Longyou Caves: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Artificial cave system in China}} |
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The '''Longyou Caves''' ({{zh|s=龙游石窟}}) are a series of large artificial [[sandstone]] caverns located at Phoenix Hill, near the village of Shiyan Beicun on the Qu River in [[Longyou County]], [[Quzhou]] prefecture, [[Zhejiang]] province, [[China]]. They are thought to date to a period before the creation of the [[Qin Dynasty]] in 221 BCE, although no trace of their construction or even their existence has been located in the historic record. |
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The '''Longyou Caves''' ({{zh|s=龙游石窟}}), also called the '''Xiaonanhai Stone Chambers''' ({{zh|s=小南海石室}}), are a group of 24 artificial [[sandstone]] caverns located at [[Fenghuang]] Hill, near the village of Shiyan Beicun on the Qu River in [[Longyou County]], [[Quzhou]] prefecture, [[Zhejiang]] province, [[China]].<ref name="heritagedaily">{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=Markus |date=2020-08-28 |title=The Mystery of the Longyou Caves |url=https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/08/the-mystery-of-the-longyou-caves/134874 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=HeritageDaily - Archaeology News |language=en-US}}</ref> It is unknown when the caves were created; they are mentioned in a 17th century poem by the Yu Xun, and clay from pots dated to between 206BC and 23 AD was found in silt within the caves.<ref name="heritagedaily"/> |
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== Discovery == |
== Discovery == |
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In June 1992, four farmers in Longyou |
In June 1992, four farmers in Longyou found the caves when they drained the water of five small ponds in their village. The ponds turned out to be five large manmade caverns.<ref name="Li et al 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=L.H. |last2=Yang |first2=Z.F. |last3=Yue |first3=Z.Q. |last4=Zhang |first4=L.Q. |date=March 2009 |title=Engineering geological characteristics, failure modes and protective measures of Longyou rock caverns of 2000 years old |journal=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=190–207 |doi=10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.003|bibcode=2009TUSTI..24..190L }}</ref> Further investigation revealed 19 more caverns nearby.{{cn|date=April 2024}} They have been determined to be more than 2000 years old and their construction is not recorded in any historical documents.<ref name="Li et al 2009"/> |
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About {{cvt|200|km}} to the northwest, the [[Huashan Grottoes]] at the riverbanks of the [[Xin'an River]] somewhat resemble the Longyou Caves but are likely to have been built more than 1,500 years later during the late Ming Dynasty (1552–1667 AD).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Cheng |last2=Wu |first2=Li |last3=Zhu |first3=Tongxin |last4=Li |first4=Feng |last5=Zhang |first5=Yun |title=Lichenometric dating and the nature of the excavation of the Huashan Grottoes, East China |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=May 2013 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=2485–2492 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2012.07.023 |bibcode=2013JArSc..40.2485Z }}</ref> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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The caves are notable in several respects: |
The caves are notable in several respects: |
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* The caves are very large |
* The caves are very large for human-made excavations: The average floor area of each cave is over {{cvt|1000|sqm}}, with ceiling heights of up to {{cvt|30|m}}, and the total area covered{{explain|date=September 2024|reason=How is the "area covered" different from the "floor area"?}} in excess of {{cvt|30000|sqm}}. |
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* The ceiling, wall and pillar surfaces are all finished in the same manner |
* The ceiling, wall, and pillar surfaces are all finished in the same manner: A series of parallel bands or courses, about {{cvt|60|cm}} wide, containing parallel chiselling marks set at an angle of about 60° to the axis of the course. |
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* The caves' ceilings, walls, and pillars have remained whole since they were constructed, with no apparent damage or loss of structural integrity. |
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* They have maintained their structural integrity and appear not to interconnect with each other.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=L. H.|last2=Yang|first2=Z. F.|last3=Yue|first3=Z. Q.|last4=Zhang|first4=L. Q.|date=2009-03-01|title=Engineering geological characteristics, failure modes and protective measures of Longyou rock caverns of 2000 years old|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0886779808000783|journal=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=190–207|doi=10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.003|issn=0886-7798}}</ref> |
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* Even though nearby each other, and due to their uniform construction and design, all were apparently made for the same unknown purpose, the caves have no cross-connecting passages even though excavating a small tunnel would have required very little effort compared to the task undertaken to excavate any one cave.{{cn|date=April 2024}} |
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{{commonscat|Xiaonanhai Stone Chamber}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|25em}} |
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{{Coord|29.06157|N|119.18403|E|display=title}} |
{{Coord|29.06157|N|119.18403|E|display=title}} |
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[[Category:History of Zhejiang]] |
[[Category:History of Zhejiang]] |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Zhejiang]] |
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Zhejiang]] |
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Zhejiang]] |
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[[Category:1992 archaeological discoveries]] |
[[Category:1992 archaeological discoveries]] |
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Quzhou]] |
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Quzhou]] |
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Latest revision as of 18:24, 26 September 2024
 | This article needs attention from an expert in archaeology or china. See the talk page for details. (June 2024) |
The Longyou Caves (Chinese: 龙游石窟), also called the Xiaonanhai Stone Chambers (Chinese: 小南海石室), are a group of 24 artificial sandstone caverns located at Fenghuang Hill, near the village of Shiyan Beicun on the Qu River in Longyou County, Quzhou prefecture, Zhejiang province, China.[1] It is unknown when the caves were created; they are mentioned in a 17th century poem by the Yu Xun, and clay from pots dated to between 206BC and 23 AD was found in silt within the caves.[1]
Discovery
[edit]In June 1992, four farmers in Longyou found the caves when they drained the water of five small ponds in their village. The ponds turned out to be five large manmade caverns.[2] Further investigation revealed 19 more caverns nearby.[citation needed] They have been determined to be more than 2000 years old and their construction is not recorded in any historical documents.[2]
About 200 km (120 mi) to the northwest, the Huashan Grottoes at the riverbanks of the Xin'an River somewhat resemble the Longyou Caves but are likely to have been built more than 1,500 years later during the late Ming Dynasty (1552–1667 AD).[3]
Description
[edit]The caves are notable in several respects:
- The caves are very large for human-made excavations: The average floor area of each cave is over 1,000 m2 (11,000 sq ft), with ceiling heights of up to 30 m (98 ft), and the total area covered[further explanation needed] in excess of 30,000 m2 (320,000 sq ft).
- The ceiling, wall, and pillar surfaces are all finished in the same manner: A series of parallel bands or courses, about 60 cm (24 in) wide, containing parallel chiselling marks set at an angle of about 60° to the axis of the course.
- The caves' ceilings, walls, and pillars have remained whole since they were constructed, with no apparent damage or loss of structural integrity.
- Even though nearby each other, and due to their uniform construction and design, all were apparently made for the same unknown purpose, the caves have no cross-connecting passages even though excavating a small tunnel would have required very little effort compared to the task undertaken to excavate any one cave.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Milligan, Markus (2020-08-28). "The Mystery of the Longyou Caves". HeritageDaily - Archaeology News. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
- ^ a b Li, L.H.; Yang, Z.F.; Yue, Z.Q.; Zhang, L.Q. (March 2009). "Engineering geological characteristics, failure modes and protective measures of Longyou rock caverns of 2000 years old". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 24 (2): 190–207. Bibcode:2009TUSTI..24..190L. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.003.
- ^ Zhu, Cheng; Wu, Li; Zhu, Tongxin; Li, Feng; Zhang, Yun (May 2013). "Lichenometric dating and the nature of the excavation of the Huashan Grottoes, East China". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (5): 2485–2492. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40.2485Z. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.07.023.