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| name = Romanian repeating rifle model 1893
| name = Romanian repeating rifle model 1893
| image = Mannlicher M1893.jpg
| image = Mannlicher M1893.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_size = 350
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Rifle and carbine variants.
| caption = Rifle and carbine variants.
| origin = [[Austria-Hungary]]<br />[[Kingdom of Romania]]
| origin = [[Austria-Hungary]]<br>[[Romania]]
| type = [[Bolt-action]] [[rifle]]
| type = [[Bolt-action]] [[rifle]]
<!-- Type selection -->
<!-- Type selection -->
| is_ranged = yes
| is_ranged = yes
<!-- Service history -->
<!-- Service history -->
| service = 1893–1945
| service = 1893–1945(?)
| used_by = See ''[[#Users|Users]]''
| used_by = [[Kingdom of Romania]]<br />[[Kingdom of Portugal]]<br />[[Austria-Hungary]]<br />[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]<br />[[Czechoslovakia]]<br />[[Nazi Germany]]
| wars = [[Second Balkan War]]<br />[[World War I]]<br />[[Hungarian–Romanian War]]<br />[[Spanish Civil War]]<br />[[World War II]]
| wars = [[1907 Romanian peasants' revolt]]<br />[[Macedonian Struggle]]<br />[[Second Balkan War]]<br />[[World War I]]<br />[[Hungarian–Romanian War]]<br />[[Spanish Civil War]]<br />[[World War II]]
<!-- Production history -->
<!-- Production history -->
| designer = [[Otto Schönauer]], [[Ferdinand Mannlicher]]
| designer = [[Otto Schönauer]], [[Ferdinand Mannlicher]]
| design_date = 1892
| design_date = 1892
| manufacturer = [[Steyr-Mannlicher|Steyr]]
| manufacturer = [[Steyr Arms|ŒWG]]
| production_date = 1893–1914
| production_date = 1893–1914
| number = 195,000
| number = over 500,000
| variants = M1893 Carbine
| variants = M1893 Carbine, M1904 rifle
<!-- General specifications -->
<!-- General specifications -->
| spec_label =
| spec_label =
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| part_length = {{convert|725|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|450|mm|in|abbr=on}} Carbine
| part_length = {{convert|725|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|450|mm|in|abbr=on}} Carbine
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge = [[6.5×53mmR]]<br />[[8×50mmR Mannlicher]]<br />[[.22 Long Rifle]] (1946 trainers)
| cartridge = [[6.5×53mmR]]<br />[[8×50mmR Mannlicher]]<br />[[7.92×57mm Mauser]] (M1904 variant)<br />[[.22 Long Rifle]] (1946 trainers)
| action = Turning [[bolt-action]]
| action = Turning [[bolt-action]]
| rate =
| rate =
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| sights =
| sights =
}}
}}
The '''Mannlicher M1893''' (or M93) is a [[bolt-action]] rifle that was the standard [[service rifle]] of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] from 1893 to 1938.<ref name=hungariae.com>{{cite web| url=http://hungariae.com/Mann93.htm |title=Romanian Mannlicher M1893 Infantry Rifle |last= |first= |date=8 Dec 2011 |website=hungariae.com |publisher=Manowar |access-date=15 Feb 2015}}</ref> The rifle and its 1892 predecessor were the first repeating rifles to be widely issued in the Romanian military.<ref name="Fitzsimons1978">{{cite book|author=Bernard Fitzsimons|title=The Illustrated encyclopedia of 20th century weapons and warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpg8AAAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Columbia House|page=1828}}</ref> It was later replaced by the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]]-designed [[Vz. 24]] as the standard service rifle.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
The '''Mannlicher M1893''' (or M93) is a [[bolt-action]] rifle that was the standard [[service rifle]] of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] from 1893 to 1938.<ref name=hungariae.com>{{cite web| url=http://hungariae.com/Mann93.htm |title=Romanian Mannlicher M1893 Infantry Rifle |last= |first= |date=8 Dec 2011 |website=hungariae.com |publisher=Manowar |access-date=15 Feb 2015}}</ref> The rifle and its 1892 predecessor were the first repeating rifles to be widely issued in the Romanian military.<ref name="Fitzsimons1978">{{cite book|author=Bernard Fitzsimons|title=The Illustrated encyclopedia of 20th century weapons and warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpg8AAAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Columbia House|page=1828}}</ref> It was later replaced by the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]]-designed [[Vz. 24]] as the standard service rifle.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Robert W. D.|title=Mauser Military Rifles of the World|year=2011|location=Iola|publisher=Gun Digest Books|isbn=9781440228926|page=304}}</ref>


==Development==
==Development==
[[File:Mannlicher M93 bolt.jpg|thumb|left|Mannlicher M1893 bolt]]
[[File:Mannlicher M93 bolt.jpg|thumb|left|Mannlicher M1893 bolt|class=notpageimage]]
⚫
Around the year 1890 the Romanian military started its search for a small bore, [[smokeless powder]] firearm to replace the [[breech-loading]] [[single-shot]] [[Martini–Henry#Turkish, Romanian, and Boer Republics Peabody–Martini–Henry rifles|Martini–Henry M1879]]. They turned to the nearby [[Steyr Mannlicher|Österreichische Waffenfabriksgesellschaft]] (ŒWG) in [[Steyr]], [[Austria-Hungary]] where then-factory manager Otto Schönauer was modifying the German [[Gewehr 1888]] rifle, the license on which ŒWG got as a compensation for [[patent infringement]] by the Komissiongewehr's designers on Ferdinand Mannlicher's ''[[en-bloc clip]]'' feeding system. After Mannlicher and Schönauer removed all the obvious defects of the G88 caused by its hasty design (mainly fixed the double feeding problem by modifying bolt head geometry) and adapted the German modernization of the clip allowing the latter to be fed into the rifle regardless of whether the clip was turned up or down for a rimmed round, the Model 1892 rifle was ready for testing by the [[Romanian Land Forces|Romanian Army]]. A number of 8,000 rifles were ordered between 1891 and 1892.<ref name="armtrade">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KN-oJ_5Gy7UC&pg=PA29|title=Girding for Battle: The Arms Trade in a Global Perspective, 1815-1940|last1=Stocker|first2=Donald J.|last2=Grant|first1=Jonathan A.|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|date=2003|page=29-30|isbn=9780275973391 }}</ref> After some minor improvements, the final variant, the M1893, chambered for the [[6.5x53R]] round also called the "6.5x53.5mmR Romanian", was put into production. Compared to the M1892 model, the M1893 had an additional stacking rod, reinforcing ribs on the lower part of the magazine housing, and a safety feature was added to the [[Bolt (firearms)|bolt]] so it could not be re-inserted if assembled improperly.<ref name="rifles">{{cite book|author=John Walter|title=Rifles of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/riflesofworld0000walt/mode/2up|date=1998|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=0873492021|page=276-277}}</ref> Unlike the Austrian-issue [[Mannlicher M1895]] [[straight-pull]] bolt-action rifle, the Romanian rifle had a conventional turn-bolt.<ref name="Tucker2013">{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0FdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA596|date=16 December 2013|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-135-50701-5|pages=596–}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Ca 20140814 (14733423659).jpg|thumb|left|Romanian soldier with the M93 and its bayonet]]
⚫
Around the year 1890 the Romanian military started its search for a small bore, [[smokeless powder]] firearm to replace the [[breech-loading]] [[single-shot]] [[Martini–Henry#Turkish, Romanian, and Boer Republics Peabody–Martini–Henry rifles|Peabody–Martini–Henry M1879]]. They turned to the nearby [[Steyr Mannlicher|Österreichische Waffenfabriksgesellschaft]] in [[Steyr]], [[Austria-Hungary]] where then-factory manager Otto Schönauer was modifying the German [[Gewehr 1888]] rifle, the license on which ÖWG got as a compensation for [[patent infringement]] by the Komissiongewehr's designers on Ferdinand Mannlicher's ''[[en-bloc clip]]'' feeding system. After Mannlicher and Schönauer removed all the obvious defects of the G88 caused by its hasty design (mainly fixed the double feeding problem by modifying bolt head geometry) and adapted the German modernization of the clip allowing the latter to be fed into the rifle regardless of whether the clip was turned up or down for a rimmed round, the Model 1892 rifle was ready for testing by the [[Romanian Land Forces|Romanian Army]]. After some minor improvements, the final variant, the M1893, chambered for the [[6.5x53R]] round also called the "6.5x53.5mmR Romanian", was put into production. Unlike the Austrian-issue [[Mannlicher M1895]] [[straight-pull]] bolt-action rifle, the Romanian rifle had a conventional turn-bolt.<ref name="Tucker2013">{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0FdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA596|date=16 December 2013|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-135-50701-5|pages=596–}}</ref>


The rifle's adoption caused some controversy, as despite the weapon's approval by [[King of Romania|King]] [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]], General [[Constantin Budișteanu]] derided the Austrian rifle as ''un baston'' ("a walking stick"), and the rifle's bore, smaller than the usual Mannlicher product, caused difficulties in finding compatible gunpowder.<ref name="Grant2007">{{cite book|author=Jonathan A. Grant|title=Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l03qgaNVU3oC&pg=PA112|year=2007|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-02442-7|pages=112–}}</ref>
The rifle's adoption caused some controversy, as despite the weapon's approval by [[King of Romania|King]] [[Carol I of Romania|Carol I]], General [[Constantin Budișteanu]] derided the Austrian rifle as ''un baton'' ("a stick") that required improvements. The rifle's bore, smaller than the usual Mannlicher product, also caused difficulties in finding compatible gunpowder.<ref name="Grant2007">{{cite book|author=Jonathan A. Grant|title=Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l03qgaNVU3oC&pg=PA112|year=2007|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-02442-7|pages=112–}}</ref>


A carbine variant was also introduced, it was {{convert|98|cm|in}} long and featured a bent bolt handle. It was used by cavalry and artillery units.
A carbine variant was also introduced, it was {{convert|98|cm|in}} long and featured a bent bolt handle. It was used by cavalry and artillery units.<ref name="hungariae.com"/> Unlike the rifles, the carbines could not mount [[bayonet]]s. This forced the [[Roșiori (military unit)|cavalry units]] fighting on foot to use their lances in [[melee combat]] during the [[Romania in World War I|1916 campaign]]. A bayonet was eventually added to 20,000 carbines after an invention by cavalry Captain Botez.{{sfn|Scafeș|2013|p=73}}


==History==
==History==
Deliveries started in 1893, and by 1907 more than 100,000 rifles were in service.<ref name="Grant2007"/><ref name="armtrade"/> After the end of the [[Second Balkan War]], Romania ordered 200,000 more rifles, however, only about 100,000 of these were delivered due to the start of the [[First World War]].{{sfn|Scafeș|2013|pp=65-66}} Rifles which were not delivered entered service with the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]. The assembled rifles in the original caliber were designated as "''6.5mm M.93 Rumänisches Repetier Gewehr''". Unassembled rifles were modified to accommodate the [[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] cartridge and issued to [[Austrian Landwehr]] units.<ref name=hungariae.com /> When Romania entered the war in 1916, around 373,000 rifles and 60,000 carbines were in service with the [[Romanian Army]].<ref name="documente">{{cite book|title=România în războiul mondial : 1916-1919|url=http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/142287|language=ro|author=Ministerul Apărării Naționale Marele Stat Major Serviciul istoric|date=1934|volume=I|chapter=Documente–Anexe|pages=41, 45}}</ref> These were distributed to the [[infantry]] and ''[[Vânători (military unit)|Vânători]]'' regiments, while carbines were issued to [[cavalry]], [[Bicycle infantry|cyclist]]s and ''Vânători'' units.{{sfn|Scafeș|2013|p=88}} Many rifles were destroyed or captured during the Romanian campaign. At the end of the war, only 82,000 rifles were still in service with Romania.<ref name="documente"/>
⚫
Around 195,000 of these rifles were manufactured in total. Some 120,000 rifles and 14,000 carbines were delivered to Romania up to 1914. Remaining assembled rifles were issued to units of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] at the start of [[World War I]] in the original caliber. Unassembled rifles were modified to accommodate the [[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] cartridge and issued to Austo-Hungarian troops. In the First World War many were also captured during the [[Romania during World War I|Romanian Campaign]] and used in the original caliber.<ref name=hungariae.com /> The Romanian Mannlicher also saw some service in the [[Spanish Civil War]] by [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Spanish Republicans]] and captured by the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalists]]. It is unknown how these rifles were obtained.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Rifles of the Spanish Republic, 1936-1939 – Surplused |url=https://surplused.com/index.php/2020/06/15/foreign-rifles-of-the-spanish-republic-1936-1939/ |accessdate=29 June 2020}}</ref>


⚫
Following the war, 8mm M93 rifles were given as war reparations to [[Czechoslovakia]] and [[Yugoslavia]]. The Yugoslav rifles, designated as "''Puška 8mm M93''", were captured by the [[Nazi Germany|Germans]] in [[World War II]]. The Germans referred to these rifles as "''8mm Puschka M93/30 Rumänisches''".<ref name="hungariae.com"/> The Romanian Mannlicher also saw some service in the [[Spanish Civil War]] by [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Spanish Republicans]] and captured by the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalists]]. It is unknown how these rifles were obtained.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Rifles of the Spanish Republic, 1936-1939 – Surplused |url=https://surplused.com/index.php/2020/06/15/foreign-rifles-of-the-spanish-republic-1936-1939/ |accessdate=29 June 2020}}</ref>
⚫
==Portuguese-M1896 Mannlicher==

⚫
The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] bought about 12,500 6.5mm Mannlicher rifles and carbines from [[Steyr-Mannlicher|Steyr]], some in 1896, for the Navy and Cavalry, and the remainder in 1898 for the Artillery. These rifles carry "CI" crests for [[Carlos I of Portugal|''C''arlos ''I'' of Portugal]]. The 6.5x53R cartridges were first imported from Georg Roth and later made in Portugal.<ref name="iaaforum.org">{{Cite web|url=http://iaaforum.org/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=8528|title=Portuguese 6.5 m/96 cartridges for the Mannlicher rifle|date=25 April 2010}}</ref>
⚫
==Portuguese Mannlicher M1896==
⚫
The [[Kingdom of Portugal]] bought about 12,500 6.5mm Mannlicher rifles and carbines from [[Steyr-Mannlicher|Steyr]], some in 1896, for the Navy and Cavalry, and the remainder in 1898 for the Artillery. These rifles carry the "CI" monogram of [[Carlos I of Portugal|''C''arlos ''I'' of Portugal]]. The 6.5x53R cartridges were first imported from Georg Roth and later made in Portugal.<ref name="iaaforum.org">{{Cite web|url=http://iaaforum.org/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=8528|title=Portuguese 6.5 m/96 cartridges for the Mannlicher rifle|date=25 April 2010}}</ref>


In 1946 a few hundred of the Portuguese Mannlichers were adapted to fire the [[.22 Long Rifle|5.6mm calibre (.22 Rimfire)]], for training.<ref name="iaaforum.org"/>
In 1946 a few hundred of the Portuguese Mannlichers were adapted to fire the [[.22 Long Rifle|5.6mm calibre (.22 Rimfire)]], for training.<ref name="iaaforum.org"/>


==Mannlicher M1904 Export==
⚫
==Ammunition==
[[File:Mannlicher M1904.png|thumb|An early advertisement for the 1904 rifle in several languages]]
Sport and recreational shooters can still enjoy their Romanian surplus rifles.
In 1904, ŒWG would slightly modify the original M1893 design, primarily by rechambering it to the [[7.92×57mm Mauser|7.9×57J]] [[rimless cartridge]] (using the same clip as the original [[Gewehr 1888]] rifle) and offering it for sale. Two buyers would be interested: the [[Ulster Volunteers|Ulster Volunteer Force]], and the [[Military history of China before 1911|Chinese Army]], who used the M1904 in their [[Hanyang 88]] design.<ref name="m1904"/> The Irish would purchase around 11,000,<ref>{{cite book|last=Bardon|first=Jonathan|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofulster00jona|title=A History of Ulster|publisher=The Black Staff Press|date=2005|isbn=0-85640-764-X|page=444}}</ref> these Irish rifles looked very similar to the Romanian M1893, but were manufactured using leftover parts from the M1892. Some of these rifles would end up in British stocks when some of the Ulster members, wanting to join the [[British Army]], would turn in their rifles.<ref name="m1904">{{cite web|url=https://www.gunboards.com/threads/steyr-1904-mannlicher-irish-mannlicher.45346/#post-343515|title=Steyr M1904 Export Mannlicher|date=19 May 2008|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref> A few would also be obtained by the Austro-Hungarian army in the beginning of World War I, as most firearms not yet delivered would be seized at the start of the war.<ref name="Mann04">{{cite web| url=http://www.hungariae.com/Mann04.htm |title=Mannlicher Repeating Rifle Model 1904 Contract|website=hungariae.com |publisher=Manowar |access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>


⚫
==Ammunition==
⚫
[[File:Ca 20140814 (14733423659).jpg|thumb|Romanian [[Gendarmerie (Romania)|gendarme]] or prison guard with the M93 and its bayonet|class=notpageimage]]
'''6.5×53mmR:'''
'''6.5×53mmR:'''
The [[6.5×53mmR]] ammunition for the Romanian rifles was provided at first by Georg Roth, and Keller & Co.<ref name="6.5">{{cite web|url=https://forum.cartridgecollectors.org/t/6-5x53-5r-romanian-mannlicher-1892-1893/23054|title=6.5x53.5R Romanian Mannlicher 1892 & 1893|date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Local production was also carried out at ''[[Pirotehnia Armatei]]'', with a production rate of 200,000 cartridges per day registered in 1914.<ref>{{cite book|title=România în războiul mondial : 1916-1919|url=http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/142287|language=ro|author=Ministerul Apărării Naționale Marele Stat Major Serviciul istoric|date=1934|volume=I|chapter=I–VIII|pages=51}}</ref> Later, ammunition was also purchased from [[Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken|DWM]], [[Manfréd Weiss Steel and Metal Works|Manfréd Weiss]] and ''[[Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik|Hirtenberger Patronen]]''. During the First World War, factories from France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States also provided ammunition.<ref name="6.5"/>
⚫
[[6.5×53mmR]] caliber surplus WW2 and earlier ammunition is still available, but these are primarily corrosive in nature and rifles will require a thorough cleaning to reduce the development of rust. Due to very close dimensional relationships, [[Centerfire ammunition|boxer-primed]] cartridge cases can be made by resizing and trimming [[.303 British]]<ref>https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-ii/tabiical-en-page74.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> or [[.30-40 Krag]] (.30-40 US)<ref>https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-ii/30-40-krag-en.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> brass, and [[Fire forming]] the resulting altered brass cases in the [[6.5x53R]] chamber. Alteration of the original chamber by re-chambering with a 6.5x57R<ref name="bobp.cip-bobp.org">https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-ii/tabiical-en-page15.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> chamber reamer has also been done, but the overall length of the original 6.5x53mmR Romanian cartridge has to be maintained by seating the projectile more deeply in order to fit the original magazine. It would also be a best practice to retain the upper '''C.I.P.''' 6.5x57mmR<ref name="bobp.cip-bobp.org"/> pressure limit of 3300 Bar to reduce any additional stress on these 80 to 125 year old rifles.

⚫
World War 2-era [[6.5×53mmR]] caliber surplus and earlier ammunition is still available, but these are primarily corrosive in nature and rifles will require a thorough cleaning to reduce the development of rust. Due to very close dimensional relationships, [[Centerfire ammunition|boxer-primed]] cartridge cases can be made by resizing and trimming [[.303 British]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-ii/tabiical-en-page74.pdf|title=303 British}}</ref> or [[.30-40 Krag]] (.30-40 US)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-ii/30-40-krag-en.pdf|title=30-40 Krag}}</ref> brass, and [[Fire forming]] the resulting altered brass cases in the [[6.5x53R]] chamber. Alteration of the original chamber by re-chambering with a 6.5x57R<ref name="bobp.cip-bobp.org">{{cite web|url=https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-ii/tabiical-en-page15.pdf|title=6,5 x 57 R}}</ref> chamber reamer has also been done, but the overall length of the original 6.5x53mmR Romanian cartridge has to be maintained by seating the projectile more deeply in order to fit the original magazine. It would also be a best practice to retain the upper '''C.I.P.''' 6.5x57mmR<ref name="bobp.cip-bobp.org"/> pressure limit of 3300 Bar to reduce additional stress on these 80 to 125 year old rifles.


'''8×50mmR Mannlicher:'''
'''8×50mmR Mannlicher:'''
[[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] reloadable cartridge cases can be produced by reforming and trimming 8×56mmR Mannlicher or 7.62×54mmR Mosin–Nagant Russian brass. Standard .323" 8mm S-bullets are correct for this caliber though best results are obtained from open-base bullets that can expand to fit the .329" bore. RCBS offers both reforming and reloading dies. Rifles such as the Mannlicher M.95 using a stronger rotating-bolt design can be loaded to higher pressures.
[[8×50mmR Mannlicher]] reloadable cartridge cases can be produced by reforming and trimming 8×56mmR Mannlicher or 7.62×54mmR Mosin–Nagant Russian brass. Standard .323" 8mm S-bullets are correct for this caliber though best results are obtained from open-base bullets that can expand to fit the .329" bore. [[Rock Chuck Bullet Swage|RCBS]] offers both reforming and reloading dies. Rifles such as the Mannlicher M.95 using a stronger rotating-bolt design can be loaded to higher pressures.


==Users==
[[File:Stylianos Kleidis of Angouseliana (Rethymnos).jpg|thumb|200px|A Greek revolutionary with an M1893 carbine|class=notpageimage]]
*{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
*{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
*{{flag|Nazi Germany}}
*{{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}
*{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}
*{{flag|Spanish Republic}} - used by the [[Spanish Republican faction]]
*{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}
===Non-state users===
*Macedonian revolutionaries: M1893 carbines used by various groups during the [[Macedonian Struggle]] between 1904 and 1908<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hartman |first1=Janez |date=July 2002 |title= Druga manliherica : repetirka Mannlicher 6,5×53 R z vrtljivim zaklepom |magazine=Revija Obramba |pages=67-70 |publisher=Zveza častnikov Slovenije |issn=0353-9628|language=sl}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mannlicher M93 - Kromar.JPG|Diagram of the Romanian Mannlicher M93
File:A vedette waiting on the highway at Braila for an expected outrage by the peasants.jpg|Romanian soldiers during the 1907 peasant revolt
File:Cavalerie du Portugal (Ch.-Fl. 111-1531).jpg|Portuguese cavalry
File:IMARO-band-Kastoria-Papazoglou-2.jpg|Bulgarian [[IMARO]] band armed with Mannlichers
</gallery>
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Geweer M. 95]] - [[Netherlands|Dutch]] Mannlicher variant, similar to the M1893
* [[Table of handgun and rifle cartridges]]
*[[Table of handgun and rifle cartridges]]
*[[6.5×53mmR]]
*[[6.5×53mmR]]
*[[8×50mmR Mannlicher]]
*[[8×50mmR Mannlicher]]
Line 71: Line 97:


==References==
==References==
<references />

{{commons category|Mannlicher M1893}}
{{commons category|Mannlicher M1893}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal|url=http://bmim.muzeulbucurestiului.ro/?articol=8986-efortul-depus-in-vederea-asigurarii-necesarului-de-armament-tehnica-de-lupta-si-munitii-ale-armatei-romane-in-anii-neutralitatii-1914-1916|journal=București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie|title=Efortul depus în vederea asigurării necesarului de armament, tehnică de luptă și muniții ale armatei române în anii neutralității (1914-1916)| first1=Cornel|last1=Scafeș|language=ro|issue=XXVII/2013|publisher=Muzeul Municipiului București|publication-place=[[Bucharest]]|date=2013|issn=1222-7536}}


{{Steyr Mannlicher}}
{{Steyr Mannlicher}}
Line 80: Line 108:
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}


[[Category:8×50mmR Mannlicher firearms]]
[[Category:8×50mmR Mannlicher rifles]]
[[Category:Bolt-action rifles]]
[[Category:Bolt-action rifles]]
[[Category:Rifles of Austria]]
[[Category:Rifles of Austria]]

Latest revision as of 03:22, 21 September 2024

Not to be confused with Swiss Mannlicher M1893.
Romanian repeating rifle model 1893
Rifle and carbine variants.
TypeBolt-action rifle
Place of originAustria-Hungary
Romania
Service history
In service1893–1945(?)
Used bySee Users
Wars1907 Romanian peasants' revolt
Macedonian Struggle
Second Balkan War
World War I
Hungarian–Romanian War
Spanish Civil War
World War II
Production history
DesignerOtto Schönauer, Ferdinand Mannlicher
Designed1892
ManufacturerŒWG
Produced1893–1914
No. builtover 500,000
VariantsM1893 Carbine, M1904 rifle
Specifications
Mass4.06 kg (9.0 lb)
3.29 kg (7.3 lb) Carbine
Length1,227 mm (48.3 in)
978 mm (38.5 in) Carbine
Barrel length725 mm (28.5 in)
450 mm (18 in) Carbine
Cartridge6.5×53mmR
8×50mmR Mannlicher
7.92×57mm Mauser (M1904 variant)
.22 Long Rifle (1946 trainers)
ActionTurning bolt-action
Muzzle velocity731 m/s (2,400 ft/s)
Maximum firing range2,100 metres (2,300 yd)
Feed system5-round en bloc clip, integral box magazine

The Mannlicher M1893 (or M93) is a bolt-action rifle that was the standard service rifle of the Kingdom of Romania from 1893 to 1938.[1] The rifle and its 1892 predecessor were the first repeating rifles to be widely issued in the Romanian military.[2] It was later replaced by the Czechoslovak-designed Vz. 24 as the standard service rifle.[3]

Development

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Mannlicher M1893 bolt

Around the year 1890 the Romanian military started its search for a small bore, smokeless powder firearm to replace the breech-loading single-shot Martini–Henry M1879. They turned to the nearby Österreichische Waffenfabriksgesellschaft (ŒWG) in Steyr, Austria-Hungary where then-factory manager Otto Schönauer was modifying the German Gewehr 1888 rifle, the license on which ŒWG got as a compensation for patent infringement by the Komissiongewehr's designers on Ferdinand Mannlicher's en-bloc clip feeding system. After Mannlicher and Schönauer removed all the obvious defects of the G88 caused by its hasty design (mainly fixed the double feeding problem by modifying bolt head geometry) and adapted the German modernization of the clip allowing the latter to be fed into the rifle regardless of whether the clip was turned up or down for a rimmed round, the Model 1892 rifle was ready for testing by the Romanian Army. A number of 8,000 rifles were ordered between 1891 and 1892.[4] After some minor improvements, the final variant, the M1893, chambered for the 6.5x53R round also called the "6.5x53.5mmR Romanian", was put into production. Compared to the M1892 model, the M1893 had an additional stacking rod, reinforcing ribs on the lower part of the magazine housing, and a safety feature was added to the bolt so it could not be re-inserted if assembled improperly.[5] Unlike the Austrian-issue Mannlicher M1895 straight-pull bolt-action rifle, the Romanian rifle had a conventional turn-bolt.[6]

The rifle's adoption caused some controversy, as despite the weapon's approval by King Carol I, General Constantin Budișteanu derided the Austrian rifle as un baton ("a stick") that required improvements. The rifle's bore, smaller than the usual Mannlicher product, also caused difficulties in finding compatible gunpowder.[7]

A carbine variant was also introduced, it was 98 centimetres (39 in) long and featured a bent bolt handle. It was used by cavalry and artillery units.[1] Unlike the rifles, the carbines could not mount bayonets. This forced the cavalry units fighting on foot to use their lances in melee combat during the 1916 campaign. A bayonet was eventually added to 20,000 carbines after an invention by cavalry Captain Botez.[8]

History

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Deliveries started in 1893, and by 1907 more than 100,000 rifles were in service.[7][4] After the end of the Second Balkan War, Romania ordered 200,000 more rifles, however, only about 100,000 of these were delivered due to the start of the First World War.[9] Rifles which were not delivered entered service with the Austro-Hungarian Army. The assembled rifles in the original caliber were designated as "6.5mm M.93 Rumänisches Repetier Gewehr". Unassembled rifles were modified to accommodate the 8×50mmR Mannlicher cartridge and issued to Austrian Landwehr units.[1] When Romania entered the war in 1916, around 373,000 rifles and 60,000 carbines were in service with the Romanian Army.[10] These were distributed to the infantry and Vânători regiments, while carbines were issued to cavalry, cyclists and Vânători units.[11] Many rifles were destroyed or captured during the Romanian campaign. At the end of the war, only 82,000 rifles were still in service with Romania.[10]

Following the war, 8mm M93 rifles were given as war reparations to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav rifles, designated as "Puška 8mm M93", were captured by the Germans in World War II. The Germans referred to these rifles as "8mm Puschka M93/30 Rumänisches".[1] The Romanian Mannlicher also saw some service in the Spanish Civil War by Spanish Republicans and captured by the Nationalists. It is unknown how these rifles were obtained.[12]

Portuguese Mannlicher M1896

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The Kingdom of Portugal bought about 12,500 6.5mm Mannlicher rifles and carbines from Steyr, some in 1896, for the Navy and Cavalry, and the remainder in 1898 for the Artillery. These rifles carry the "CI" monogram of Carlos I of Portugal. The 6.5x53R cartridges were first imported from Georg Roth and later made in Portugal.[13]

In 1946 a few hundred of the Portuguese Mannlichers were adapted to fire the 5.6mm calibre (.22 Rimfire), for training.[13]

Mannlicher M1904 Export

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An early advertisement for the 1904 rifle in several languages

In 1904, ŒWG would slightly modify the original M1893 design, primarily by rechambering it to the 7.9×57J rimless cartridge (using the same clip as the original Gewehr 1888 rifle) and offering it for sale. Two buyers would be interested: the Ulster Volunteer Force, and the Chinese Army, who used the M1904 in their Hanyang 88 design.[14] The Irish would purchase around 11,000,[15] these Irish rifles looked very similar to the Romanian M1893, but were manufactured using leftover parts from the M1892. Some of these rifles would end up in British stocks when some of the Ulster members, wanting to join the British Army, would turn in their rifles.[14] A few would also be obtained by the Austro-Hungarian army in the beginning of World War I, as most firearms not yet delivered would be seized at the start of the war.[16]

Ammunition

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Romanian gendarme or prison guard with the M93 and its bayonet

6.5×53mmR: The 6.5×53mmR ammunition for the Romanian rifles was provided at first by Georg Roth, and Keller & Co.[17] Local production was also carried out at Pirotehnia Armatei, with a production rate of 200,000 cartridges per day registered in 1914.[18] Later, ammunition was also purchased from DWM, Manfréd Weiss and Hirtenberger Patronen. During the First World War, factories from France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States also provided ammunition.[17]

World War 2-era 6.5×53mmR caliber surplus and earlier ammunition is still available, but these are primarily corrosive in nature and rifles will require a thorough cleaning to reduce the development of rust. Due to very close dimensional relationships, boxer-primed cartridge cases can be made by resizing and trimming .303 British[19] or .30-40 Krag (.30-40 US)[20] brass, and Fire forming the resulting altered brass cases in the 6.5x53R chamber. Alteration of the original chamber by re-chambering with a 6.5x57R[21] chamber reamer has also been done, but the overall length of the original 6.5x53mmR Romanian cartridge has to be maintained by seating the projectile more deeply in order to fit the original magazine. It would also be a best practice to retain the upper C.I.P. 6.5x57mmR[21] pressure limit of 3300 Bar to reduce additional stress on these 80 to 125 year old rifles.

8×50mmR Mannlicher: 8×50mmR Mannlicher reloadable cartridge cases can be produced by reforming and trimming 8×56mmR Mannlicher or 7.62×54mmR Mosin–Nagant Russian brass. Standard .323" 8mm S-bullets are correct for this caliber though best results are obtained from open-base bullets that can expand to fit the .329" bore. RCBS offers both reforming and reloading dies. Rifles such as the Mannlicher M.95 using a stronger rotating-bolt design can be loaded to higher pressures.

Users

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A Greek revolutionary with an M1893 carbine

Non-state users

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  • Macedonian revolutionaries: M1893 carbines used by various groups during the Macedonian Struggle between 1904 and 1908[22]
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  • Diagram of the Romanian Mannlicher M93
    Diagram of the Romanian Mannlicher M93
  • Romanian soldiers during the 1907 peasant revolt
    Romanian soldiers during the 1907 peasant revolt
  • Portuguese cavalry
    Portuguese cavalry
  • Bulgarian IMARO band armed with Mannlichers
    Bulgarian IMARO band armed with Mannlichers

See also

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References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mannlicher M1893.
  1. ^ a b c d "Romanian Mannlicher M1893 Infantry Rifle". hungariae.com. Manowar. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  2. ^ Bernard Fitzsimons (1978). The Illustrated encyclopedia of 20th century weapons and warfare. Columbia House. p. 1828.
  3. ^ Ball, Robert W. D. (2011). Mauser Military Rifles of the World. Iola: Gun Digest Books. p. 304. ISBN 9781440228926.
  4. ^ a b Stocker, Jonathan A.; Grant, Donald J. (2003). Girding for Battle: The Arms Trade in a Global Perspective, 1815-1940. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29-30. ISBN 9780275973391.
  5. ^ John Walter (1998). Rifles of the World. Krause Publications. p. 276-277. ISBN 0873492021.
  6. ^ Spencer C. Tucker (16 December 2013). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 596–. ISBN 978-1-135-50701-5.
  7. ^ a b Jonathan A. Grant (2007). Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism. Harvard University Press. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-0-674-02442-7.
  8. ^ Scafeș 2013, p. 73.
  9. ^ Scafeș 2013, pp. 65–66.
  10. ^ a b Ministerul Apărării Naționale Marele Stat Major Serviciul istoric (1934). "Documente–Anexe". România în războiul mondial : 1916-1919 (in Romanian). Vol. I. pp. 41, 45.
  11. ^ Scafeș 2013, p. 88.
  12. ^ "Foreign Rifles of the Spanish Republic, 1936-1939 – Surplused". Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Portuguese 6.5 m/96 cartridges for the Mannlicher rifle". 25 April 2010.
  14. ^ a b "Steyr M1904 Export Mannlicher". 19 May 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  15. ^ Bardon, Jonathan (2005). A History of Ulster. The Black Staff Press. p. 444. ISBN 0-85640-764-X.
  16. ^ "Mannlicher Repeating Rifle Model 1904 Contract". hungariae.com. Manowar. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  17. ^ a b "6.5x53.5R Romanian Mannlicher 1892 & 1893". 27 October 2016.
  18. ^ Ministerul Apărării Naționale Marele Stat Major Serviciul istoric (1934). "I–VIII". România în războiul mondial : 1916-1919 (in Romanian). Vol. I. p. 51.
  19. ^ "303 British" (PDF).
  20. ^ "30-40 Krag" (PDF).
  21. ^ a b "6,5 x 57 R" (PDF).
  22. ^ Hartman, Janez (July 2002). "Druga manliherica : repetirka Mannlicher 6,5×53 R z vrtljivim zaklepom". Revija Obramba (in Slovenian). Zveza častnikov Slovenije. pp. 67–70. ISSN 0353-9628.

Bibliography

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