HMS Newfoundland (59): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Fiji-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy}} |
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{{distinguish|text={{HMCS|Newfoundland}}}} |
{{distinguish|text={{HMCS|Newfoundland}}}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}} |
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|Ship country=[[United Kingdom]] |
|Ship country=[[United Kingdom]] |
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|Ship flag={{shipboxflag| |
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}} |
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|Ship name=''Newfoundland'' |
|Ship name=''Newfoundland'' |
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|Ship namesake=[[Dominion of Newfoundland]] |
|Ship namesake=[[Dominion of Newfoundland]] |
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|Ship ordered= |
|Ship ordered= |
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|Ship awarded= |
|Ship awarded= |
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|Ship builder=[[ |
|Ship builder=[[Swan Hunter]], [[Wallsend]] |
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|Ship laid down=9 November 1939 |
|Ship laid down=9 November 1939 |
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|Ship launched=19 December 1941 |
|Ship launched=19 December 1941 |
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|Ship decommissioned= |
|Ship decommissioned= |
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|Ship in service= |
|Ship in service= |
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|Ship out of service=Sold to [[Peruvian Navy]], 30 December 1959 |
|Ship out of service= |
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|Ship fate=Sold to [[Peruvian Navy]], 30 December 1959 |
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|Ship fate= |
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|Ship motto= |
|Ship motto= |
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|Ship nickname= |
|Ship nickname= |
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|Ship honours=Mediterranean |
|Ship honours=Mediterranean 1940–1945, Sicily 1943 |
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|Ship identification=*[[Pennant number]]: 59 |
|Ship identification=*[[Pennant number]]: 59 |
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|Ship badge= A [[caribou]] |
|Ship badge= A [[caribou]] |
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|Header caption=Post 1951 modernisation |
|Header caption=Post 1951 modernisation |
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|Ship class={{ |
|Ship class={{sclass|Fiji|cruiser|0}} [[light cruiser]] |
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|Ship displacement=*8,712 |
|Ship displacement=*8,712 tons standard |
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*11,024 tons full load |
*11,024 tons full load |
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|Ship tons burthen= |
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|Ship length= {{convert|169.3|m|abbr=on}} |
|Ship length= {{convert|169.3|m|abbr=on}} |
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|Ship beam={{convert|18.9|m|abbr=on}} |
|Ship beam={{convert|18.9|m|abbr=on}} |
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*Type 274 fire control (152 mm) |
*Type 274 fire control (152 mm) |
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*Type 275 fire control (102 mm) |
*Type 275 fire control (102 mm) |
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*Type 262(MRS1) fire control ( |
*Type 262(MRS1) fire control (40 mm) |
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|Ship EW= |
|Ship EW= |
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|Ship armament=*3 triple [[BL 6 inch Mk XXIII naval gun]]s (152/50 mm) |
|Ship armament=*3 triple [[BL 6 inch Mk XXIII naval gun]]s (152/50 mm) |
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*4 twin [[QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun|Mk XVI 102/45 mm guns]] |
*4 twin [[QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun|Mk XVI 102/45 mm guns]] |
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*5×2 & 2x1 [[Bofors 40 mm |
*5×2 & 2x1 [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Mk3 40 mm Bofors]] |
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|Ship armour=*82.5-88.9 mm [[Belt armor|belt]] |
|Ship armour=*82.5-88.9 mm [[Belt armor|belt]] |
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*25.4-50.8 mm [[gun turret| |
*25.4-50.8 mm [[gun turret|turrets]] |
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|Ship aircraft=Two [[Supermarine Walrus]] aircraft (Later removed) |
|Ship aircraft=Two [[Supermarine Walrus]] aircraft (Later removed) |
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'''HMS ''Newfoundland''''' was a {{ |
'''HMS ''Newfoundland''''' was a {{sclass|Fiji|cruiser|0}} [[light cruiser]] of the [[Royal Navy]]. Named after the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]], she participated in the [[Second World War]] and was later sold to the [[Peruvian Navy]] and renamed '''BAP ''Almirante Grau'''''. |
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The hospital ship {{HMHS|Newfoundland}} was a different ship, although also torpedoed in the Mediterranean in 1943. |
The hospital ship {{HMHS|Newfoundland}} was a different ship, although also torpedoed in the Mediterranean in 1943. |
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After commissioning ''Newfoundland'' joined the 10th Cruiser Squadron, [[Home Fleet]]. Early in 1943 the ship became [[flagship]] of the 15th Cruiser Squadron, Mediterranean. On the night of 13/14 July 1943, during [[Operation Husky|Sicily Campaign]], she provided effective support for 1st Parachute Brigade helping to secure the Primasole Bridge, linking [[Catania]] with [[Syra]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/10533854/The-Rev-Prebendary-Vere-Hodge-obituary.html|title=The Rev Prebendary Vere Hodge – obituary|work=Daily Telegraph|date=22 Dec 2013|access-date=23 Dec 2013}}</ref> |
After commissioning ''Newfoundland'' joined the 10th Cruiser Squadron, [[Home Fleet]]. Early in 1943 the ship became [[flagship]] of the 15th Cruiser Squadron, Mediterranean. On the night of 13/14 July 1943, during [[Operation Husky|Sicily Campaign]], she provided effective support for 1st Parachute Brigade helping to secure the Primasole Bridge, linking [[Catania]] with [[Syra]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/10533854/The-Rev-Prebendary-Vere-Hodge-obituary.html|title=The Rev Prebendary Vere Hodge – obituary|work=Daily Telegraph|date=22 Dec 2013|access-date=23 Dec 2013}}</ref> |
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On 23 July 1943, she was torpedoed by the |
On 23 July 1943, she was torpedoed by the {{ship|Italian submarine|Ascianghi}}.<ref name="Operation Husky">{{Citation |title = Operation "Husky" – Letter of Proceedings ADM 1/14477 | publisher = Admiralty | place = London | author = Reginald Maurice James Hutton| date = 26 July 1943}}</ref> Some sources attribute the torpedo to the {{GS|U-407}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/3019.html|title = HMS Newfoundland (59) (British Light cruiser) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net}}</ref> One crewman was killed in the attack. Her rudder having been blown off, temporary repairs were carried out at [[Malta]]. Later, steering by her [[propeller]]s only, and with the assistance of "jury rigged" sails between her funnels, she steamed to the [[Boston Navy Yard]] for major repairs. |
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In 1944 the ship was re-commissioned for service in the Far East. While at [[Alexandria]] an exploding air vessel occurred in one of the torpedoes in the port tubes which caused severe damage and one casualty. The repairs delayed her arrival in the Far East for service with the [[British Pacific Fleet]] (BPF). ''Newfoundland'' went to [[New Guinea]] to support the [[6th Division (Australia)|Australian 6th Division]] in the [[Aitape-Wewak campaign]]. On 14 June 1945, as part of a BPF task group, ''Newfoundland'' attacked the Japanese naval base at [[Operation Inmate|Truk]], in the [[Caroline Islands]] during [[Operation Inmate]]. |
In 1944 the ship was re-commissioned for service in the Far East. While at [[Alexandria]] an exploding air vessel occurred in one of the torpedoes in the port tubes which caused severe damage and one casualty. The repairs delayed her arrival in the Far East for service with the [[British Pacific Fleet]] (BPF). ''Newfoundland'' went to [[New Guinea]] to support the [[6th Division (Australia)|Australian 6th Division]] in the [[Aitape-Wewak campaign]]. On 14 June 1945, as part of a BPF task group, ''Newfoundland'' attacked the Japanese naval base at [[Operation Inmate|Truk]], in the [[Caroline Islands]] during [[Operation Inmate]]. |
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The ship was present in [[Tokyo Bay]] when the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]] was signed aboard the US [[battleship]] {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}, on 2 September 1945. ''Newfoundland'' was then assigned the task of repatriating [[British Empire]] prisoners of war. |
The ship was present in [[Tokyo Bay]] when the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]] was signed aboard the US [[battleship]] {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}, on 2 September 1945. ''Newfoundland'' was then assigned the task of repatriating [[British Empire]] prisoners of war. |
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[[File:Hms newfoundland at sydney.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Newfoundland'', moored at Sydney, late 1945]] |
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She returned to Great Britain in December 1946. |
She returned to Great Britain in December 1946. |
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==Postwar== |
==Postwar== |
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''Newfoundland'' was initially in [[Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)|reserve]], and was used as a training ship as part of the stokers' training establishment {{HMS|Imperieuse|training establishment|6}}, before starting a 20-month reconstruction at [[Plymouth]] in 1951. {{ |
''Newfoundland'' was initially in [[Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)|reserve]], and was used as a training ship as part of the stokers' training establishment {{HMS|Imperieuse|training establishment|6}}, before starting a 20-month reconstruction at [[Plymouth]] in 1951.<ref name="Jane">{{cite book |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1961 |title=All the World's Fighting Ships |publisher=Jane's Publishing Company Limited |page=181}}</ref> The modernisation was one of the more extensive of those applied to the Colony or Town-class cruisers in the 1950s with ''Newfoundland'' receiving extensive new electrical and fire control systems, a new bridge, comprehensive nuclear spraydown capability and lattice masts, particularly for the 960 radar in a similar structure to that later fitted to the cruisers {{HMS|Royalist|89|2}} and {{HMS|Belfast|C35|2}}. The integrated 275 and MRS-1 fire control for the 4 twin and 40mm mounts was the most comprehensive fitted to a modernised Royal Navy cruiser but possibly not as reliable as the simpler installations on the cruisers {{HMS|Ceylon|30|2}} and ''Belfast''.<ref name="Brassey">{{cite book |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1951 |title=Brassey's Naval Annual, Volume 62 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |page=415-416}}</ref><ref name="NavalHistory">{{cite news |title=HMS NEWFOUNDLAND - Colony-type Light Cruiser |date=26 January 2017 |url=https://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Newfoundland.htm | publisher=Naval-History.net |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> |
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Recommissioned on 5 November 1952,<ref name="nn954 p10"/> she became flagship of the 4th Cruiser Squadron in the [[East Indies]]. The [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] of [[Sri Lanka]] met on board her during the [[Hartal 1953|Hartal of 1953]].<ref>[http://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/backiss/Vol2/No1/Hartal.html Colvin R de Silva, ''Hartal''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109041300/http://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/backiss/Vol2/No1/Hartal.html |date=9 January 2008 }}</ref> From December 1953 ''Newfoundland'' underwent a three-month refit at [[Singapore]] before transferring to the Far East Station, shelling [[Malayan Races Liberation Army|Malayan National Liberation Army]] targets near [[Penang]] in June 1954 when on passage to the Far East.<ref name="nn954 p10">{{cite news|title=Command News: H.M.S.Newfoundland|newspaper=[[Navy News|Portsmouth Navy News]]|date=September 1954|page=10|issue=4|url=https://issuu.com/navynews/docs/195409|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> |
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On 31 October 1956, the {{ship|Egyptian frigate|Domiat |
On 31 October 1956, the {{ship|Egyptian frigate|Domiat}} was cruising South of the [[Suez Canal]] in the [[Red Sea]], when ''Newfoundland'' encountered her and ordered her to heave to. Aware of tensions between Britain and Egypt that would lead to the [[Suez Crisis]], ''Domiat'' refused and opened fire on the cruiser, causing some damage and casualties. The cruiser, with the destroyer {{HMS|Diana|D126|2}}, then returned fire and sank her opponent, rescuing 69 survivors from the wreckage. One man from the ''Newfoundland'' was killed and five were wounded.<ref>[http://www.britains-smallwars.com/suez/seawar.html The War at Sea<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512100550/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/suez/seawar.html |date=12 May 2006 }}</ref> |
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''Newfoundland'' then returned to the Far East until paid off to the reserve at [[Portsmouth]] on 24 June 1959. She was sold to the Peruvian Navy on 2 November 1959, and subsequently renamed ''Almirante Grau'' and then to |
''Newfoundland'' then returned to the Far East until paid off to the reserve at [[Portsmouth]] on 24 June 1959. She was sold to the Peruvian Navy on 2 November 1959, and subsequently renamed ''Almirante Grau'' and then to {{ship|BAP|Capitán Quiñones|CL-83|2}} in 1973. The cruiser was [[hulk (ship)|hulked]] in 1979 and used as a static training ship in [[Callao]], before being decommissioned and scrapped later that year. |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*{{cite book|first=D. K. |last=Brown |first2=George |last2=Moore |title=Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design Since 1945|location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=2003 |ISBN=1-59114-705-0|name-list-style=amp |author1-link=David K. Brown}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau |editor1-first=Roger |publisher=Mayflower Books|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-8317-0303-2 |chapter=Great Britain |last1=Campbell |first1=N.J.M.|pages=2–85}} |
*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau |editor1-first=Roger |publisher=Mayflower Books|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-8317-0303-2 |chapter=Great Britain |last1=Campbell |first1=N.J.M.|pages=2–85}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Colledge|first1=J. J.|authorlink1=J. J. Colledge|last2=Wardlow|first2=Ben|last3=Bush |first3=Steve |title=Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present|year=2020|publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-5267-9327-0|name-list-style=amp|edition=5th}} |
*{{cite book|last1=Colledge|first1=J. J.|authorlink1=J. J. Colledge|last2=Wardlow|first2=Ben|last3=Bush |first3=Steve |title=Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present|year=2020|publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-5267-9327-0|name-list-style=amp|edition=5th}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After|year=2010|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-59114-078-8 |author-link=Norman Friedman}} |
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After|year=2010|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-59114-078-8 |author-link=Norman Friedman}} |
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*{{cite book|first=David |last=Murfin |chapter=AA to AA: The Fijis Turn Full Circle |editor1-first=John|editor1-last= Jordan |title=Warship 2010 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-84486-110-1}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Raven|first1=Alan|last2=Roberts|first2=John|title=British Cruisers of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1980|isbn=0-87021-922-7|name-list-style=amp}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}} |
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|publisher=Cassell |location=London|year=1995|isbn=1-86019-874-0|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}} |
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|publisher=Cassell |location=London|year=1995|isbn=1-86019-874-0|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}} |
Latest revision as of 17:45, 23 September 2024
History | |
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United Kingdom | |
Name | Newfoundland |
Namesake | Dominion of Newfoundland |
Builder | Swan Hunter, Wallsend |
Laid down | 9 November 1939 |
Launched | 19 December 1941 |
Commissioned | 21 January 1943 |
Identification | Pennant number: 59 |
Honours and awards | Mediterranean 1940–1945, Sicily 1943 |
Fate | Sold to Peruvian Navy, 30 December 1959 |
Badge | A caribou |
Peru | |
Name | BAP Almirante Grau |
Namesake | Miguel Grau Seminario |
Acquired | 30 December 1959 |
Renamed | Renamed Capitan Quinones on 15 May 1973 |
Reclassified | As a static training ship, 1979 |
Fate | Scrapped, 1979 |
General characteristics Post 1951 modernisation | |
Class and type | Fiji-class light cruiser |
Displacement |
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Length | 169.3 m (555 ft) |
Beam | 18.9 m (62 ft) |
Draught | 5.3 m (17 ft) |
Propulsion |
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Speed | 33 knots (61 km/h) |
Range | 10,200 nautical miles (18,900 km) at 12 kn (22 km/h) |
Complement |
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Sensors and processing systems |
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Armament |
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Armour | |
Aircraft carried | Two Supermarine Walrus aircraft (Later removed) |
HMS Newfoundland was a Fiji-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy. Named after the Dominion of Newfoundland, she participated in the Second World War and was later sold to the Peruvian Navy and renamed BAP Almirante Grau.
The hospital ship HMHS Newfoundland was a different ship, although also torpedoed in the Mediterranean in 1943.
Early career
[edit]Newfoundland was built by Swan Hunter and launched 19 December 1941 by the wife of the then British Minister of Labour, Ernest Bevin. The ship was completed in December 1942 and commissioned the next month.
After commissioning Newfoundland joined the 10th Cruiser Squadron, Home Fleet. Early in 1943 the ship became flagship of the 15th Cruiser Squadron, Mediterranean. On the night of 13/14 July 1943, during Sicily Campaign, she provided effective support for 1st Parachute Brigade helping to secure the Primasole Bridge, linking Catania with Syra.[1]
On 23 July 1943, she was torpedoed by the Italian submarine Ascianghi.[2] Some sources attribute the torpedo to the German submarine U-407.[3] One crewman was killed in the attack. Her rudder having been blown off, temporary repairs were carried out at Malta. Later, steering by her propellers only, and with the assistance of "jury rigged" sails between her funnels, she steamed to the Boston Navy Yard for major repairs.
In 1944 the ship was re-commissioned for service in the Far East. While at Alexandria an exploding air vessel occurred in one of the torpedoes in the port tubes which caused severe damage and one casualty. The repairs delayed her arrival in the Far East for service with the British Pacific Fleet (BPF). Newfoundland went to New Guinea to support the Australian 6th Division in the Aitape-Wewak campaign. On 14 June 1945, as part of a BPF task group, Newfoundland attacked the Japanese naval base at Truk, in the Caroline Islands during Operation Inmate.
On 6 July Newfoundland left the forward base of Manus in the Admiralty Islands with other ships of the BPF to take part in the Allied campaign against the Japanese home islands. On 9 August she took part in a bombardment of the Japanese city of Kamaishi. Newfoundland was part of a British Empire force which took control of the naval base at Yokosuka.
The ship was present in Tokyo Bay when the Instrument of Surrender was signed aboard the US battleship USS Missouri, on 2 September 1945. Newfoundland was then assigned the task of repatriating British Empire prisoners of war.
She returned to Great Britain in December 1946.
Postwar
[edit]Newfoundland was initially in reserve, and was used as a training ship as part of the stokers' training establishment HMS Imperieuse, before starting a 20-month reconstruction at Plymouth in 1951.[4] The modernisation was one of the more extensive of those applied to the Colony or Town-class cruisers in the 1950s with Newfoundland receiving extensive new electrical and fire control systems, a new bridge, comprehensive nuclear spraydown capability and lattice masts, particularly for the 960 radar in a similar structure to that later fitted to the cruisers Royalist and Belfast. The integrated 275 and MRS-1 fire control for the 4 twin and 40mm mounts was the most comprehensive fitted to a modernised Royal Navy cruiser but possibly not as reliable as the simpler installations on the cruisers Ceylon and Belfast.[5][6]
Recommissioned on 5 November 1952,[7] she became flagship of the 4th Cruiser Squadron in the East Indies. The cabinet of Sri Lanka met on board her during the Hartal of 1953.[8] From December 1953 Newfoundland underwent a three-month refit at Singapore before transferring to the Far East Station, shelling Malayan National Liberation Army targets near Penang in June 1954 when on passage to the Far East.[7]
On 31 October 1956, the Egyptian frigate Domiat was cruising South of the Suez Canal in the Red Sea, when Newfoundland encountered her and ordered her to heave to. Aware of tensions between Britain and Egypt that would lead to the Suez Crisis, Domiat refused and opened fire on the cruiser, causing some damage and casualties. The cruiser, with the destroyer Diana, then returned fire and sank her opponent, rescuing 69 survivors from the wreckage. One man from the Newfoundland was killed and five were wounded.[9]
Newfoundland then returned to the Far East until paid off to the reserve at Portsmouth on 24 June 1959. She was sold to the Peruvian Navy on 2 November 1959, and subsequently renamed Almirante Grau and then to Capitán Quiñones in 1973. The cruiser was hulked in 1979 and used as a static training ship in Callao, before being decommissioned and scrapped later that year.
Notes
[edit]- ^ "The Rev Prebendary Vere Hodge – obituary". Daily Telegraph. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- ^ Reginald Maurice James Hutton (26 July 1943), Operation "Husky" – Letter of Proceedings ADM 1/14477, London: Admiralty
- ^ "HMS Newfoundland (59) (British Light cruiser) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net".
- ^ All the World's Fighting Ships. Jane's Publishing Company Limited. 1961. p. 181.
- ^ Brassey's Naval Annual, Volume 62. Praeger Publishers. 1951. p. 415-416.
- ^ a b "Command News: H.M.S.Newfoundland". Portsmouth Navy News. No. 4. September 1954. p. 10. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ Colvin R de Silva, Hartal Archived 9 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The War at Sea Archived 12 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
References
[edit]- Brown, D. K. & Moore, George (2003). Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design Since 1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-705-0.
- Campbell, N.J.M. (1980). "Great Britain". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 2–85. ISBN 0-8317-0303-2.
- Colledge, J. J.; Wardlow, Ben & Bush, Steve (2020). Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present (5th ed.). Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-9327-0.
- Friedman, Norman (2010). British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59114-078-8.
- Murfin, David (2010). "AA to AA: The Fijis Turn Full Circle". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2010. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84486-110-1.
- Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1980). British Cruisers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-922-7.
- Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- Whitley, M. J. (1995). Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Cassell. ISBN 1-86019-874-0.