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| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Afrocarpus falcatus'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T42438A2980290 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42438A2980290.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Afrocarpus
| genus = Afrocarpus
| species = falcatus
| species = falcatus
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}}
}}


'''''Afrocarpus falcatus''''' ([[synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Podocarpus falcatus'') is a species of [[tree]] in the family [[Podocarpaceae]]. It is native to the montane forests of southern Africa, where it is distributed in [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[South Africa]], and [[Eswatini]].<ref name=iucn>Farjon, A. 2013. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42438/0 ''Afrocarpus falcatus''.] In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Downloaded on 31 August 2013.</ref> Common names include '''common yellowwood''', '''bastard yellowwood''', '''outeniqua yellowwood''',<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 1 January 2018}}</ref> '''African pine tree''', '''weeping yew''',<ref name=prota>[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?g=pe&p=Afrocarpus+falcatus+ ''Afrocarpus falcatus'' (Thunb.) C.N.Page.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530105634/http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?g=pe&p=Afrocarpus+falcatus+ |date=2012-05-30 }} Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA).</ref> {{lang-af|outeniekwageelhout}}, ''kalander'', {{lang-st|mogôbagôba}}, {{lang-xh|umkhoba}} and {{lang-zu|umsonti}}.<ref name=dwaf>[http://www2.dwaf.gov.za/dwaf/cmsdocs/4116___poster%20protected%20trees.pdf Protected Trees.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705085122/http://www2.dwaf.gov.za/dwaf/cmsdocs/4116___poster%20protected%20trees.pdf |date=2010-07-05 }} Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013.</ref> It is widespread, in some areas abundant, and not considered threatened,<ref name=iucn/> but it is a protected tree in South Africa.<ref name=dwaf/> It is grown as an [[ornamental plant|ornamental tree]], especially in South Africa, and occasionally abroad.<ref name=prota/>
'''''Afrocarpus falcatus''''' ([[synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Podocarpus falcatus'') is a species of [[tree]] in the family [[Podocarpaceae]]. It is native to the montane forests of southern Africa, where it is distributed in [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[South Africa]], and [[Eswatini]].<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> Common names include '''common yellowwood''', '''bastard yellowwood''', '''outeniqua yellowwood''',<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 1 January 2018}}</ref> '''African pine tree''', '''weeping yew''',<ref name=prota>{{cite web|url=http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?g=pe&p=Afrocarpus+falcatus+ |title=''Afrocarpus falcatus'' (Thunb.) C.N.Page|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530105634/http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?g=pe&p=Afrocarpus+falcatus+ |archive-date=2012-05-30 }} |website=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA)}}</ref> {{langx|af|outeniekwageelhout}}, ''kalander'', {{langx|st|mogôbagôba}}, {{langx|xh|umkhoba}} and {{langx|zu|umsonti}}.<ref name=dwaf>{{cite web |url=http://www2.dwaf.gov.za/dwaf/cmsdocs/4116___poster%20protected%20trees.pdf |title=Protected Trees |website=Department of Water and Forestry (South Africa)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705085122/http://www2.dwaf.gov.za/dwaf/cmsdocs/4116___poster%20protected%20trees.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-05 |date= 3 May 2013}}</ref> It is widespread, in some areas abundant, and not considered threatened,<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> but it is a protected tree in South Africa.<ref name=dwaf/> It is grown as an [[ornamental plant|ornamental tree]], especially in South Africa, and occasionally abroad.<ref name=prota/>


==Description==
==Description==
This is an [[evergreen]] [[pinophyta|conifer]] often growing up to about 45 meters tall, but known to reach 60 m.<ref name=prota/> At higher elevations and in exposed, coastal habitat it rarely exceeds 25 m tall.<ref name=iucn/> The trunk can be 2 to 3 m wide, and is gray-brown to reddish. It is smooth and ridged on young stems, but increasingly flaky on older trunks.<ref name=plantz>{{cite web |last1=Klapwijk |first1=Nick |title=Podocarpus falcatus |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/podocarpfalcat.htm |website=plantzafrica.com |publisher=Pretoria National Botanical Garden |date=November 2002 |access-date=27 October 2014 |archive-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225172737/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/podocarpfalcat.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The leaves are arranged in spirals on the branches. They are small and narrow, up to 4.5&nbsp;cm long by about 6&nbsp;mm wide. They are green to yellowish, hairless, and leathery and somewhat waxy in texture. It is a [[dioecy|dioecious]] species, with male and female structures on separate plants. The male [[Conifer cone|cone]] is brown with spiralling scales and measures 5 to 15&nbsp;mm long by 3&nbsp;mm wide. It grows from the leaf axils. The female cone has one scale bearing one seed about 1 to 2&nbsp;cm long. The gray-green seed is [[drupe]]-like with a woody coat covered in a fleshy, resinous skin.<ref name=prota/>
This is an [[evergreen]] [[pinophyta|conifer]] often growing up to about {{convert|45|m}} tall, but known to reach {{cvt|60|m}}.<ref name=prota/> At higher elevations and in exposed, coastal habitat it rarely exceeds {{cvt|25|m}} tall.<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> The trunk can be {{cvt|2|to|3|m}} wide, and is gray-brown to reddish. It is smooth and ridged on young stems, but increasingly flaky on older trunks.<ref name=plantz>{{cite web |last1=Klapwijk |first1=Nick |title=''Afrocarpus falcatus'' |url=https://pza.sanbi.org/afrocarpus-falcatus |website=plantzafrica.com |publisher=Pretoria National Botanical Garden |date=April 2020 |orig-date=November 2002}}</ref> The leaves are arranged in spirals on the branches. They are small and narrow, up to {{cvt|4.5|cm}} long by about {{cvt|6|mm|in|frac=8}} wide. They are green to yellowish, hairless, and leathery and somewhat waxy in texture. It is a [[dioecy|dioecious]] species, with male and female structures on separate plants. The male [[Conifer cone|cone]] is brown with spiralling scales and measures {{cvt|5|to|15|mm}} long by {{cvt|3|mm|in|frac=8}} wide. It grows from the leaf axils. The female cone has one scale bearing one seed about {{cvt|1|to|2|cm}} long. The gray-green seed is [[drupe]]-like with a woody coat covered in a fleshy, resinous skin.<ref name=prota/>


Some of the largest individuals occur in the [[Knysna-Amatole montane forests]], where some specimens are over 1,000 years old.<ref name=iucn/>
Some of the largest individuals occur in the [[Knysna-Amatole montane forests]], where some specimens are over 1,000 years old.<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" />


==Biology==
==Biology==
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==Uses==
==Uses==
The [[wood]], often called podo or yellowwood, is good for construction, particularly [[shipbuilding]]. It is also made into [[plywood]] and used to make many products, including [[furniture]], boxes, vats, toys, farm implements, musical instruments, and [[railroad tie]]s. It is used in the construction of houses. It is also used as [[firewood]].<ref name=prota/> Some examples of South African yellowwood antique woodworking were created with the wood of this tree.<ref name=plantz/> The wood is also used for making floor boards and [[parquet]] blocks. The bark contains 3-4% [[tannin]] and is used for tanning [[leather]].<ref>Making the Most of Indigenous Trees by Fanie & Julye-Ann Venter, Briza Publications, [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]], First edition 1996, {{ISBN|1 875093 05 2}}</ref> The wood is useful, but not very durable, as it is susceptible to [[blue stain fungus]], [[powderpost beetle]]s, [[longhorn beetle]]s, and [[termite]]s.<ref name=prota/>
The [[wood]], often called podo or yellowwood, is good for construction, particularly [[shipbuilding]]. It is also made into [[plywood]] and used to make many products, including [[furniture]], boxes, vats, toys, farm implements, musical instruments, and [[railroad tie]]s. It is used in the construction of houses. It is also used as [[firewood]].<ref name=prota/> Some examples of South African yellowwood antique woodworking were created with the wood of this tree.<ref name=plantz/> The wood is also used for making floor boards and [[parquet]] blocks. The bark contains 3-4% [[tannin]] and is used for tanning [[leather]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Making the Most of Indigenous Trees|author=Fanie Venter|author2=Julye-Ann Venter|publisher=Briza Publications|location=Pretoria, South Africa|edition=First|year=1996|isbn=1 875093 05 2}}</ref> The wood is useful, but not very durable, as it is susceptible to [[blue stain fungus]], [[powderpost beetle]]s, [[longhorn beetle]]s, and [[termite]]s.<ref name=prota/>


The seed is edible, but [[resin]]ous. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] and seeds have been used in [[traditional African medicine]]. The tree is cultivated as an ornamental and a [[windbreak]], and to prevent [[erosion]]. It has been used as a [[Christmas tree]].<ref name=prota/>
The seed is edible, but [[resin]]ous. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] and seeds have been used in [[traditional African medicine]]. The tree is cultivated as an ornamental and a [[windbreak]], and to prevent [[erosion]]. It has been used as a [[Christmas tree]].<ref name=prota/>


==Conservation==
==Conservation==
The species has been vulnerable to [[logging]], a practice which likely claimed many large, ancient specimens. In parts of South Africa logging has ceased, but in other regions the situation is not known. In general, it is not considered a current threat.<ref name=iucn/>
The species has been vulnerable to [[logging]], a practice which likely claimed many large, ancient specimens. In parts of South Africa logging has ceased, but in other regions the situation is not known. In general, it is not considered a current threat.<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" />


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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* [http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/podocarpfalcat.htm PlantZAfrica.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225172737/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/podocarpfalcat.htm |date=2010-02-25 }}
* [http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/podocarpfalcat.htm PlantZAfrica.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225172737/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/podocarpfalcat.htm |date=2010-02-25 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019233515/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/plants/coniferophyta/podocarpaceae/afrocarpus_falcatus.htm Biodiversity Explorer]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019233515/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/plants/coniferophyta/podocarpaceae/afrocarpus_falcatus.htm Biodiversity Explorer]
* [https://archive.is/20130916195157/http://www.ispot.org.za/species_dictionary/Afrocarpus%20falcatus Images on iSpot]
* [https://archive.today/20130916195157/http://www.ispot.org.za/species_dictionary/Afrocarpus%20falcatus Images on iSpot]
* [http://saforestryonline.co.za/articles/natural_forests/outeniqua_yellowwood_the_majestic_tree_of_our_natural_forests/ SA Forestry Magazine]
* [http://saforestryonline.co.za/articles/natural_forests/outeniqua_yellowwood_the_majestic_tree_of_our_natural_forests/ SA Forestry Magazine]


Latest revision as of 13:18, 16 October 2024

Afrocarpus falcatus
The Big Tree, a specimen in Garden Route National Park
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Araucariales
Family: Podocarpaceae
Genus: Afrocarpus
Species:
A. falcatus
Binomial name
Afrocarpus falcatus
Synonyms

Afrocarpus gaussenii
Podocarpus falcatus
Taxus falcata

Afrocarpus falcatus (syn. Podocarpus falcatus) is a species of tree in the family Podocarpaceae. It is native to the montane forests of southern Africa, where it is distributed in Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, and Eswatini.[1] Common names include common yellowwood, bastard yellowwood, outeniqua yellowwood,[2] African pine tree, weeping yew,[3] Afrikaans: outeniekwageelhout, kalander, Sotho: mogôbagôba, Xhosa: umkhoba and Zulu: umsonti.[4] It is widespread, in some areas abundant, and not considered threatened,[1] but it is a protected tree in South Africa.[4] It is grown as an ornamental tree, especially in South Africa, and occasionally abroad.[3]

Description

[edit]

This is an evergreen conifer often growing up to about 45 metres (148 ft) tall, but known to reach 60 m (200 ft).[3] At higher elevations and in exposed, coastal habitat it rarely exceeds 25 m (82 ft) tall.[1] The trunk can be 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) wide, and is gray-brown to reddish. It is smooth and ridged on young stems, but increasingly flaky on older trunks.[5] The leaves are arranged in spirals on the branches. They are small and narrow, up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in) long by about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) wide. They are green to yellowish, hairless, and leathery and somewhat waxy in texture. It is a dioecious species, with male and female structures on separate plants. The male cone is brown with spiralling scales and measures 5 to 15 mm (0.20 to 0.59 in) long by 3 mm (1⁄8 in) wide. It grows from the leaf axils. The female cone has one scale bearing one seed about 1 to 2 cm (0.39 to 0.79 in) long. The gray-green seed is drupe-like with a woody coat covered in a fleshy, resinous skin.[3]

Some of the largest individuals occur in the Knysna-Amatole montane forests, where some specimens are over 1,000 years old.[1]

Biology

[edit]

Female trees bear their fruit irregularly, only every few years. The fleshy epimatium of the strobilus (or "cone") covers all of the seed, and ripens to a yellow colour, when it acquires a soft, jelly-like consistency. The main agents of seed dispersal are fruit bats, which eat the fleshy covering but discard the hard, woody seed.[3] Many birds feed on the fruits, such as Cape parrot, purple-crested turaco, Knysna turaco, Ross's turaco, African olive pigeon, African green pigeon, and eastern bronze-naped pigeon.[5] Animals that feed on the seeds include colobus monkeys, bushpigs, hornbills, turacos, and rodents. These may not be effective seed dispersal agents, because it appears that seeds that have gone through animal guts do not germinate well.[3]

The tree has been found to host arbuscular mycorrhizae.[3]

It may grow as a solitary tree, in small clusters, or in wide monotypic stands. It is associated with African juniper (Juniperus procera).[3]

Uses

[edit]

The wood, often called podo or yellowwood, is good for construction, particularly shipbuilding. It is also made into plywood and used to make many products, including furniture, boxes, vats, toys, farm implements, musical instruments, and railroad ties. It is used in the construction of houses. It is also used as firewood.[3] Some examples of South African yellowwood antique woodworking were created with the wood of this tree.[5] The wood is also used for making floor boards and parquet blocks. The bark contains 3-4% tannin and is used for tanning leather.[6] The wood is useful, but not very durable, as it is susceptible to blue stain fungus, powderpost beetles, longhorn beetles, and termites.[3]

The seed is edible, but resinous. The bark and seeds have been used in traditional African medicine. The tree is cultivated as an ornamental and a windbreak, and to prevent erosion. It has been used as a Christmas tree.[3]

Conservation

[edit]

The species has been vulnerable to logging, a practice which likely claimed many large, ancient specimens. In parts of South Africa logging has ceased, but in other regions the situation is not known. In general, it is not considered a current threat.[1]

[edit]
The Big Tree
in Cape Town
Bark texture
Foliage and bark
Seeds

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Farjon, A. (2013). "Afrocarpus falcatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42438A2980290. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42438A2980290.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Afrocarpus falcatus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Afrocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) C.N.Page". Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. |website=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA)}}
  4. ^ a b "Protected Trees" (PDF). Department of Water and Forestry (South Africa). 3 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05.
  5. ^ a b c Klapwijk, Nick (April 2020) [November 2002]. "Afrocarpus falcatus". plantzafrica.com. Pretoria National Botanical Garden.
  6. ^ Fanie Venter; Julye-Ann Venter (1996). Making the Most of Indigenous Trees (First ed.). Pretoria, South Africa: Briza Publications. ISBN 1 875093 05 2.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Afrocarpus falcatus.
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