: [[Ashikaga Tadayoshi]] (足利 直義; 1307–1352)
*** Ashikaga Maagoro
*** [[Ashikaga Tadayoshi]] (足利 直義)
'''Consorts and issue:'''
'''Consorts and issue:'''
* Wife: Akahashi Toshi (赤橋 登子; 1306– 4 May 1365)
* Wife: Akahashi Toshi (赤橋 登子; 1306 – 4 May 1365)
**Son: [[Ashikaga Yoshiakira]] (足利 義詮, July 4, 1330 – December 28, 1367)
**Son: [[Ashikaga Yoshiakira]] (足利 義詮; July 4, 1330 – December 28, 1367)
**Son: [[Ashikaga Motouji]] (足利基氏) (1340–1367)
**Son: [[Ashikaga Motouji]] (足利基氏) (1340–1367)
**Daughter: Tsur-ō (鶴王; d.1353)
**Daughter: Tazuō (鶴王; d.1353)
* Concubine: Kako no Tsubone
* Concubine: Kako no Tsubone
**Son: Ashikaga Takewakamaru (足利 竹若丸; d. 1333)<ref>eldest son</ref>
**Son: Ashikaga Takewakamaru (足利 竹若丸; d. 1333)<ref>eldest son</ref>
*Concubine: Echizen no Tsubone (越前局)
*Concubine: Echizen no Tsubone (越前局)
** Adopted son: Ashikaga Tadafuyu ( 足利 直冬; 1327–1387)
**Illegitimate son: Ashikaga Tadafuyu (足利 直冬; 1327–1387, [[Ashikaga Tadayoshi|Ashikaga Tadayoshi's]] adopted son)
*Concubine Unknown name
*Concubine Unknown name
**Daughter: Unknown name (d. 2 October 1342)
**Daughter: Unknown name (d. 2 October 1342)
**Son: Seiōmaru (聖王丸; d 1 August 1345)
**Son: Seiōmaru (聖王丸; d. 1 August 1345)
**Daughter: [[Ashikaga Tadayoshi|Ashikaga Tadayoshi's]] adopted daughter (d.14 October 1347)
**Daughter: [[Ashikaga Tadayoshi|Ashikaga Tadayoshi's]] adopted daughter (d.14 October 1347)
**Daughter: Unknown name
**Daughter: Unknown name
**Son: Noritoshi Einaka (英仲法俊; d. 26 February 1416)
**Son: Eichu Hoshin (英仲法俊; d. 26 February 1416)


==Family tree==
==Family tree==
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | sei | |sei=[[Emperor Seiwa]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | sei | |sei=[[File:Japan coa kiku.png|40px]]<br>[[Emperor Seiwa]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | |:|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | |:|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | man | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | man=[[Minamoto no Yoshiie|"Hachimantarō" Yoshiie]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | man | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | man=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]]<br>[[Minamoto no Yoshiie|"Hachimantarō" Yoshiie]]}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | cka | | | | | | | | | | kni | | | | | | | |kni=[[Minamoto no Yoshikuni]]|cka=Minamoto no Yoshichika|nri=Minamoto no Yoshinari}}
{{Tree chart| | cka | | | | | | | | | | kni | | | | | | | |kni=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]]<br>[[Minamoto no Yoshikuni]]|cka=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]]<br>Minamoto no Yoshichika|nri=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]]<br>[[Kugyō (priest)|Minamoto no Yoshinari]]}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | |!| | | | | nit | | | | | | | | | | | | aga | | |aga=[[Ashikaga clan]]|nit=[[Nitta clan]]}}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | |!| | | | | nit | | | | | | | | | | | | aga | | |aga=[[Ashikaga clan]]|nit=[[Nitta clan]]}}
{{Tree chart| | tme | | | | nit | | | | | | | | | | | | ysu | | |ysu=[[Minamoto no Yoshiyasu|Ashikaga Yoshiyasu]]|nit=[[Minamoto no Yoshishige|Nitta Yoshishige]]|tme=[[Minamoto no Tameyoshi]]}}
{{Tree chart| | tme | | | | nit | | | | | | | | | | | | ysu | | |ysu=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]][[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|25px]]<br>[[Minamoto no Yoshiyasu|Ashikaga Yoshiyasu]]|nit=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]][[File:Japanese Crest Nitta hitotu Hiki.svg|25px]]<br>[[Minamoto no Yoshishige|Nitta Yoshishige]]|tme=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]]<br>[[Minamoto no Tameyoshi]]}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|.| | |}}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | |!| | | |!| | | ymn | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!|ymn=[[Yamana clan]]}}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | |!| | | |!| | | ymn | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!|ymn=[[Yamana clan]]}}
{{Tree chart| | ysi | | kan | | ymn | | | | | | kne | | | | | yta |kne=[[Ashikaga Yoshikane]]|ysi=[[Minamoto no Yoshitomo]]|kan=Nitta Yoshikane|ymn=Yamana Yoshinori|yta=Minamoto no Yoshikiyo}}
{{Tree chart| | ysi | | kan | | ymn | | | | | | kne | | | | | yta |kne=[[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|25px]]<br>[[Ashikaga Yoshikane]]|ysi=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]]<br>[[Minamoto no Yoshitomo]]|kan=[[File:Japanese Crest Nitta hitotu Hiki.svg|25px]]<br>Nitta Yoshikane|ymn=[[File:五七桐に七葉根笹.png|25px]]<br>Yamana Yoshinori|yta=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]]<br>Minamoto no Yoshikiyo}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | yri | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | yji | | | | | hro | |yri=[[Minamoto no Yoritomo]]|yji=Ashikaga Yoshiuji|hro=Hirosawa Yoshizane}}
{{Tree chart| | yri | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | yji | | | | | hro | |yri=[[File:Sasa Rindo.svg|40px]]<br>[[Minamoto no Yoritomo]]|yji=[[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|25px]]<br>Ashikaga Yoshiuji|hro=Hirosawa Yoshizane}}
{{Tree chart| | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | }}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | kir | | hos |kir=[[Kira clan]]|hos=[[Hosokawa clan]]}}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | kir | | hos |kir=[[Kira clan]]|hos=[[Hosokawa clan]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | yas | | | | osa | | hos |yas=Ashikaga Yasuuji|osa=Kira Osauji|hos=Hosokawa Yoshisue}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | yas | | | | osa | | hos |yas=[[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|25px]]<br>Ashikaga Yasuuji|osa=[[File:Ashikaga mon rev.svg|25px]]<br>Kira Osauji|hos=[[File:Japanese Crest Hosokawa Kuyou.svg|25px]]<br>Hosokawa Yoshisue}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |:| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |:| |}}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | | | | | |:| | ues | | | | |!| | | |!| | | ima | ima=[[Imagawa clan]]|ues=[[Uesugi clan]]}}
{{chart|border=0|boxstyle=background:#dfd;| | | | | | |:| | ues | | | | |!| | | |!| | | ima | ima=[[Imagawa clan]]|ues=[[Uesugi clan]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | fsa | | | | yri | | mit | | kni | | |kni=Imagawa Kuniuji|mit=Kira Mitsuuji|yri=Ashikaga Yoriuji|fsa=Uesugi Shigefusa}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | fsa | | | | yri | | mit | | kni | | |kni=[[File:Japanese crest Imagawa Akadori.svg|25px]]<br>Imagawa Kuniuji|mit=[[File:Ashikaga mon rev.svg|25px]]<br>Kira Mitsuuji|yri=[[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|25px]]<br>Ashikaga Yoriuji|fsa=[[File:Japanese Crest Uesugi Sasa.svg|25px]]<br>Uesugi Shigefusa}}{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | |!| | | | | |!| | | |:| | | |:| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | |!| | | | | |!| | | |:| | | |:| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | sge | | | | iet | | | | | |iet=[[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|25px]]<br>Ashikaga Ietoki|sge=[[File:Japanese Crest Uesugi Sasa.svg|25px]]<br>Uesugi Yorishige}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | sge | | | | iet | | | | | |iet=Ashikaga Ietoki|sge=Uesugi Yorishige}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | kiy |~|y|~| sda | | | hjo | | | | | | | | | | |sda=Ashikaga Sadauji|kiy=Uesugi Kiyoko|hjo=Hojō Hisatoki}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | kiy |~|y|~| sda | | | hjo | | | | | | | | | | |sda=[[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|25px]]<br>Ashikaga Sadauji|kiy=[[File:Japanese Crest Uesugi Sasa.svg|25px]]<br>Uesugi Kiyoko|hjo=[[File:Japanese Crest mitu Uroko.svg|25px]]<br>Hojō Hisatoki}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | nit | | | | tka |~|y|~| toh | | hjo | | tka='''Ashikaga Takauji'''|nit=[[Nitta Yoshisada]]|toh=Aakahashi Tōshi|hjo=[[Hōjō Moritoki]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | nit | | | | tka |~|y|~| toh | | hjo | | tka=[[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|25px]]<br>'''Ashikaga Takauji'''|nit=[[File:Japanese Crest Nitta hitotu Hiki.svg|25px]]<br>[[Nitta Yoshisada]]|toh=[[File:Japanese Crest mitu Uroko.svg|25px]]<br>Akahashi Tōshi|hjo=[[File:Japanese Crest mitu Uroko.svg|25px]]<br>[[Hōjō Moritoki]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | aki | | |aki=[[Ashikaga Yoshiakira]]}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | aki | | |aki=[[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|25px]]<br>[[Ashikaga Yoshiakira]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Tree chart/end}}


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* 1354&nbsp;– Takauji flees with [[Emperor Go-Kōgon|Go-Kōgon]]; [[Kitabatake Chikafusa]] dies.<ref name="ackroyd329"/>
* 1354&nbsp;– Takauji flees with [[Emperor Go-Kōgon|Go-Kōgon]]; [[Kitabatake Chikafusa]] dies.<ref name="ackroyd329"/>
* 1355&nbsp;– Kyoto taken by Southern army; Kyoto retaken by Ashikaga forces.<ref name="ackroyd329"/>
* 1355&nbsp;– Kyoto taken by Southern army; Kyoto retaken by Ashikaga forces.<ref name="ackroyd329"/>
* 1358&nbsp;– Takauji flies.<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 304.|page=304}}</ref>
* 1358&nbsp;– Takauji dies.<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 304.|page=304}}</ref>


Takauji's son [[Ashikaga Yoshiakira]] succeeded him as ''shōgun'' after his death. His grandson [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]] united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.
Takauji's son [[Ashikaga Yoshiakira]] succeeded him as ''shōgun'' after his death. His grandson [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]] united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.
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== Eras of Takauji's ''bakufu'' ==
== Eras of Takauji's ''bakufu'' ==
Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in [[Yoshino, Nara|Yoshino]] and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was ''shōgun'' as reckoned by the [[Gregorian calendar]] are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of [[Japanese era name]]s (''nengō''), that following the datation used by the legitimate [[Southern Court]] and that formulated by the pretender [[Northern Court]].<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|pp. 290–304.|page=290}}</ref>
Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in [[Yoshino, Nara|Yoshino]] and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was ''shōgun'' as reckoned by the [[Gregorian calendar]] are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of [[Japanese era name]]s (''nengō''), that following the datation used by the legitimate [[Southern Court]] and that formulated by the pretender [[Northern Court]].<ref>Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|pp. 290–304.|page=290}}</ref>

* '''Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court (declared legitimate by a [[Meiji era]] decree because in possession at the time of the [[Japanese Imperial Regalia]]'''):
'''Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court (declared legitimate by a [[Meiji era]] decree because in possession at the time of the [[Japanese Imperial Regalia]]'''):
** ''[[Engen]]'' (1336–1340)
** ''[[Kōkoku]]'' (1340–1346)
* ''[[Engen]]'' (1336–1340)
** ''[[Shōhei]]'' (1346–1370)
* ''[[Kōkoku]]'' (1340–1346)
* '''Eras as reckoned by the pretender Northern Court (declared illegitimate by a Meiji era decree because not in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia'''):
* ''[[Shōhei]]'' (1346–1370)
'''Eras as reckoned by the pretender Northern Court (declared illegitimate by a Meiji era decree because not in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia'''):
** ''[[Ryakuō]]'' (1338–1342)
* ''[[Ryakuō]]'' (1338–1342)
** ''[[Kōei]]'' (1342–1345)
* ''[[Kōei]]'' (1342–1345)
** ''[[Jōwa (Muromachi period)|Jōwa]]'' (1345–1350)
* ''[[Jōwa (Muromachi period)|Jōwa]]'' (1345–1350)
** ''Kan'ō or [[Kannō]]'' (1350–1352)
* ''Kan'ō or [[Kannō]]'' (1350–1352)
** ''[[Bunna]]'' (1352–1356)
* ''[[Bunna]]'' (1352–1356)
** ''[[Enbun]]'' (1356–1361)
* ''[[Enbun]]'' (1356–1361)


==Literary references==
==Literary references==
Line 144: Line 147:
*[[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles|Junior First Rank]] (9 July 1358; posthumous)
*[[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles|Junior First Rank]] (9 July 1358; posthumous)


==See also==
==In popular culture==
*The 29th [[NHK]] [[Taiga drama|''Taiga'' drama]] "''[[Taiheiki (TV series)|Taiheiki]]''" depicted the life of Takauji.
*[[Southern Court]]
*He features in the manga [[The Elusive Samurai]] as an antagonist.
*[[Northern Court]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}
{{Reflist|40em}}

== Sources ==

⚫
*[[Joyce Ackroyd|Ackroyd, Joyce I.]] (1982) ''Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron.'' Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. {{ISBN|9780702214851}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7574544 OCLC 7574544]
⚫
* Matsuo, Kenji. (1997). 中世都市鎌倉をく: 源頼朝から上杉謙信まで (''Chūsei toshi Kamakura o aruku: Minamoto no Yoritomo kara Uesugi Kenshin made''). Tokyo: Chūkō Shinsho. {{ISBN|9784121013927}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38970710 OCLC 38970710]
⚫
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 585069]


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Ashikaga Takauji}}
{{Commons category-inline|Ashikaga Takauji}}

==Further reading==
⚫
* [[Joyce Ackroyd|Ackroyd, Joyce I.]] (1982) ''Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron.'' Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. {{ISBN|9780702214851}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/lessons-from-history-the-tokushi-yoron/oclc/7574544&referer=brief_results OCLC 7574544]
⚫
* Matsuo, Kenji. (1997). 中世都市鎌倉をく: 源頼朝から上杉謙信まで (''Chūsei toshi Kamakura o aruku: Minamoto no Yoritomo kara Uesugi Kenshin made''). Tokyo: Chūkō Shinsho. {{ISBN|9784121013927}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/chusei-toshi-kamakura-o-aruku-minamoto-no-yoritomo-kara-uesugi-kenshin-made/oclc/38970710&referer=brief_results OCLC 38970710]
⚫
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/nipon-o-dai-itsi-ran-ou-annales-des-empereurs-du-japon/oclc/5850691 OCLC 585069]


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{{Ashikaga dynasty (Japan)}}
{{Ashikaga dynasty (Japan)}}
{{Ashikaga chronology (Japan)}}
{{Ashikaga chronology (Japan)}}
{{Shoguns}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:14th-century Japanese people]]
[[Category:14th-century Japanese people]]
[[Category:14th-century shōguns]]
[[Category:14th-century shōguns]]
[[Category:Minamoto clan]]
[[Category:Ashikaga shōguns|Takauji]]
[[Category:Ashikaga shōguns|Takauji]]
[[Category:Nobility from Kyoto]]
[[Category:Ashikaga clan|Takauji]]
[[Category:Japanese nobility]]
[[Category:Deified Japanese men]]
[[Category:People of Kamakura-period Japan]]
[[Category:People of Kamakura-period Japan]]
[[Category:Kyoto]]
[[Category:People of Nanboku-chō-period Japan]]
[[Category:People of Nanboku-chō-period Japan]]
[[Category:Ashikaga clan|Takauji]]
[[Category:Samurai]]
[[Category:Genkō War]]

Latest revision as of 05:52, 17 September 2024

In this Japanese name, the surname is Ashikaga.
Ashikaga Takauji
足利 尊氏
Shōgun of Ashikaga shogunate
In office
1338–1358
Monarchs
Preceded byPrince Narinaga (Kenmu Restoration)
Succeeded byAshikaga Yoshiakira
Personal details
BornAugust 18, 1305
Uesugi-shō, Ayabe, Kyoto or
Kamakura, Kanagawa,or
Ashikaga, Tochigi, Japan
DiedJune 7, 1358(1358-06-07) (aged 52)
Masuya-chō, Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan
Relations
Children
Parents
Signature
Military service
AllegianceMinamoto clan (Seiwa Genji)
Branch/serviceAshikaga clan

Ashikaga Takauji (足利 尊氏, August 18, 1305 – June 7, 1358)[1] also known as Minamoto no Takauji was the founder and first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate.[2] His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with his death in 1358.[3] He was a male-line descendant of the samurai of the (Minamoto) Seiwa Genji line (meaning they were descendants of Emperor Seiwa) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of Shimotsuke Province, in present-day Tochigi Prefecture.

According to Zen master and intellectual Musō Soseki, who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities. First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death.[4] Second, he was merciful and tolerant.[4] Third, he was very generous with those below him.[4]

Life

[edit]
Ashikaga Takauji's ō-yoroi (shoulder guards, missing here). Kamakura or Muromachi period, early 14th century, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

His childhood name was Matagorō (又太郎). Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate sent to Kyoto in 1333 to put down the Genkō War which had started in 1331. After becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Kamakura shogunate over time, Takauji joined the banished Emperor Go-Daigo and Kusunoki Masashige, and seized Kyoto. Soon after, Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause, and laid siege to Kamakura. When the city fell to Nitta, the Shogunal regent, Hōjō Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide. This ended the Kamakura shogunate, as well as the Hōjō clan's power and influence. Go-Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the primacy of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the so-called Kenmu Restoration.[5]: 15–21 

However, shortly thereafter, the samurai clans became increasingly disillusioned with the reestablished imperial court, which sought to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period. Sensing their discontent, Takauji pleaded with the emperor to do something before rebellion would break out, however his warnings were ignored.[5]

Hōjō Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki, took the opportunity to start the Nakasendai rebellion to try to reestablish the shogunate in Kamakura in 1335. Takauji put down the rebellion and took Kamakura for himself. Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishōgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court. Takauji announced his allegiance to the imperial court, but Emperor Go-Daigo sent Nitta Yoshisada to reclaim Kamakura.[5]: 37–39 

Tomb of Ashikaga Takauji at Tōji-in in Kyoto

Takauji defeated Yoshisada in the battles of Sanoyama and Mishima. This cleared the path for Takauji and Tadayoshi to march on to Kyoto.[5]: 39–41  He captured Kyoto for a few days in February 1336, only to be driven out and fled to Kyūshū due to the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yūki Munehiro.[5]: 43 

After Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west, he then allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū. After defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay in the Battle of Tatarahama (1336), Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu".[attribution needed][5]: 44–47  His brother advanced simultaneously by land and both reached the environs of present-day Kobe in July.[5]: 48–50 

At the decisive Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good. Emperor Kōmyō of the illegitimate Northern Court (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent Northern and Southern Court period (Nanbokuchō), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 years.[6]

Besides other honors, Emperor Go-Daigo had given Takauji the title of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade.[3][7] His Buddhist name was Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono (等持院殿仁山妙義大居士長寿寺殿).

Family

[edit]

Parents and siblings

  • Father: Ashikaga Sadauji (足利 貞氏; 1273–1331)
  • Mother: Uesugi Kiyoko (上杉 清子; 1270–1343)
  • Siblings:
    • Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi (足利高義; 1297–1317)
    • Natural Siblings: Ashikaga Tadayoshi (足利 直義; 1307–1352)

Consorts and issue:

  • Wife: Akahashi Toshi (赤橋 登子; 1306 – 4 May 1365)
  • Concubine: Kako no Tsubone
    • Son: Ashikaga Takewakamaru (足利 竹若丸; d. 1333)[8]
  • Concubine: Echizen no Tsubone (越前局)
  • Concubine Unknown name
    • Daughter: Unknown name (d. 2 October 1342)
    • Son: Seiōmaru (聖王丸; d. 1 August 1345)
    • Daughter: Ashikaga Tadayoshi's adopted daughter (d.14 October 1347)
    • Daughter: Unknown name
    • Son: Eichu Hoshin (英仲法俊; d. 26 February 1416)

Family tree

[edit]

Emperor Seiwa

"Hachimantarō" Yoshiie

Minamoto no Yoshichika
Minamoto no Yoshikuni
Nitta clanAshikaga clan

Minamoto no Tameyoshi
Nitta Yoshishige
Ashikaga Yoshiyasu
Yamana clan

Minamoto no Yoshitomo
Nitta Yoshikane
Yamana Yoshinori
Ashikaga Yoshikane
Minamoto no Yoshikiyo

Minamoto no Yoritomo
Ashikaga Yoshiuji		Hirosawa Yoshizane
Kira clanHosokawa clan

Ashikaga Yasuuji
Kira Osauji
Hosokawa Yoshisue
Uesugi clanImagawa clan

Uesugi Shigefusa
Ashikaga Yoriuji
Kira Mitsuuji
Imagawa Kuniuji

Uesugi Yorishige
Ashikaga Ietoki

Uesugi Kiyoko
Ashikaga Sadauji
Hojō Hisatoki

Nitta Yoshisada
Ashikaga Takauji
Akahashi Tōshi
Hōjō Moritoki

Ashikaga Yoshiakira

Timeline of shogunate

[edit]

Significant events which shaped the period during which Takauji was shōgun are:

Takauji's son Ashikaga Yoshiakira succeeded him as shōgun after his death. His grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.

Eras of Takauji's bakufu

[edit]

Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in Yoshino and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was shōgun as reckoned by the Gregorian calendar are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of Japanese era names (nengō), that following the datation used by the legitimate Southern Court and that formulated by the pretender Northern Court.[12]

Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court (declared legitimate by a Meiji era decree because in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia):

Eras as reckoned by the pretender Northern Court (declared illegitimate by a Meiji era decree because not in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia):

Literary references

[edit]

The story of Ashikaga Takauji, Emperor Go-Daigo, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige from the Genko rebellion to the establishment of the Northern and Southern Courts is detailed in the 40 volume Muromachi period epic Taiheiki.

Honours

[edit]
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ His name had originally been written with the characters 高氏，but he later received from Emperor Go-Daigo the right to use those 尊氏, under which he would become famous. According to Sansom (1977:87), in contemporary chronicles he is rarely called with his name, but referred to as Ō-gosho (大御所, Great shōgun) or Dainagon (Great Councillor).
  2. ^ "Ashikaga Takauji" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 625.
  3. ^ a b "Ashikaga Takauji". Encyclopedia of Japan. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
  4. ^ a b c Matsuo (1997:105)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0804705259.
  6. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1977). The Samurai, A Military History. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0026205408.
  7. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 290., p. 290, at Google Books
  8. ^ eldest son
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron, p. 329.
  10. ^ Historiographical Institute: "Ashikaga Tadafuyu's Call to Arms", Dai Nihon shi-ryō, VI, xiv, 43.
  11. ^ Titsingh, p. 304., p. 304, at Google Books
  12. ^ Titsingh, pp. 290–304., p. 290, at Google Books

Sources

[edit]
[edit]

Media related to Ashikaga Takauji at Wikimedia Commons

Kenmu Restoration Shōgun:
Ashikaga Takauji
1338–1358 		Succeeded by
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