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Pleyel et Cie. ("Pleyel and Company") is a French piano manufacturing firm founded by the composer Ignace Pleyel in 1807.^[2] In 1815, Pleyel's son Camille joined him as a business partner. The firm provided pianos to Frédéric Chopin,^[3] who considered Pleyel pianos to be "non plus ultra".^[4] Pleyel et Cie. also operated a concert hall, the Salle Pleyel, where Chopin performed his first – and last – Paris concerts. Pleyel's major contribution to piano development was the first use of a metal frame in a piano. Pleyel pianos were the choice of composers such as Chopin, Debussy, Saint-Saëns, Ravel, de Falla and Stravinsky and of pianists and teachers Alfred Cortot, Philip Manuel and Gavin Williamson.^[5] Nineteenth-century musicians involved in the company's management included Joseph O'Kelly and Georges Pfeiffer.

History

Around 1815, Pleyel was the first to introduce the short, vertically strung cottage upright piano, or "pianino" to France, adapting the design made popular in Britain by Robert Wornum.^[6] Their pianos were such a success that in 1834 the company employed 250 workers and produced 1000 pianos annually.

The company's success led them to invest in experiments, resulting in the double piano in 1890, invented by Hungarian composer Emánuel Moór. Although not the first company to experiment with building two pianos into the same frame, Pleyel's instrument, patented as the "Duo-Clave", was by far the most successful and produced the largest instruments. The company manufactured a very small number of double pianos in the 1890s and continued to make them until the 1920s. CDs can be bought today of performances on some of these pianos.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the Pleyel firm produced the first chromatic harp.

In the early 20th century, performances by Wanda Landowska helped revive interest in the harpsichord.

In 1913, Pleyel built the "Jungle Piano" for use by Albert Schweitzer in his hospital in Lambaréné (French Equatorial Africa – now Gabon). It was fitted with pedal attachments (to operate like an organ pedal-keyboard) and built with tropical woods that would acclimate to conditions there.

In the early 1920s, Pierre Hans (1886-1960), an engineer with very thick fingers, commissioned Pleyel to build a piano he designed with an upper keyboard and a lower keyboard tuned a half tone apart, which became known as the Hans piano. Pleyel produced several Hans pianos, but they fell out of use after World War II.^[7]

Pleyel also pioneered the player piano with the Pleyela line of pianos. These were often small pianos of an unusual design.

Today

Pleyel continued to manufacture pianos through 2013, under the corporate auspices of the French Piano Manufacturing Company ("Manufacture Française de Pianos, Cie."). In the 1980s, the Pleyel company bought out the Erard and Gaveau piano companies which also manufactured pianos in France. The Pleyel pianos of today incorporated improvements of these companies and others. In the last two decades, the company was bought by the same family which had bought the Salle Pleyel concert hall in order to revive the name Pleyel. They built a new factory in the south of France and started making a line of newly designed and improved pianos. Then, in 2008, they decided to downsize the factory and lines of pianos. They moved the factory back to Paris and opened a new factory where they began introducing new pianos designed by famous designers. The red spruce used by Pleyel came from the Fiemme Valley in Trentino, Italy. After full assembly of a piano, the instrument received a further 30–40 hours of fine-tuning.^[8]

At the end of 2013, the company announced it would cease manufacturing pianos.^[9] In 2017, Pleyel was bought by Algam, a company based in Nantes, France. Algam has invested heavily in the brand and production of new Pleyel pianos has now recommenced making Pleyel the oldest piano company in the world which is still producing pianos.

2009 replica

In September 2009, the company produced a replica of the Pleyel piano, produced in 1830, that was used by Fryderyk Chopin. The original, which is now in the collection of the Fryderyk Chopin Institute in Warsaw, was used as the source for the plans for this replica.^[10] This replica was used in The 1st International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments in September 2018.

Recordings made with originals and replicas of Pleyel et Cie pianos

Yuan Sheng. Frederic Chopin. Ballades Nos 1-4/Impromptus Nos 1-4. Played on the 1845 Pleyel piano. Label: Piano Classics
Ronald Brautigam. Felix Mendelssohn. Piano Concertos. Played on a copy of the 1830 Pleyel piano made by Paul McNulty. Label: Bis
Janusz Olejniczak. Chopin evening around 1831 Pleyel.
Alexei Lubimov. Chopin, Bach, Mozart, Beethoven: at Chopin’s home piano. Played on the original 1843 upright Pleyel piano. Label: NIFCCD
Dina Yoffe. Fryderyk Chopin. Piano Concertos No 1 & 2. Version for one piano. Played on the 1848 Pleyel and the 1838 Erard pianos. Label: Fryderyk Chopin Institute
Viviana Sofronitsky, Sergei Istomin. Frederyk Chopin. Complete works for cello and piano. Played on a replica of the 1830 Pleyel piano made in 2010 by Paul McNulty. Label: Passacaille
Kevin Kenner. Fryderyk Chopin. 4 Impromptus. Played on the 1848 Pleyel piano. Label: Fryderyk Chopin Institute
Tomasz Ritter. Fryderyk Chopin. Sonata in B Minor, Ballade in F minor, Polonaises, Mazurkas. Karol Kurpinski. Polonaise in D minor. Played on the 1842 Pleyel piano, the 1837 Erard piano and a copy of Buchholtz piano from ca 1825-1826 made by Paul McNulty. Label: Fryderyk Chopin Institute
Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka. Frederic Chopin. 24 Preludes. Played on the 1842 Pleyel piano. Released under a Creative Commons license.

References

^ Edmond Leung's piano performance through time.
^ Benton, Rita (2001). "Pleyel family (i)". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21940. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
^ Macintyre, Ben (17 March 2007). "Chopin's true sound can be heard at last after discovery of his piano". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 19 March 2007.
^ Chopin's letters. By Chopin, Frédéric, 1810-1849; Voynich, E. L. (Ethel Lillian), 1864-1960; Opienski, Henryk, 1870-1942
^ Philip Manuel visited the plant of Pleyel, Wolff et Cie. In: Letters 1–2. 1935, S. 14.
^ Margaret Cranmer, "Pleyel (ii)", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
^ "Boeck, August de". Repertoire and Opera Explorer. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ Hundley, Tom (30 April 2008). "Grand finale: European piano-makers hear their centuries-old industry's closing notes". Chicago Tribune.
^ Beardsley, Eleanor (28 December 2013). "Chopin's Favorite Piano Factory Plays Its Final Chord". Weekend Edition Saturday. National Public Radio. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^ "I Międzynarodowy Konkurs Chopinowski na Instrumentach Historycznych". iccpi.eu. Retrieved 19 June 2021.

External links

Official Pleyel pianos website
Pleyel of Paris newsletter
Salle Pleyel, a Paris concert hall built in the late 1920s
A web site on Pleyel pianos by Stephen Birkett of the University of Waterloo; includes pictures of Pleyel and of historical Pleyel pianos
Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2001 s.v., Pleyel (ii), pp. 923–924
Pictures of several Pleyel pianos
History of Pleyel and their pianos with many pictures and details
International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments website
Rachel Donadio, "Storied French Piano Manufacturer to Close". New York Times "ArtsBeat" blog, 14 November 2013
Pleyel Pianos – The Piano in Polish Collections
Chopin's last piano (Pleyel 14810)
Documents and clippings about Pleyel et Cie in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Official McNulty pianos website link to Pleyel 1830 copy by Paul McNulty built for Chopin Institute Warsaw
Pleyel replica to make its concert debut
Fryderyk Chopin Institute website

[:0-1] Edmond Leung's piano performance through time.

[2] Benton, Rita (2001). "Pleyel family (i)". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21940. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 19 June 2021.

[3] Macintyre, Ben (17 March 2007). "Chopin's true sound can be heard at last after discovery of his piano". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 19 March 2007.

[4] Chopin's letters. By Chopin, Frédéric, 1810-1849; Voynich, E. L. (Ethel Lillian), 1864-1960; Opienski, Henryk, 1870-1942

[5] Philip Manuel visited the plant of Pleyel, Wolff et Cie. In: Letters 1–2. 1935, S. 14.

[6] Margaret Cranmer, "Pleyel (ii)", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).

[7] "Boeck, August de". Repertoire and Opera Explorer. Retrieved 11 March 2023.

[8] Hundley, Tom (30 April 2008). "Grand finale: European piano-makers hear their centuries-old industry's closing notes". Chicago Tribune.

[9] Beardsley, Eleanor (28 December 2013). "Chopin's Favorite Piano Factory Plays Its Final Chord". Weekend Edition Saturday. National Public Radio. Retrieved 14 December 2014.

[10] "I Międzynarodowy Konkurs Chopinowski na Instrumentach Historycznych". iccpi.eu. Retrieved 19 June 2021.

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-{{short description|French piano manufacturer}}
+{{Short description|French piano manufacturer}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
 [[File:Valldemossa 028.JPG|thumb|Chopin's Pleyel piano in Cell No. 4 in [[Valldemossa Charterhouse]] in [[Majorca]], one of only two in the world.<ref name=":0">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDhmUiWs1Xc&start=13:28&end=42:42 Edmond Leung's piano performance through time.]</ref>]]
 [[File:Chopin Museum in Warsaw 03.JPG|thumb|Chopin's last piano made by the Pleyel company (no 14810) displayed in the [[Fryderyk Chopin Museum]] in [[Warsaw]]; Chopin played and composed on this instrument in 1848–49]]
-'''''Pleyel et Cie''''' ("Pleyel and Company") was a French piano manufacturing firm founded by the composer [[Ignace Pleyel]] in 1807. In 1815, Pleyel's son [[Camille Pleyel|Camille]] joined him as a business partner. The firm provided pianos to [[Frédéric Chopin]],<ref>{{cite news | first=Ben | last=Macintyre | author-link=Ben Macintyre | date=17 March 2007 | title=Chopin's true sound can be heard at last after discovery of his piano | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article1527757.ece |location=London |work=The Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319190748/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article1527757.ece | archive-date=19 March 2007}}</ref> and also ran a concert hall, the [[Salle Pleyel]], where Chopin performed his first – and last – Paris concerts. Pleyel's major contribution to piano development was the first use of a metal frame in a piano. Pleyel pianos were the choice of composers such as [[Debussy]], [[Saint-Saëns]], [[Ravel]], [[de Falla]] and [[Stravinsky]] and of pianists and teachers [[Alfred Cortot]], [[Philip Manuel]] and [[Gavin Williamson (harpsichordist)|Gavin Williamson]].<ref name="Time2">{{Cite journal |year = 1935 |title = Letters, Volumes 41–42 |url = https://www.google.cz/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22Philip+Manuel%22++Pleyel&gws_rd=ssl#hl=en&q=%22visited+the+plant+of+Pleyel%2C+Wolff+et+Cie.%22&tbm=bks |location = Washington, DC. |publisher = Time Inc. |oclc=9467134}}</ref> Nineteenth-century musicians involved in the company's management included [[Joseph O'Kelly]] and [[Georges Pfeiffer]].
+'''Pleyel et Cie.''' ("Pleyel and Company") is a French piano manufacturing firm founded by the composer [[Ignace Pleyel]] in 1807.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pleyel family (i)|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000021940|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Grove Music Online|year=2001 |language=en|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21940|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |last1=Benton |first1=Rita }}</ref> In 1815, Pleyel's son [[Camille Pleyel|Camille]] joined him as a business partner. The firm provided pianos to [[Frédéric Chopin]],<ref>{{cite news | first=Ben | last=Macintyre | author-link=Ben Macintyre | date=17 March 2007 | title=Chopin's true sound can be heard at last after discovery of his piano | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article1527757.ece |location=London |work=The Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319190748/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article1527757.ece | archive-date=19 March 2007}}</ref> who considered Pleyel pianos to be "non plus ultra".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/chopinsletters00chop/page/158/mode/2up?q=non+plus+ultra Chopin's letters]. By Chopin, Frédéric, 1810-1849; Voynich, E. L. (Ethel Lillian), 1864-1960; Opienski, Henryk, 1870-1942</ref> Pleyel et Cie. also operated a concert hall, the [[Salle Pleyel]], where Chopin performed his first – and last – Paris concerts. Pleyel's major contribution to piano development was the first use of a metal frame in a piano. Pleyel pianos were the choice of composers such as [[Chopin]], [[Debussy]], [[Saint-Saëns]], [[Ravel]], [[de Falla]] and [[Stravinsky]] and of pianists and teachers [[Alfred Cortot]], [[Philip Manuel]] and [[Gavin Williamson (harpsichordist)|Gavin Williamson]].<ref>''Philip Manuel visited the plant of Pleyel, Wolff et Cie.'' In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=DznZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Philip+Manuel%22++Pleyel ''Letters'' 1–2. 1935, S. 14].</ref> Nineteenth-century musicians involved in the company's management included [[Joseph O'Kelly]] and [[Georges Pfeiffer]].
 ==History==
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 The company's success led them to invest in experiments, resulting in the double piano in 1890, invented by Hungarian composer [[Emánuel Moór]]. Although not the first company to experiment with building two pianos into the same frame, Pleyel's instrument, patented as the "Duo-Clave", was by far the most successful and produced the largest instruments. The company manufactured a very small number of double pianos in the 1890s and continued to make them until the 1920s. CDs can be bought today of performances on some of these pianos.
+Towards the end of the 19th century, the Pleyel firm produced the first [[cross-strung harp|chromatic harp]].
+In the early 20th century, performances by [[Wanda Landowska]] helped revive interest in the [[harpsichord]].
 In 1913, Pleyel built the "Jungle Piano" for use by [[Albert Schweitzer]] in his hospital in Lambaréné (French Equatorial Africa – now [[Gabon]]). It was fitted with pedal attachments (to operate like an organ pedal-keyboard) and built with tropical woods that would acclimate to conditions there.
+In the early 1920s, Pierre Hans (1886-1960), an engineer with very thick fingers, commissioned Pleyel to build a piano he designed with an upper keyboard and a lower keyboard tuned a half tone apart, which became known as the Hans piano. Pleyel produced several Hans pianos, but they fell out of use after World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boeck, August de |url=https://repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de/en/product/boeck-august-de-6/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Repertoire and Opera Explorer |language=en-US}}</ref>
-Towards the end of the 19th century, the Pleyel firm produced the first [[cross-strung harp|chromatic harp]]. In the early 20th century, at the behest of [[Wanda Landowska]], it helped to revive the [[harpsichord]].
 Pleyel also pioneered the [[player piano]] with the Pleyela line of pianos. These were often small pianos of an unusual design.
 ==Today==
-Pleyel continued to manufacture pianos through 2013, under the corporate auspices of the [http://www.pleyel.fr/ Manufacture Française de Pianos company]. In the 1980s, the Pleyel company bought out the [[Sébastien Érard|Erard]] and [[Gaveau]] piano companies which also manufactured pianos in France. The Pleyel pianos of today incorporated improvements of these companies and others. In the last two decades, Pleyel Piano was bought by the same family which had bought the Salle Pleyel concert hall in order to revive the name and quality of Pleyel pianos. They built a new factory in the south of France and started making a line of newly designed and improved pianos. Then, in 2008, they decided to downsize the factory and lines of pianos. They moved the factory back to Paris and opened a new factory where they began introducing new pianos designed by famous designers. The [[red spruce]] used by Pleyel comes from the [[Val di Fiemme|Fiemme Valley]] in [[Trentino]], Italy. After full assembly of a piano, the instrument receives a further 30–40 hours of fine-tuning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grand finale: European piano-makers hear their centuries-old industry’s closing notes |first=Tom |last=Hundley |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=30 April 2008 |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/apr/30/business/chi-piano-0430apr30}}</ref>
+Pleyel continued to manufacture pianos through 2013, under the corporate auspices of the French Piano Manufacturing Company ("''Manufacture Française de Pianos, Cie.''"). In the 1980s, the Pleyel company bought out the [[Sébastien Érard|Erard]] and [[Gaveau]] piano companies which also manufactured pianos in France. The Pleyel pianos of today incorporated improvements of these companies and others. In the last two decades, the company was bought by the same family which had bought the Salle Pleyel concert hall in order to revive the name Pleyel. They built a new factory in the south of France and started making a line of newly designed and improved pianos. Then, in 2008, they decided to downsize the factory and lines of pianos. They moved the factory back to Paris and opened a new factory where they began introducing new pianos designed by famous designers. The [[red spruce]] used by Pleyel came from the [[Val di Fiemme|Fiemme Valley]] in [[Trentino]], Italy. After full assembly of a piano, the instrument received a further 30–40 hours of fine-tuning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grand finale: European piano-makers hear their centuries-old industry's closing notes |first=Tom |last=Hundley |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=30 April 2008 |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2008/apr/30/business/chi-piano-0430apr30}}</ref>
+At the end of 2013, the company announced it would cease manufacturing pianos.<ref>{{cite news | last=Beardsley | first=Eleanor | author-link=Eleanor Beardsley | date=28 December 2013 | title=Chopin's Favorite Piano Factory Plays Its Final Chord | url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2013/12/28/257581367/chopins-favorite-piano-factory-plays-its-final-chord | work=Weekend Edition Saturday | publisher=National Public Radio | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> In 2017, Pleyel was bought by Algam, a company based in Nantes, France. Algam has invested heavily in the brand and production of new Pleyel pianos has now recommenced making Pleyel the oldest piano company in the world which is still producing pianos.
-In 2010 fortepiano maker [[Paul McNulty (piano maker)|Paul McNulty]] made the first in modern time copy of Pleyel 1830 (original in Paris Museum of Music), now at the [[Fryderyk Chopin Institute]] being used for International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments, as well as for concerts and recordings
+==2009 replica==
-At the end of 2013, the company announced it would cease manufacturing pianos in France.<ref>{{cite news | last=Beardsley | first=Eleanor | author-link=Eleanor Beardsley | date=28 December 2013 | title=Chopin's Favorite Piano Factory Plays Its Final Chord | url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2013/12/28/257581367/chopins-favorite-piano-factory-plays-its-final-chord | work=Weekend Edition Saturday | publisher=National Public Radio | access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
+In September 2009, the company produced a replica of the Pleyel piano, produced in 1830, that was used by [[Fryderyk Chopin]]. The original, which is now in the collection of the Fryderyk [[Fryderyk Chopin Institute|Chopin Institute]] in [[Warsaw]], was used as the source for the plans for this replica.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I Międzynarodowy Konkurs Chopinowski na Instrumentach Historycznych|url=http://iccpi.eu/en/pianos/others|access-date=2021-06-19|website=iccpi.eu|language=en}}</ref> This replica was used in [[The 1st International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments]] in September 2018.
+== Recordings made with originals and replicas of Pleyel et Cie pianos ==
-In September 2018 [[Paul McNulty (piano maker)|Paul McNulty's]] fortepiano  Pleyel 1830 was used in [http://iccpi.eu/en//The 1st International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments] (run by [[Fryderyk Chopin Institute]])
+* Yuan Sheng. Frederic Chopin. ''Ballades Nos 1-4/Impromptus Nos 1-4''. Played on the 1845 Pleyel piano. Label: Piano Classics
+* [[Ronald Brautigam]]. Felix Mendelssohn. ''Piano Concertos.'' Played on a copy of the 1830 Pleyel piano made by [[Paul McNulty (piano maker)|Paul McNulty]]. Label: Bis
+* [[Janusz Olejniczak]]. Chopin evening around 1831 Pleyel.
+* [[Alexei Lubimov]]. Chopin, Bach, Mozart, Beethoven: ''at Chopin’s home piano''.  Played on the original 1843 upright Pleyel piano. Label: NIFCCD
+* [[Dina Joffe|Dina Yoffe]]. Fryderyk Chopin. ''Piano Concertos No 1 & 2. Version for one piano.'' Played on the 1848 Pleyel and the 1838 [[Sébastien Érard|Erard]] pianos. Label: Fryderyk Chopin Institute
+* [[Viviana Sofronitsky]], [[Sergei Istomin]]. Frederyk Chopin. ''Complete works for cello and piano''. Played on a replica of the 1830 Pleyel piano made in 2010 by Paul McNulty. Label: Passacaille
+* [[Kevin Kenner]]. Fryderyk Chopin. ''4 Impromptus''. Played on the 1848 Pleyel piano. Label: Fryderyk Chopin Institute
+* Tomasz Ritter. Fryderyk Chopin. ''Sonata in B Minor, Ballade in F minor, Polonaises, Mazurkas''. Karol Kurpinski. ''Polonaise in D minor.'' Played on the 1842 Pleyel piano, the 1837 Erard piano and a copy of [[Fryderyk Buchholtz|Buchholtz]] piano from ca 1825-1826 made by Paul McNulty. Label: Fryderyk Chopin Institute
+* [[Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka]]. Frederic Chopin. ''24 Preludes''. Played on the 1842 Pleyel piano. Released under a [[Creative Commons]] license.
+==See also==
+* [[Auguste Wolff]], company head from 1855 to 1887
 ==References==
-{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
+{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 ==External links==
-* [http://www.pleyel.fr/ Official Pleyel pianos website]
+* [https://www.pleyel.com/ Official Pleyel pianos website]
 * [http://www.pleyel.fr/actualite.php Pleyel of Paris newsletter]
 * [http://www.sallepleyel.fr/ Salle Pleyel], a Paris concert hall built in the late 1920s
@@ Line 42: / Line 60: @@
 * [http://www.fortepian.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/pianos/show/piano/10 Chopin's last piano (Pleyel 14810)]
 * {{PM20|FID=co/072026|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}
-* [https://www.fortepiano.eu/pleyel-1830/ Official McNulty pianos website] link to Pleyel 1830 copy by Paul McNulty built for Chopin Institute Warsaw
+* [https://www.fortepiano.eu/pleyel-fortepiano/ Official McNulty pianos website] link to Pleyel 1830 copy by Paul McNulty built for Chopin Institute Warsaw
 * [https://nifc.pl/en/home/aktualnosci/music/19/ Pleyel replica to make its concert debut]
 * [https://en.chopin.nifc.pl/institute/events/news/id/4323/The Fryderyk Chopin Institute website]
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Piano manufacturing companies]]
 [[Category:Musical instrument manufacturing companies of France]]
+[[Category:French companies established in 1807]]

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