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* Surgeon
* Surgeon
| type= [[Specialty (medicine)|Specialty]]
| type= [[Specialty (medicine)|Specialty]]
| activity_sector= [[Medicine]], [[Surgery]]
| activity_sector= [[Medicine]], [[surgery]]
| competencies=
| competencies=
| formation=
| formation=
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* [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (M.B.B.S.)
* [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (M.B.B.S.)
* [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBChB)
* [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBChB)
| employment_field= [[Hospital]]s, [[Clinic]]s
| employment_field= [[Hospital]]s, [[clinic]]s
| related_occupation=
| related_occupation=
}}
}}


'''Eye surgery''', also known as '''ophthalmic surgery''' or '''ocular surgery''', is [[surgery]] performed on the [[eye]] or its [[Accessory visual structures|adnexa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/La-Pa/Ophthalmologic-Surgery.html|title=Ophthalmologic Surgery – procedure, recovery, blood, pain, complications, time, infection, medication|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref> Eye surgery is part of [[ophthalmology]] and is performed by an ophthalmologist or eye surgeon. The eye is a fragile organ, and requires due care before, during, and after a surgical procedure to minimize or prevent further damage. An eye surgeon is responsible for selecting the appropriate surgical procedure for the patient, and for taking the necessary safety precautions. Mentions of eye surgery can be found in several ancient texts dating back as early as 1800 BC, with cataract treatment starting in the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-lasik-directory.com/article_history-ophthalmology2.html|title=The History of Ophthalmology}}</ref> It continues to be a widely practiced class of surgery, with various techniques having been developed for treating eye problems.
'''Eye surgery''', also known as '''ophthalmic surgery''' or '''ocular surgery''', is [[surgery]] performed on the [[Human eye|eye]] or its [[Accessory visual structures|adnexa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/La-Pa/Ophthalmologic-Surgery.html|title=Ophthalmologic Surgery – procedure, recovery, blood, pain, complications, time, infection, medication|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref> Eye surgery is part of [[ophthalmology]] and is performed by an ophthalmologist or eye surgeon. The eye is a fragile organ, and requires due care before, during, and after a surgical procedure to minimize or prevent further damage. An eye surgeon is responsible for selecting the appropriate surgical procedure for the patient, and for taking the necessary safety precautions. Mentions of eye surgery can be found in several ancient texts dating back as early as 1800 BC, with cataract treatment starting in the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-lasik-directory.com/article_history-ophthalmology2.html|title=The History of Ophthalmology}}</ref> It continues to be a widely practiced class of surgery, with various techniques having been developed for treating eye problems.


== Preparation and precautions ==
== Preparation and precautions ==
{{Main|Anaesthesia for ocular surgery}}
{{Main|Anesthesia for eye surgery|l1=Anaesthesia for ocular surgery}}
Since the eye is heavily supplied by nerves, [[anesthesia]] is essential. [[Local anesthesia]] is most commonly used. [[Topical anesthesia]] using [[lidocaine]] topical gel is often used for quick procedures. Since topical anesthesia requires cooperation from the patient, [[general anesthesia]] is often used for children, traumatic eye injuries, or major orbitotomies, and for apprehensive patients. The [[Anesthesiologist|physician administering anesthesia]], or a [[nurse anesthetist]] or [[anesthetist assistant]] with expertise in anesthesia of the eye, monitors the patient's cardiovascular status. Sterile precautions are taken to prepare the area for surgery and lower the risk of infection. These precautions include the use of [[antiseptics]], such as [[povidone-iodine]], and sterile drapes, gowns, and gloves.
Since the eye is heavily supplied by nerves, [[anesthesia]] is essential. [[Local anesthesia]] is most commonly used. [[Topical anesthetic|Topical anesthesia]] using [[lidocaine]] topical gel is often used for quick procedures. Since topical anesthesia requires cooperation from the patient, [[General anaesthesia|general anesthesia]] is often used for children, traumatic eye injuries, or major orbitotomies, and for apprehensive patients. The [[Anesthesiology|physician administering anesthesia]], or a [[nurse anesthetist]] or [[anesthetist assistant]] with expertise in anesthesia of the eye, monitors the patient's cardiovascular status. Sterile precautions are taken to prepare the area for surgery and lower the risk of infection. These precautions include the use of [[antiseptic]]s, such as [[povidone-iodine]], and sterile drapes, gowns, and gloves.


== Laser eye surgery ==
== Laser eye surgery ==
{{See also|Laser surgery#Eye surgery}}
{{See also|Laser surgery#Eye surgery}}
Although the terms laser eye surgery and [[refractive surgery]] are commonly used as if they were interchangeable, this is not the case. Lasers may be used to treat nonrefractive conditions (e.g. to seal a retinal tear).<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.irishtimes.com/health-and-beauty/laser-eye-surgery-in-ireland/ | newspaper=The Irish Times | title=Laser Eye Surgery | first=Stephen | last=Maguire}}</ref> Laser eye surgery or laser corneal surgery is a medical procedure that uses a laser to reshape the surface of the eye to correct myopia (short-sightedness), hypermetropia (long-sightedness), and astigmatism (uneven curvature of the eye's surface). Importantly, refractive surgery is not compatible with everyone, and people may find on occasion that eyewear is still needed after surgery.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.opticalexpress.co.uk/laser-eye-surgery/am-i-suitable.html | work=Optical Express | title=Laser Eye Surgery Suitability | access-date=2014-11-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924185400/http://www.opticalexpress.co.uk/laser-eye-surgery/am-i-suitable.html | archive-date=2014-09-24 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Although the terms laser eye surgery and [[refractive surgery]] are commonly used as if they were interchangeable, this is not the case. Lasers may be used to treat nonrefractive conditions (e.g. to seal a retinal tear).<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.irishtimes.com/health-and-beauty/laser-eye-surgery-in-ireland/ | newspaper=The Irish Times | title=Laser Eye Surgery | first=Stephen | last=Maguire}}</ref> Laser eye surgery or laser corneal surgery is a medical procedure that uses a laser to reshape the surface of the eye to correct [[myopia]] (short-sightedness), [[Farsightedness|hypermetropia]] (long-sightedness), and [[astigmatism]] (uneven curvature of the eye's surface). Importantly, refractive surgery is not compatible with everyone, and people may find on occasion that eyewear is still needed after surgery.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.opticalexpress.co.uk/laser-eye-surgery/am-i-suitable.html | work=Optical Express | title=Laser Eye Surgery Suitability | access-date=2014-11-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924185400/http://www.opticalexpress.co.uk/laser-eye-surgery/am-i-suitable.html | archive-date=2014-09-24 | url-status=dead }}</ref>


Recent developments also include procedures that can change eye color from brown to blue.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/04/tech/mci-brown-eyes-blue/ "Laser procedure can turn brown eyes blue"], Peter Shadbolt. CNN. March 6, 2015. Retrieved 5 feb 2017</ref><ref>[http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/new-technique-changing-eyes-from-brown-to-blue-sparks-debate/ "New technique changing eyes from brown to blue sparks debate"], Chencheng Zhao. Medill Reports Chicago, Northwestern University. March 8, 2016. Retrieved 5 feb 2017</ref> Before proceeding with laser surgery, the eye specialist needs to certify that the patient is a suitable candidate for the surgery and there are several factors to be considered before doing laser surgery.<ref>{{cite web |last1=eye surgery |first1=laser surgery |title=laser |url=https://www.clearviewinstitute.com/blog/six-things-to-consider-before-getting-laser-vision-correction/ |website=clearviewinstitute |date=January 2021 |publisher=jimmy}}</ref>
Recent developments also include procedures that can change eye color from brown to blue.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/04/tech/mci-brown-eyes-blue/ "Laser procedure can turn brown eyes blue"], Peter Shadbolt. CNN. March 6, 2015. Retrieved 5 feb 2017</ref><ref>[http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/new-technique-changing-eyes-from-brown-to-blue-sparks-debate/ "New technique changing eyes from brown to blue sparks debate"], Chencheng Zhao. Medill Reports Chicago, Northwestern University. March 8, 2016. Retrieved 5 feb 2017</ref> Before proceeding with laser surgery, the eye specialist needs to certify that the patient is a suitable candidate for the surgery and there are several factors to be considered before doing laser surgery.<ref>{{cite web |last1=eye surgery |first1=laser surgery |title=laser |url=https://www.clearviewinstitute.com/blog/six-things-to-consider-before-getting-laser-vision-correction/ |website=clearviewinstitute |date=January 2021 |publisher=jimmy}}</ref>

{{expand section|laser eye surgery for other purposes|date=December 2023}}


== Cataract surgery ==
== Cataract surgery ==
{{Main|Cataract surgery}}
{{Main|Cataract surgery}}
[[File:Cataract surgery.jpg|thumb|216px|right|Cataract surgery, using a temporal approach [[phacoemulsification]] probe (in right hand) and "chopper" (in left hand) being done under operating microscope at a Navy medical center]]
[[File:Cataract surgery.jpg|thumb|216px|right|Cataract surgery, using a temporal approach [[phacoemulsification]] probe (in right hand) and "chopper" (in left hand) being done under operating microscope at a Navy medical center]]
A [[cataract]] is an opacification or cloudiness of the eye's [[lens (anatomy)|crystalline lens]] due to aging, disease, or trauma that typically prevents light from forming a clear image on the [[retina]]. If [[visual loss]] is significant, surgical removal of the lens may be warranted, with lost [[optical power]] usually replaced with a plastic [[intraocular lens]]. Owing to the high prevalence of cataracts, cataract extraction is the most common eye surgery. Rest after surgery is recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Uhr Barry W | year = 2003 | title = History of ophthalmology at Baylor University Medical Center | journal = Hi Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | volume = 16 | issue = 4| pages = 435–438 | pmid = 16278761 | pmc = 1214563 | doi = 10.1080/08998280.2003.11927941 }}</ref>
A [[cataract]] is an opacification or cloudiness of the eye's [[Lens (vertebrate anatomy)|crystalline lens]] due to aging, disease, or trauma that typically prevents light from forming a clear image on the [[retina]]. If [[Visual impairment|visual loss]] is significant, surgical removal of the lens may be warranted, with lost [[optical power]] usually replaced with a plastic [[intraocular lens]]. Owing to the high prevalence of cataracts, cataract extraction is the most common eye surgery. Rest after surgery is recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Uhr Barry W | year = 2003 | title = History of ophthalmology at Baylor University Medical Center | journal = Hi Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | volume = 16 | issue = 4| pages = 435–438 | pmid = 16278761 | pmc = 1214563 | doi = 10.1080/08998280.2003.11927941 }}</ref>


== Glaucoma surgery ==
== Glaucoma surgery ==
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=== Canaloplasty ===
=== Canaloplasty ===
'''Canaloplasty''' is an advanced, nonpenetrating procedure designed to enhance drainage through the eye's natural drainage system to provide sustained reduction of intraocular pressure. Canaloplasty uses microcatheter technology in a simple and minimally invasive procedure.
'''Canaloplasty''' is an advanced, nonpenetrating procedure designed to enhance drainage through the eye's natural drainage system to provide sustained reduction of intraocular pressure. Canaloplasty uses microcatheter technology in a simple and minimally invasive procedure.
To perform a canaloplasty, an ophthalmologist creates a tiny incision to gain access to a canal in the eye. A microcatheter circumnavigates the canal around the iris, enlarging the main drainage channel and its smaller collector channels through the injection of a sterile, gel-like material called viscoelastic. The catheter is then removed and a suture is placed within the canal and tightened. By opening up the canal, the pressure inside the eye can be reduced.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mediamillinc.com/vjo.php?display=video&id=013 |title=Video Journal of Ophthalmology - Streaming Video |access-date=2008-02-27 |archive-date=2013-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003081706/https://mediamillinc.com/vjo.php?display=video |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcrsjournal.org/article/S0886-3350(08)00004-7/abstract,|title=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcrsjournal.org/article/S0886-3350(07)00697-9/abstract|title=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery|website=www.jcrsjournal.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jcrsjournal.org/article/S0886-3350(09)00139-4/abstract|title=Canaloplasty: Circumferential viscodilation and tensioning of Schlemm canal using a flexible microcatheter for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma in adults|first1=Richard A.|last1=Lewis|first2=Kurt von|last2=Wolff|first3=Manfred|last3=Tetz|first4=Norbert|last4=Koerber|first5=John R.|last5=Kearney|first6=Bradford J.|last6=Shingleton|first7=Thomas W.|last7=Samuelson|date=1 May 2009|journal=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery|volume=35|issue=5|pages=814–824|via=www.jcrsjournal.org|doi=10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.01.010|pmid=19393879|s2cid=25587904}}</ref>
To perform a canaloplasty, an ophthalmologist creates a tiny incision to gain access to a canal in the eye. A microcatheter circumnavigates the canal around the iris, enlarging the main drainage channel and its smaller collector channels through the injection of a sterile, gel-like material called viscoelastic.{{clarify|how does the use of viscoelatic open the canal? This seems imlausible.|date=December 2023}} The catheter is then removed and a suture is placed within the canal and tightened.{{clarify|for what purpose is this suture?|date=December 2023}} By opening up the canal, the pressure inside the eye can be reduced.{{clarify|how does opening up the canal reduce pressure, wher does it drain to? what drains through it?|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mediamillinc.com/vjo.php?display=video&id=013 |title=Video Journal of Ophthalmology - Streaming Video |access-date=2008-02-27 |archive-date=2013-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003081706/https://mediamillinc.com/vjo.php?display=video |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jcrsjournal.org/article/S0886-3350(08)00004-7/abstract,|title=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery|website=www.jcrsjournal.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcrsjournal.org/article/S0886-3350(07)00697-9/abstract|title=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery|website=www.jcrsjournal.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jcrsjournal.org/article/S0886-3350(09)00139-4/abstract|title=Canaloplasty: Circumferential viscodilation and tensioning of Schlemm canal using a flexible microcatheter for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma in adults|first1=Richard A.|last1=Lewis|first2=Kurt von|last2=Wolff|first3=Manfred|last3=Tetz|first4=Norbert|last4=Koerber|first5=John R.|last5=Kearney|first6=Bradford J.|last6=Shingleton|first7=Thomas W.|last7=Samuelson|date=1 May 2009|journal=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery|volume=35|issue=5|pages=814–824|via=www.jcrsjournal.org|doi=10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.01.010|pmid=19393879|s2cid=25587904}}</ref>


== Refractive surgery ==
== Refractive surgery ==
{{Main|Refractive surgery}}
{{Main|Refractive surgery}}
Refractive surgery aims to correct errors of refraction in the eye, reducing or eliminating the need for corrective lenses.
Refractive surgery aims to correct errors of refraction in the eye, reducing or eliminating the need for corrective lenses.
* [[Keratomilleusis]] is a method of reshaping the corneal surface to change its [[optical power]]. A disc of the cornea is shaved off, quickly frozen, lathe-ground, then returned to its original power.
* [[Keratomileusis]] is a method of reshaping the corneal surface to change its [[optical power]]. A disc of the cornea is shaved off, quickly frozen, lathe-ground, then returned to its original power.
* [[Automated lamellar keratoplasty]]
* [[Automated lamellar keratoplasty]]
* Laser-assisted ''in situ'' keratomileusis ([[LASIK]])<ref name="LASIK">{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/La-Pa/Laser-In-Situ-Keratomileusis-LASIK.html|title=Laser In-Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) – procedure, recovery, pain, complications, time, infection, medication, prep|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* Laser-assisted ''in situ'' keratomileusis ([[LASIK]])<ref name="LASIK">{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/La-Pa/Laser-In-Situ-Keratomileusis-LASIK.html|title=Laser In-Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) – procedure, recovery, pain, complications, time, infection, medication, prep|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref>
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* [[Laser thermal keratoplasty]]
* [[Laser thermal keratoplasty]]
* [[Conductive keratoplasty]] uses radio-frequency waves to shrink corneal collagen. It is used to treat mild to moderate hyperopia.<ref name="LASIK" />
* [[Conductive keratoplasty]] uses radio-frequency waves to shrink corneal collagen. It is used to treat mild to moderate hyperopia.<ref name="LASIK" />
* [[Limbal relaxing incisions]] correct minor astigmatism
* [[Limbal relaxing incisions]] can correct minor astigmatism
* [[Astigmatic keratotomy]], arcuate keratotomy, or transverse keratotomy
* [[Astigmatic keratotomy]], arcuate keratotomy, or transverse keratotomy{{clarify|for what purpose?|date=December 2023}}
* [[Radial keratotomy]]
* [[Radial keratotomy]]
* [[Hexagonal keratotomy]]
* [[Hexagonal keratotomy]]{{clarify|for what?|date=December 2023}}
* [[Epikeratophakia]] is the removal of the corneal epithelium and replacement with a lathe-cut [[corneal button]].<ref name="cornealtransplant">{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Corneal-Transplantation.html|title=Corneal Transplantation – procedure, recovery, blood, removal, complications, adults, time, infection|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* [[Epikeratophakia]] is the removal of the corneal epithelium and replacement with a lathe-cut [[corneal button]].<ref name="cornealtransplant">{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Corneal-Transplantation.html|title=Corneal Transplantation – procedure, recovery, blood, removal, complications, adults, time, infection|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* [[Intracorneal rings]] or corneal ring segments
* [[Intrastromal corneal ring segment|Intracorneal rings]] or corneal ring segments{{clarify|for what purpose?|date=December 2023}}
* Implantable contact lenses
* Implantable contact lenses
* Presbyopia reversal
* Presbyopia reversal{{clarify|how?|date=December 2023}}
* Anterior ciliary sclerotomy
* Anterior ciliary sclerotomy{{clarify|what is it?|date=December 2023}}
* [[Scleral reinforcement surgery]] for the mitigation of degenerative myopia
* [[Scleral reinforcement surgery]] for the mitigation of degenerative myopia
* [[Small incision lenticule extraction]]
* [[Small incision lenticule extraction]]
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* Partial lamellar sclerocyclochoroidectomy
* Partial lamellar sclerocyclochoroidectomy
* Partial lamellar sclerochoroidectomy
* Partial lamellar sclerochoroidectomy
* Posterior sclerotomy is an opening made into the vitreous through the sclera, as for detached retina or the removal of a foreign body.<ref>http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_s_05.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614054631/http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fdmd_s_05.htm |date=2006-06-14 }} {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2022}}</ref>
* Posterior sclerotomy is an opening made into the vitreous through the sclera, as for detached retina or the removal of a foreign body.<ref>{{cite web |title=sclerotomy |url=http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fdmd_s_05.htm |website=merckmedicus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614054631/http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fdmd_s_05.htm |archive-date=June 14, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Radial optic neurotomy
* Radial optic neurotomy
* Macular translocation surgery
* Macular translocation surgery
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{{Main|Strabismus surgery}}
{{Main|Strabismus surgery}}
With about 1.2 million procedures each year, [[extraocular muscle]] surgery is the third-most common eye surgery in the United States.
With about 1.2 million procedures each year, [[extraocular muscle]] surgery is the third-most common eye surgery in the United States.
[http://www.nystagmus.org/doc/conf2005/Hertle%20Presentation%20Handout.doc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818135145/http://www.nystagmus.org/doc/conf2005/Hertle%20Presentation%20Handout.doc |date=2016-08-18 }}
[http://www.nystagmus.org/doc/conf2005/Hertle%20Presentation%20Handout.doc ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818135145/http://www.nystagmus.org/doc/conf2005/Hertle%20Presentation%20Handout.doc |date=2016-08-18 }}
* Eye muscle surgery typically corrects [[strabismus]] and includes:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Eye-Muscle-Surgery.html|title=Eye Muscle Surgery – procedure, recovery, blood, pain, complications, adults, time, infection|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/ASORN/CE/2002-09Strabismus.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030728062023/http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/ASORN/CE/2002-09Strabismus.pdf |archivedate=2003-07-28 |title=Strabismus Surgery |first1=Wanda L. |last1=Pfeifer |first2=William E. |last2=Scott |journal=INSIGHT the Journal of the American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses, Inc |volume=XXVII |issue=3 |date=July–September 2002 |page=73 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Eye muscle surgery typically corrects [[strabismus]] and includes:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Eye-Muscle-Surgery.html|title=Eye Muscle Surgery – procedure, recovery, blood, pain, complications, adults, time, infection|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/ASORN/CE/2002-09Strabismus.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030728062023/http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/ASORN/CE/2002-09Strabismus.pdf |archivedate=2003-07-28 |title=Strabismus Surgery |first1=Wanda L. |last1=Pfeifer |first2=William E. |last2=Scott |journal=INSIGHT the Journal of the American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses, Inc |volume=XXVII |issue=3 |date=July–September 2002 |page=73 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Loosening or weakening procedures
** Loosening or weakening procedures
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* Face lift ([[rhytidectomy]])
* Face lift ([[rhytidectomy]])
* [[Liposuction]] of the face and neck
* [[Liposuction]] of the face and neck
* [[Browplasty]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/839345-overview|title=Browplasty: Background, Problem, Epidemiology|date=20 June 2017|via=eMedicine}}</ref>
* [[Browplasty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/839345-overview|title=Browplasty: Background, Problem, Epidemiology|date=20 June 2017|via=eMedicine}}</ref>


== Surgery involving the lacrimal apparatus ==
== Surgery involving the lacrimal apparatus ==
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== Eye removal ==
== Eye removal ==
{{Redirect-distinguish|Exenteration|Pelvic exenteration}}
* An [[Enucleation of the Eye|enucleation]] is the removal of the eye leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Enucleation-Eye.html|title=Enucleation, Eye – procedure, recovery, removal, pain, complications, time, infection, operation|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* An ''[[Enucleation of the eye|enucleation]]'' is the removal of the eye leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Enucleation-Eye.html|title=Enucleation, Eye – procedure, recovery, removal, pain, complications, time, infection, operation|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* An [[Evisceration (Ophthalmology)|evisceration]] is the removal of the eye's contents, leaving the scleral shell intact. Usually performed to reduce pain in a blind eye.<ref name="Cassin">Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. ''Dictionary of Eye Terminology''. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.</ref>
* An [[Evisceration (ophthalmology)|exenteration]] is the removal of the entire orbital contents, including the eye, extraocular muscles, fat, and connective tissues; usually for malignant orbital tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Exenteration.html|title=Exenteration – procedure, recovery, blood, tube, removal, pain, complications, infection|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* An ''[[Evisceration (ophthalmology)|evisceration]]'' is the removal of the eye's contents, leaving the scleral shell intact. Usually performed to reduce pain in a blind eye.<ref name="Cassin">Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. ''Dictionary of Eye Terminology''. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.</ref>
* An ''exenteration'' is the removal of the entire orbital contents, including the eye, extraocular muscles, fat, and connective tissues; usually for malignant orbital tumors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Exenteration.html|title=Exenteration – procedure, recovery, blood, tube, removal, pain, complications, infection|website=www.surgeryencyclopedia.com}}</ref>


== Other surgery ==
== Other surgery ==
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* A [[coreoplasy]], or [[laser pupillomydriasis]], is any procedure that changes the size or shape of the pupil.<ref name="Cassin" />
* A [[coreoplasy]], or [[laser pupillomydriasis]], is any procedure that changes the size or shape of the pupil.<ref name="Cassin" />
* A [[cyclectomy]] is an excision of portion of the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline" />
* A [[cyclectomy]] is an excision of portion of the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline" />
* A [[cyclotomy]], or [[cyclicotomy]], is a surgical incision of the ciliary body, usually for the relief of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline" />
* A [[cyclotomy (surgery)]], or [[cyclicotomy]], is a surgical incision of the ciliary body, usually for the relief of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline" />
* A [[cycloanemization]] is a surgical obliteration of the long ciliary arteries in the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline" />
* A [[cycloanemization]] is a surgical obliteration of the long ciliary arteries in the treatment of glaucoma.<ref name="Cline" />
* An [[iridectomesodialysis]] is the formation of an artificial pupil by detaching and excising a portion of the iris at its periphery.<ref name="Cline" />
* An [[iridectomesodialysis]] is the formation of an artificial pupil by detaching and excising a portion of the iris at its periphery.<ref name="Cline" />
* An [[iridodialysis]], sometimes known as a [[coredialysis]], is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline" /><ref name="Cassin" />
* An [[iridodialysis]], sometimes known as a [[coredialysis]], is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline" /><ref name="Cassin" />
* An [[iridencleisis]], or [[corenclisis]], is a surgical procedure for glaucoma in which a portion of the iris is incised and incarcerated in a limbal incision.<ref name="Cline" /> (Subdivided into [[basal iridencleisis]] and [[total iridencleisis]].<ref name="Cvetkovic">{{cite journal | author = Cvetkovic D, Blagojevic M, Dodic V | date = Feb 1979 | title = Comparative results of trepanotrabeculectomy and iridencleisis in primary glaucoma | journal = J Fr Ophtalmol | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 103–7 | pmid = 444110 }}</ref>)
* An [[iridencleisis]], or [[corenclisis]], is a surgical procedure for glaucoma in which a portion of the iris is incised and incarcerated in a limbal incision.<ref name="Cline" /> (Subdivided into [[basal iridencleisis]] and [[total iridencleisis]].<ref name="Cvetkovic">{{cite journal | author = Cvetkovic D, Blagojevic M, Dodic V | date = Feb 1979 | title = Comparative results of trepanotrabeculectomy and iridencleisis in primary glaucoma | journal = J Fr Ophtalmol | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 103–7 | pmid = 444110 }}</ref>)
* An [[iridesis]] is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the iris is brought through and incarcerated in a corneal incision in order to reposition the pupil.<ref name="Cline" /><ref>http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_i_12.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123134006/http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fdmd_i_12.htm |date=2008-01-23 }} {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2022}}</ref>
* An [[iridesis]] is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the iris is brought through and incarcerated in a corneal incision in order to reposition the pupil.<ref name="Cline" /><ref>{{cite web |title=iridesis |url=http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fdmd_i_12.htm |website=merckmedicus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123134006/http://www.merckmedicus.com/pp/us/hcp/thcp_dorlands_content.jsp?pg=%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fdmd_i_12.htm |archive-date=January 23, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* An [[iridocorneosclerectomy]] is the surgical removal of a portion of the iris, the cornea, and the sclera.<ref name="Cline" />
* An [[iridocorneosclerectomy]] is the surgical removal of a portion of the iris, the cornea, and the sclera.<ref name="Cline" />
* An [[iridocyclectomy]] is the surgical removal of the iris and the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline" />
* An [[iridocyclectomy]] is the surgical removal of the iris and the ciliary body.<ref name="Cline" />

Latest revision as of 13:08, 19 September 2024

Eye surgery
Eye surgery in the Middle Ages
ICD-10-PCS08
ICD-9-CM08-16
MeSHD013508
OPS-301 code5-08...5-16
Ophthalmologic Surgeon, Ophthalmologist, Eye Surgeon
Occupation
Names
  • Physician
  • Surgeon
Occupation type
Specialty
Activity sectors
Medicine, surgery
Description
Education required
Fields of
employment
Hospitals, clinics

Eye surgery, also known as ophthalmic surgery or ocular surgery, is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa.[1] Eye surgery is part of ophthalmology and is performed by an ophthalmologist or eye surgeon. The eye is a fragile organ, and requires due care before, during, and after a surgical procedure to minimize or prevent further damage. An eye surgeon is responsible for selecting the appropriate surgical procedure for the patient, and for taking the necessary safety precautions. Mentions of eye surgery can be found in several ancient texts dating back as early as 1800 BC, with cataract treatment starting in the fifth century BC.[2] It continues to be a widely practiced class of surgery, with various techniques having been developed for treating eye problems.

Preparation and precautions

[edit]
Main article: Anaesthesia for ocular surgery

Since the eye is heavily supplied by nerves, anesthesia is essential. Local anesthesia is most commonly used. Topical anesthesia using lidocaine topical gel is often used for quick procedures. Since topical anesthesia requires cooperation from the patient, general anesthesia is often used for children, traumatic eye injuries, or major orbitotomies, and for apprehensive patients. The physician administering anesthesia, or a nurse anesthetist or anesthetist assistant with expertise in anesthesia of the eye, monitors the patient's cardiovascular status. Sterile precautions are taken to prepare the area for surgery and lower the risk of infection. These precautions include the use of antiseptics, such as povidone-iodine, and sterile drapes, gowns, and gloves.

Laser eye surgery

[edit]
See also: Laser surgery § Eye surgery

Although the terms laser eye surgery and refractive surgery are commonly used as if they were interchangeable, this is not the case. Lasers may be used to treat nonrefractive conditions (e.g. to seal a retinal tear).[3] Laser eye surgery or laser corneal surgery is a medical procedure that uses a laser to reshape the surface of the eye to correct myopia (short-sightedness), hypermetropia (long-sightedness), and astigmatism (uneven curvature of the eye's surface). Importantly, refractive surgery is not compatible with everyone, and people may find on occasion that eyewear is still needed after surgery.[4]

Recent developments also include procedures that can change eye color from brown to blue.[5][6] Before proceeding with laser surgery, the eye specialist needs to certify that the patient is a suitable candidate for the surgery and there are several factors to be considered before doing laser surgery.[7]

Cataract surgery

[edit]
Main article: Cataract surgery
Cataract surgery, using a temporal approach phacoemulsification probe (in right hand) and "chopper" (in left hand) being done under operating microscope at a Navy medical center

A cataract is an opacification or cloudiness of the eye's crystalline lens due to aging, disease, or trauma that typically prevents light from forming a clear image on the retina. If visual loss is significant, surgical removal of the lens may be warranted, with lost optical power usually replaced with a plastic intraocular lens. Owing to the high prevalence of cataracts, cataract extraction is the most common eye surgery. Rest after surgery is recommended.[8]

Glaucoma surgery

[edit]
Main article: Glaucoma surgery

Glaucoma is a group of diseases affecting the optic nerve that results in vision loss and is frequently characterized by raised intraocular pressure. Many types of glaucoma surgery exist, and variations or combinations of those types can facilitate the escape of excess aqueous humor from the eye to lower intraocular pressure, and a few that lower it by decreasing the production of aqueous humor.

Canaloplasty

[edit]

Canaloplasty is an advanced, nonpenetrating procedure designed to enhance drainage through the eye's natural drainage system to provide sustained reduction of intraocular pressure. Canaloplasty uses microcatheter technology in a simple and minimally invasive procedure. To perform a canaloplasty, an ophthalmologist creates a tiny incision to gain access to a canal in the eye. A microcatheter circumnavigates the canal around the iris, enlarging the main drainage channel and its smaller collector channels through the injection of a sterile, gel-like material called viscoelastic.[clarification needed] The catheter is then removed and a suture is placed within the canal and tightened.[clarification needed] By opening up the canal, the pressure inside the eye can be reduced.[clarification needed][9][10][11][12]

Refractive surgery

[edit]
Main article: Refractive surgery

Refractive surgery aims to correct errors of refraction in the eye, reducing or eliminating the need for corrective lenses.

Corneal surgery

[edit]

Corneal surgery includes most refractive surgery, as well as:

Vitreoretinal surgery

[edit]
Vitrectomy

Vitreoretinal surgery includes:

  • Vitrectomy[20]
    • Anterior vitrectomy is the removal of the front portion of vitreous tissue. It is used for preventing or treating vitreous loss during cataract or corneal surgery, or to remove misplaced vitreous in conditions such as aphakia pupillary block glaucoma.
    • Pars plana vitrectomy or trans pars plana vitrectomy is a procedure to remove vitreous opacities and membranes through a pars plana incision. It is frequently combined with other intraocular procedures for the treatment of giant retinal tears, tractional retinal detachments, and posterior vitreous detachments.
  • Pan retinal photocoagulation is a type of photocoagulation therapy used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.[21]
  • Retinal detachment repair
    • Ignipuncture is an obsolete procedure that involves cauterization of the retina with a very hot, pointed instrument.[22]
    • A scleral buckle is used in the repair of a retinal detachment to indent or "buckle" the sclera inward, usually by sewing a piece of preserved sclera or silicone rubber to its surface.[23]
    • Laser photocoagulation, or photocoagulation therapy, is the use of a laser to seal a retinal tear.[21]
    • Pneumatic retinopexy
    • Retinal cryopexy, or retinal cryotherapy, is a procedure that uses intense cold to induce a chorioretinal scar and to destroy retinal or choroidal tissue.[24]
  • Macular hole repair
  • Partial lamellar sclerouvectomy[25]
  • Partial lamellar sclerocyclochoroidectomy
  • Partial lamellar sclerochoroidectomy
  • Posterior sclerotomy is an opening made into the vitreous through the sclera, as for detached retina or the removal of a foreign body.[26]
  • Radial optic neurotomy
  • Macular translocation surgery
    • through 360° retinotomy
    • through scleral imbrication technique

Eye muscle surgery

[edit]
Isolating the inferior rectus muscle
Disinserting the medial rectus muscle, after placing vicryl suture
Main article: Strabismus surgery

With about 1.2 million procedures each year, extraocular muscle surgery is the third-most common eye surgery in the United States. [1] Archived 2016-08-18 at the Wayback Machine

  • Eye muscle surgery typically corrects strabismus and includes:[27][28]
    • Loosening or weakening procedures
      • Recession involves moving the insertion of a muscle posteriorly towards its origin.
      • Myectomy
      • Myotomy
      • Tenectomy
      • Tenotomy
    • Tightening or strengthening procedures
      • Resection
      • Tucking
      • Advancement is the movement of an eye muscle from its original place of attachment on the eyeball to a more forward position.
    • Transposition or repositioning procedures
    • Adjustable suture surgery is a method of reattaching an extraocular muscle by means of a stitch that can be shortened or lengthened within the first postoperative day, to obtain better ocular alignment.[29]

Oculoplastic surgery

[edit]
Main article: Oculoplastics

Oculoplastic surgery, or oculoplastics, is the subspecialty of ophthalmology that deals with the reconstruction of the eye and associated structures. Oculoplastic surgeons perform procedures such as the repair of droopy eyelids (blepharoplasty),[30] repair of tear duct obstructions, orbital fracture repairs, removal of tumors in and around the eyes, and facial rejuvenation procedures including laser skin resurfacing, eye lifts, brow lifts, and even facelifts. Common procedures are:

Eyelid surgery

[edit]

Orbital surgery

[edit]
  • Orbital reconstruction or ocular prosthetics (false eyes)
  • Orbital decompression is used for Grave's disease, a condition (often associated with overactive thyroid problems) in which the eye muscles swell. Because the eye socket is bone, the swelling cannot be accommodated and as a result, the eye is pushed forward into a protruded position. In some patients, this is very pronounced. Orbitial decompression involves removing some bone from the eye socket to open up one or more sinuses and so make space for the swollen tissue and allowing the eye to move back into normal position.

Other oculoplastic surgery

[edit]

Surgery involving the lacrimal apparatus

[edit]

Eye removal

[edit]
"Exenteration" redirects here. Not to be confused with Pelvic exenteration.
  • An enucleation is the removal of the eye leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.[37]
  • An evisceration is the removal of the eye's contents, leaving the scleral shell intact. Usually performed to reduce pain in a blind eye.[38]
  • An exenteration is the removal of the entire orbital contents, including the eye, extraocular muscles, fat, and connective tissues; usually for malignant orbital tumors.[39]

Other surgery

[edit]

Many of these described procedures are historical and are not recommended due to a risk of complications. Particularly, these include operations done on ciliary body in an attempt to control glaucoma, since highly safer surgeries for glaucoma, including lasers, nonpenetrating surgery, guarded filtration surgery, and seton valve implants have been invented.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ophthalmologic Surgery – procedure, recovery, blood, pain, complications, time, infection, medication". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  2. ^ "The History of Ophthalmology".
  3. ^ Maguire, Stephen. "Laser Eye Surgery". The Irish Times.
  4. ^ "Laser Eye Surgery Suitability". Optical Express. Archived from the original on 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  5. ^ "Laser procedure can turn brown eyes blue", Peter Shadbolt. CNN. March 6, 2015. Retrieved 5 feb 2017
  6. ^ "New technique changing eyes from brown to blue sparks debate", Chencheng Zhao. Medill Reports Chicago, Northwestern University. March 8, 2016. Retrieved 5 feb 2017
  7. ^ eye surgery, laser surgery (January 2021). "laser". clearviewinstitute. jimmy.
  8. ^ Uhr Barry W (2003). "History of ophthalmology at Baylor University Medical Center". Hi Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 16 (4): 435–438. doi:10.1080/08998280.2003.11927941. PMC 1214563. PMID 16278761.
  9. ^ "Video Journal of Ophthalmology - Streaming Video". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  10. ^ "Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery". www.jcrsjournal.org.
  11. ^ "Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery". www.jcrsjournal.org.
  12. ^ Lewis, Richard A.; Wolff, Kurt von; Tetz, Manfred; Koerber, Norbert; Kearney, John R.; Shingleton, Bradford J.; Samuelson, Thomas W. (1 May 2009). "Canaloplasty: Circumferential viscodilation and tensioning of Schlemm canal using a flexible microcatheter for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma in adults". Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. 35 (5): 814–824. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.01.010. PMID 19393879. S2CID 25587904 – via www.jcrsjournal.org.
  13. ^ a b "Laser In-Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) – procedure, recovery, pain, complications, time, infection, medication, prep". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  14. ^ "Photorefractive Keratectomy – procedure, recovery, pain, complications, time, infection, cells, risk". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  15. ^ a b "Corneal Transplantation – procedure, recovery, blood, removal, complications, adults, time, infection". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  16. ^ "Indiana University Department of Ophthalmology – Phototherapeutic Keratectomy (PTK)". iupui.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2005-12-15.
  17. ^ "Blind Irishman sees with the aid of son's tooth in his eye - Yahoo! News". Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  18. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-11. Retrieved 2008-04-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "Surgery – Eye Color Changer". eyecolorchanger.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  20. ^ "vitrectomysurgery". iupui.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2005-12-15.
  21. ^ a b "Photocoagulation Therapy – procedure, test, blood, removal, complications, adults, time, medication". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  22. ^ Wolfensberger TJ (Dec 2003). "Jules Gonin. Pioneer of retinal detachment surgery". Indian J Ophthalmol. 51 (4): 303–8. PMID 14750617.
  23. ^ "Scleral Buckling – procedure, recovery, removal, pain, complications, time, infection, medication". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  24. ^ "Retinal Cryopexy – procedure, recovery, test, blood, pain, complications, adults, time". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  25. ^ Shields JA, Shields CL (Nov 1988). "Surgical approach to lamellar sclerouvectomy for posterior uveal melanomas: the 1986 Schoenberg lecture". Ophthalmic Surg. 19 (11): 774–80. doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19881101-04. PMID 3222038.
  26. ^ "sclerotomy". merckmedicus. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006.
  27. ^ "Eye Muscle Surgery – procedure, recovery, blood, pain, complications, adults, time, infection". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  28. ^ Pfeifer, Wanda L.; Scott, William E. (July–September 2002). "Strabismus Surgery" (PDF). INSIGHT the Journal of the American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses, Inc. XXVII (3): 73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-07-28.
  29. ^ "Eye Procedures > Adjustable Suture Strabismus Surgery - EyeMDLink.com". Archived from the original on 2005-12-27. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  30. ^ "Eyelid Surgery".
  31. ^ "Blepharoplasty – procedure, blood, removal, pain, complications, time, infection, risk". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  32. ^ JirehDesign.com. "Ectropion". stlukeseye.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Cline D; Hofstetter HW; Griffin JR. Dictionary of Visual Science. 4th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston 1997. ISBN 0-7506-9895-0
  34. ^ "Browplasty: Background, Problem, Epidemiology". 20 June 2017 – via eMedicine.
  35. ^ Indiana University Department of Ophthalmology. "Lacrimal Drainage Surgery (DCR: Dacryocystorhinostomy)." Archived 2006-03-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 18, 2006
  36. ^ Cherkunov BF, Lapshina AV (1976). "Canaliculodacryocystostomy in obstruction of medial end of the lacrimal duct". Oftalmol Zh. 31 (7): 544–8. PMID 1012635.
  37. ^ "Enucleation, Eye – procedure, recovery, removal, pain, complications, time, infection, operation". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  38. ^ a b c Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.
  39. ^ "Exenteration – procedure, recovery, blood, tube, removal, pain, complications, infection". www.surgeryencyclopedia.com.
  40. ^ a b Cvetkovic D, Blagojevic M, Dodic V (Feb 1979). "Comparative results of trepanotrabeculectomy and iridencleisis in primary glaucoma". J Fr Ophtalmol. 2 (2): 103–7. PMID 444110.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ "iridesis". merckmedicus. Archived from the original on January 23, 2008.
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