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{{Short description|U.S. Army general}}
{{Short description|U.S. Army general (1940–1993)}}
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{{Use American English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2024}}
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{{Userspace draft|date=July 2024|newuser=no}}

{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
| name = Jarrett Jackson Robertson
| name = Jarrett Robertson
| image = File:Major General Jarrett Robertson.jpg
| alt = Color photo of a man in formal military clothing in front of an American flag
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|9|3}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|9|3}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|2|23|1940|9|3}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|2|23|1940|9|3}}
| birth_place = [[Springfield, Missouri]], U.S.
| birth_place = [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Wiesbaden]], [[Hesse]], Germany
| death_place = [[Wiesbaden]], Hesse, Germany
| death_cause = Helicopter crash
| death_cause = Helicopter crash
| placeofburial = Lutie Cemetery, [[Theodosia, Missouri]], U.S.
| placeofburial_coordinates = {{Coord|36|34|59|N|92|40|18|W|region:US-MO|display=inline}}
| nickname = Desert Fox
| allegiance = United States
| allegiance = United States
| branch = [[United States Army|Army]]
| branch = [[United States Army|Army]]
| branch_label = Branch
| serviceyears = 1963–1993
| rank = [[Major general (United States)|Major general]]
| rank = [[Major general (United States)|Major general]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list |[[Southwest Missouri State University]] |[[University of Missouri]]}}
| awards = {{Slink||Awards and decorations}}
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list |[[Southwest Missouri State University]] |[[University of Missouri]] }}
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list |{{Marriage|Diana Pecka|1963|end=divorced}} |{{Marriage|Debra Whitman|1988}} }}
| children = 5
}}
}}


'''Jarrett Jackson Robertson''' (September 3, 1940 – February 23, 1993) was a [[Major general (United States)|major general]] in the [[United States Army]].
'''Jarrett Jackson Robertson''' (September 3, 1940 – February 23, 1993) was a [[Major general (United States)|major general]] in the [[United States Army]]. He served two tours in the [[Vietnam War]] and earned several awards, including a [[Silver Star]]. Robertson served as the deputy commanding general of the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] and later of [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]]. He died in the crash of a [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|Black Hawk]] helicopter near [[Wiesbaden]], Germany, and has been memorialized across the United States through the dedications of structures that include a rappelling tower and a house.


== Early life and education ==
== Personal life and education ==
Robertson was born on September 3, 1940, in [[Springfield, Missouri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSU ROTC Hall of Fame |url=https://www.missouristate.edu/MilSci/BearBattalion/Halloffame.htm |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=[[Missouri State University]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://www.fold3.com/sub-image/306231371/robertson-jarrett-us-army-registers-1798-1969 |title=U.S. Army Register: Regular Army Active List |date=1969-01-01 |publisher=[[United States War Office]] |volume=1 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=349 |language=en |access-date=2024-07-12 |url-access=subscription |via=[[Fold3]]}}</ref> After graduating from [[Gainesville High School (Missouri)|Gainesville High School]], Robertson attended [[Southwest Missouri State University]], joining their theatre program and later their [[ROTC]] program.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=Jan |date=1993-02-25 |title=Son’s Death Becomes Biggest Battle for Mom |url=https://www-newspapers-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/article/the-springfield-news-leader-sons-death/151166047/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=[[The Springfield News-Leader]] |pages=[https://www-newspapers-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/article/the-springfield-news-leader-sons-death/151166047/ 1A], [https://www-newspapers-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/article/the-springfield-news-leader-big-test-loo/151166190/ 6A] |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
Robertson was born on September 3, 1940, in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=March 2, 1993 |title=Maj. Gen. Jarrett J. Robertson |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-springfield-news-leader-maj-gen-ja/151274458/ |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=[[The Springfield News-Leader]] |page=4B |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }}</ref> and raised in [[Springfield, Missouri]].<ref name="MSU">{{Cite web |title=MSU ROTC Hall of Fame |url=https://www.missouristate.edu/MilSci/BearBattalion/Halloffame.htm |access-date=July 12, 2024 |website=[[Missouri State University]] |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710155621/https://www.missouristate.edu/MilSci/BearBattalion/Halloffame.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USWar1969">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdcfAAAAMAAJ |title=U.S. Army Register: Regular Army Active List |date=January 1, 1969 |publisher=[[United States War Office]] |volume=1 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=349 |language=en |access-date=July 12, 2024 |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref> Robertson's parents, Lonnie and Thelma Robertson, were notable radio entertainers in the [[Ozarks]].<ref name=":0" />


After graduating from [[Gainesville High School (Missouri)|Gainesville High School]] in 1958, Robertson attended [[Southwest Missouri State University]] (SMSU), joining their theatre program and later completing his two years of mandatory [[ROTC]] involvement.<ref name="Peterson1993">{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=Jan |date=February 25, 1993 |title=Son's Death Becomes Biggest Battle for Mom |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-springfield-news-leader-sons-death/151166047/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |work=[[The Springfield News-Leader]] |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-springfield-news-leader-sons-death/151166047/ 1A], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-springfield-news-leader-big-test-loo/151166190/ 6A] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }}</ref> He was also a member of the [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity. Robertson graduated from SMSU in 1963. The same year, he married Diana Pecka; they later had five daughters.<ref name=":0" />
In 1971, Robertson earned a [[Master of Science]] degree in history at the [[University of Missouri]].<ref name="Ledbetter2022" />


In 1971, Robertson graduated from [[University of Missouri]] with a Master of Science degree in history.<ref name="Ledbetter2022" />
== Military career ==
Robertson began his service in the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] on July 8, 1963,<ref name=":4" /> and his first assignment was at [[Fort Carson, Colorado]]. In 1965, Robertson was assigned to [[Vietnam]], where he was an advisor to the [[People's Army of Vietnam]].<ref name="Ledbetter2022" />


Robertson's father, Lonnie, died on February 19, 1981, after a four-month illness.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 20, 1981 |title=Lonnie Robertson |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/springfield-leader-and-press-obituary-fo/151285243/ |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=[[Springfield Leader and Press]] |page=2B |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }}</ref> In 1988, Robertson married Debra Whitman.<ref name=":0" />
In 1966, Robertson received a year of officer training at [[Fort Benning, Georgia]]. During that year, he was promoted to the rank of [[First lieutenant#U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force|first lieutenant]] on July 8, 1966, and to the rank of [[Captain (United States O-3)|captain]] on August 17, 1966.<ref name=":4" /> He then returned for a second tour in Vietnam.<ref name="Ledbetter2022" />


== Military career ==
On November 9, 1968, Robertson was ordered to take command of Troop B, 1st Squadron, [[11th Armored Cavalry Regiment]], when its commander was killed in action. His leadership of these 400 soldiers earned him a [[Silver Star Medal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarrett J. Robertson |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/85694 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Hall of Valor |publisher=[[Sightline Media Group]]}}</ref>
Robertson began his service in the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]] on July 8, 1963,<ref name="USWar1969" /> commissioned through ROTC. He joined because of the advice of a sergeant who spoke to him after his two years of ROTC, saying "You're going to face the [[Conscription in the United States|draft]] anyway, so if you have to be in the Army you might as well be an officer."<ref name="Conley1987">{{Cite news |last=Conley |first=Jim |date=July 12, 1987 |title=Cavalry Has New Leader |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-paso-times-cavalry-has-new-leader/151244500/ |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=[[El Paso Times]] |page=3B |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815075728/https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-paso-times-cavalry-has-new-leader/151244500/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


His first assignment was at [[Fort Carson, Colorado]]. In 1965, Robertson was assigned to [[Vietnam]], where he was an advisor to the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]].<ref name="Conley1987" /> In 1966, Robertson received a year of officer training at [[Fort Benning, Georgia]]. During that year, he was promoted to the rank of [[First lieutenant#U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force|first lieutenant]] on July 8, 1966, and to the rank of [[Captain (United States O-3)|captain]] on August 17, 1966.<ref name="USWar1969" /> He then returned for a second tour in Vietnam.<ref name="Ledbetter2022" /> On November 9, 1968, Robertson took command of Troop B, 1st Squadron, [[11th Armored Cavalry Regiment]], when its commander, John Hays, was killed in action.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bahnsen |first1=John C. Jr. |author-link=John Bahnsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1IQUoXic4UC |title=American Warrior: A Combat Memoir of Vietnam |last2=Roberts |first2=Wess |date=January 2008 |publisher=[[Kensington Publishing Corporation]] |isbn=978-0-8065-2807-6 |page=352 |language=en |access-date=July 13, 2024 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815075753/https://books.google.com/books?id=i1IQUoXic4UC |url-status=live }}</ref> His leadership of these 400 soldiers earned him a [[Silver Star Medal]].<ref name="HallOfValor">{{Cite web |title=Jarrett J. Robertson |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/85694 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |website=Hall of Valor |publisher=[[Sightline Media Group]] |archive-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712134025/https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/85694 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Eisenhower Hall - October 2012.jpg|alt=A large red brick multi-story building sits behind a lake on a mostly clear day.|thumb|Eisenhower Hall, home to the [[Combined Arms Research Library]], where Robertson would have studied during his time at [[CGSC]].]]
After this tour in Vietnam, Robertson attended the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth, Kansas]].<ref name="Ledbetter2022" />
After this tour in Vietnam, Robertson attended the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] (CGSC) at [[Fort Leavenworth, Kansas]]. By 1974, Robertson was a [[Major (United States)|major]] serving at Fort Leavenworth.<ref name="Ledbetter2022" /> From 1980 to 1982, he commanded the 2nd Squadron, [[3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment]], at [[Fort Bliss, Texas]].<ref name="DoorPlaque">{{Cite sign |title=Robertson House |date=October 13, 1995 |type=Plaque |place=Fort Bliss, Texas |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robertson_House_(Texas)_front_door_plaque.jpg |access-date=July 12, 2024 |via=[[Wikimedia Commons]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815075502/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robertson_House_(Texas)_front_door_plaque.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> Sometime later, he commanded the [[opposing force]] at the [[Fort Irwin National Training Center]] (NTC), a unit trained in [[Soviet military]] tactics to test other units' tactical abilities.<ref name="Conley1987" />


From July 2, 1987, until 1989, Robertson commanded the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment as its 62nd [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]].<ref name="EPTimes1994">{{Cite news |date=July 26, 1994 |title=Cavalry Ceremony |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-paso-times-cavalry-ceremony/151167243/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |work=[[El Paso Times]] |page=1B |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815075759/https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-paso-times-cavalry-ceremony/151167243/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time, he led the unit in its 14-day visit to the Fort Irwin NTC.<ref name="Conley1987" /> When he left Fort Bliss, about 5,000 soldiers attended the ceremony, where post commander Donald Infante gave him the nickname "Desert Fox," comparing his skills to those of German field marshal [[Erwin Rommel]], who held the same nickname.<ref name="Ledbetter2022" />
By 1974, Robertson was a [[Major (United States)|major]] serving at Fort Leavenworth.<ref name="Ledbetter2022" />


Robertson was then assigned to [[Schweinfurt]], Germany, where he served as the assistant commander of the [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]]. At some point, he was promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]], and later to the rank of [[Major general (United States)|major general]].<ref name="Ledbetter2022" />
From 1980 to 1982, he commanded the 2nd Squadron, [[3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment]], at [[Fort Bliss, Texas]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite plaque |title=Robertson House |date=1995-10-13 |type=Plaque |place=Fort Bliss, Texas |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robertson_House_(Texas)_front_door_plaque.jpg |access-date=2024-07-12 |via=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref>


From November 1990 to May 1991, he served as the deputy commanding general of the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] during the [[Gulf War]].<ref name="DoorPlaque" /> In June 1991, General [[Frederick M. Franks Jr.]] selected Robertson to serve as the chief of staff of the [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]].<ref name="Clancy2007">{{Cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Tom |author-link=Tom Clancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-5C1lQ9NCkC |title=Into the Storm: A Study in Command |last2=Franks |first2=Frederick M. Jr. |author-link2=Frederick M. Franks Jr. |last3=Koltz |first3=Tony |author-link3=Tony Koltz |date=May 2007 |publisher=[[Penguin Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-425-21656-9 |page=438 |language=en |access-date=July 13, 2024 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815075746/https://books.google.com/books?id=u-5C1lQ9NCkC |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1993, Robertson was appointed the deputy commanding general of [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]], a position he held until his death the same year.<ref name="SaltLakeTribune1993" /><ref name="Bodenhausen1994">{{Cite news |last=Bodenhausen |first=Kerry G. |date=August 26, 1994 |title=Tower Stands Tall in Memory of SMS Graduate |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-springfield-news-leader-tower-stands/151230237/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |work=[[The Springfield News-Leader]] |page=2B |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815075757/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-springfield-news-leader-tower-stands/151230237/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
From 1987 to 1989, Robertson commanded the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment as its 62nd [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=1994-07-26 |title=Cavalry Ceremony |url=https://www-newspapers-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/article/el-paso-times-cavalry-ceremony/151167243/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=[[El Paso Times]] |page=1B}}</ref>

From November 1990 to May 1991, he served as the deputy commanding general of the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] during the [[Gulf War]].<ref name=":5" />

He was the deputy commanding general of [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]] until his death in 1993.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Bodenhausen |first=Kerry G. |date=1994-08-26 |title=Tower Stands Tall in Memory of SMS Graduate |url=https://www-newspapers-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/article/the-springfield-news-leader-tower-stands/151230237/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=[[The Springfield News-Leader]] |page=2B |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>


== Awards and decorations ==
== Awards and decorations ==
Robertson received the following awards for his military service:<ref name="Ledbetter2022">{{Cite news |last=Ledbetter |first=Kitty |date=2022-11-10 |title=Remembering 'Superb Soldier' Maj. Gen. Jarrett Jackson Robertson |url=https://www.ozarkcountytimes.com/news-local-news/remembering-%E2%80%98superb-soldier%E2%80%99-maj-gen-jarrett-jackson-robertson |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=Ozark County Times}}</ref>
Robertson received the following awards for his military service:<ref name="Ledbetter2022">{{Cite news |last=Ledbetter |first=Kitty |date=November 10, 2022 |title=Remembering 'Superb Soldier' Maj. Gen. Jarrett Jackson Robertson |url=https://www.ozarkcountytimes.com/news-local-news/remembering-%E2%80%98superb-soldier%E2%80%99-maj-gen-jarrett-jackson-robertson |access-date=July 12, 2024 |work=Ozark County Times |archive-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712134027/https://www.ozarkcountytimes.com/news-local-news/remembering-%E2%80%98superb-soldier%E2%80%99-maj-gen-jarrett-jackson-robertson |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|
|[[File:Combat Infantry Badge.svg|135px]]
|[[Combat Infantry Badge]]
|}


{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
{|
|{{Ribbon devices |number=0 |type=oak |ribbon=Silver Star Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Silver Star Medal]]{{Efn|An article from the Ozark County Times says Robertson received "two Silver Star awards,"<ref name="Ledbetter2022" /> while other sources only describe him receiving one Silver Star.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarrett J. Robertson |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/85694 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Hall of Valor |publisher=[[Sightline Media Group]]}}</ref>}}
|-
|-
|colspan="3"|[[File:Combat Infantry Badge.svg|175px]]
|{{Ribbon devices |number=3 |type=oak |ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Legion of Merit]] with three bronze [[oak leaf cluster]]s
|-
|-
|{{Ribbon devices |number=2 |type=oak |ribbon=Bronze Star Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Silver Star Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|106px|number=2|type=oak|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg}}<span style="position:relative; top: -0px; left: -64px; display: inline-block; width: 0;">[[File:Oak leaf cluster, bronze.svg|20px]]</span>
|{{ribbon devices|106px|number=2|type=oak|ribbon=Bronze Star Medal ribbon.svg}}
|-
|[[File:Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|106x106px]]
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Air Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|106px|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Army Achievement Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=7|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnam Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Southwest Asia Service Medal ribbon (1991–2016).svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=|ribbon=Army Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=|ribbon=Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal ribbon, with 60- clasp.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|
|colspan="6"|[[Combat Infantry Badge]]
|-
!1st Row Awards
|[[Silver Star Medal]] with one bronze [[oak leaf cluster]]{{Efn|Some sources say Robertson received two [[Silver Star]] awards (i.e. one bronze [[oak leaf cluster]]),<ref name="Ledbetter2022" /><ref name="Conley1987" /> while other sources only describe him receiving one Silver Star.<ref name="MSU" /><ref name="HallOfValor" />}}
|[[Legion of Merit]] with three bronze oak leaf clusters
|[[Bronze Star Medal]] with two bronze oak leaf clusters
|[[Bronze Star Medal]] with two bronze oak leaf clusters
|-
|-
!2nd Row Awards
|{{Ribbon devices |number=0 |type=oak |ribbon=Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Meritorious Service Medal (United States)|Meritorious Service Medal]]
|[[Meritorious Service Medal (United States)|Meritorious Service Medal]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices |number=0 |type=oak |ribbon=Air Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Air Medal]]
|[[Air Medal]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices |number=0 |type=oak |ribbon=Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Army Commendation Medal]]
|[[Army Commendation Medal]]
|-
|-
!3rd Row Awards
|{{Ribbon devices |number=0 |type=oak |ribbon=Army Achievement Medal ribbon.svg |width=106}}
|[[Army Achievement Medal]]
|[[Army Achievement Medal]]
|[[National Defense Service Medal]] with one bronze star
|[[Vietnam Service Medal]] with one silver and two bronze service stars
|-
!4th Row Awards
|[[Southwest Asia Service Medal]]
|[[Army Service Ribbon]]
|[[Vietnam Campaign Medal|South Vietnamese Campaign Medal]]
|}
|}


== Death ==
== Death ==
[[File:National-Guard-UH-60-Black-Hawk-operations-at-Fort-McCoy.jpg|alt=A gray-black helicopter flies against a clear blue sky, with some motion blur on the rotors.|thumb|A [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|Black Hawk]] helicopter operated by the [[U.S. Army]]]]
Robertson died at the age of 52 on February 23, 1993, in the crash of a [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|Black Hawk]] helicopter near [[Wiesbaden]], Germany.<ref name=":0" /> Returning from a meeting at the [[United States European Command]] headquarters in [[Stuttgart]], the helicopter crashed while attempting to land at [[Wiesbaden Air Base]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Crash Victims Named |url=https://www-newspapers-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-crash-victims/151166496/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=[[Newsday]] |page=14 |edition=Suffolk |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> It hit a concrete [[Airport apron|apron]] near the air base's [[control tower]] and burst into flames.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=1993-02-25 |title=Army's Death Toll From Copter Crash Includes Commander, Top Aides |url=https://www-newspapers-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/article/the-salt-lake-tribune-armys-death-toll/151166918/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |location=Bonn, Germany |page=A3 |agency=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Four service members, including Robertson, died in the crash, and four others were hospitalized with burns.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mountcastle |first=Clay |title=A Call from Home, A Loss Hits Home |url=https://vawarmemorial.org/a-call-from-home-a-loss-hits-home/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=[[Virginia War Memorial]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1993-02-25 |title=Copter Victims Are Identified |url=https://www-newspapers-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/article/daily-news-copter-victims-are-identified/151166686/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |location=Germany |page=14 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
Robertson died at the age of 52 on February 23, 1993, at around 7:35{{Nbsp}}p.m. in the crash of a [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk]] helicopter near [[Wiesbaden]], Germany.<ref name="Peterson1993" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 1, 1993 |title=Army Safety Center Sends Team To Investigate UH-60 Crash That Kills Four |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43977357 |journal=Inside the Army |publisher=Inside Washington Publishers |volume=5 |issue=9 |page=12 |jstor=43977357 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 13, 2024 |via=[[JSTOR]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nRPAQAAIAAJ |title=Product Safety & Liability Reporter |publisher=[[Bureau of National Affairs]] |year=2002 |volume=30 |page=251 |language=en |access-date=July 13, 2024 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815080157/https://books.google.com/books?id=6nRPAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Returning from a meeting at the [[United States European Command]] headquarters in [[Stuttgart]], the helicopter crashed while attempting to land at [[Wiesbaden Air Base]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Crash Victims Named |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-crash-victims/151166496/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |work=[[Newsday]] |page=14 |edition=Suffolk |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815080452/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-crash-victims/151166496/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It hit a concrete [[Airport apron|apron]] near the air base's [[control tower]] and burst into flames.<ref name="SaltLakeTribune1993">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 1993 |title=Army's Death Toll From Copter Crash Includes Commander, Top Aides |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-tribune-armys-death-toll/151166918/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |location=Bonn, Germany |page=A3 |agency=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815080334/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-tribune-armys-death-toll/151166918/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Four service members, including Robertson, died in the crash, and four others were hospitalized with burns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mountcastle |first=Clay |title=A Call from Home, A Loss Hits Home |url=https://vawarmemorial.org/a-call-from-home-a-loss-hits-home/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |website=[[Virginia War Memorial]] |archive-date=July 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712043033/https://vawarmemorial.org/a-call-from-home-a-loss-hits-home/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 25, 1993 |title=Copter Victims Are Identified |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-copter-victims-are-identified/151166686/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |location=Germany |page=14 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815080154/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-copter-victims-are-identified/151166686/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Robertson was honored with a funeral at [[Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery]]. He was buried at Lutie Cemetery in [[Theodosia, Missouri]].<ref name="Ledbetter2022" />

=== Investigation ===
[[United Technologies Corporation]] (UTC)'s subsidiary [[Sikorsky Aircraft]] created a fuel system that held two {{Convert|230|gal|adj=on}} tanks on the helicopter's sides.<ref name="Bradford2002">{{Cite news |last=Bradford |first=Michael |date=March 31, 2002 |title=Defense Contractor Liable in Chopper Crash |url=https://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20020331/STORY/10009339 |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=Business Insurance |location=New York |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713135052/https://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20020331/STORY/10009339 |url-status=live }}</ref> After an investigation by [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]] concluded on June 8, the crash was believed to have occurred because of a failed fuel control valve, causing the helicopter to use fuel from only the left tank, leaving the right tank nearly full and the helicopter imbalanced.<ref name="Moag1993">{{Cite journal |last=Moag |first=Jeffrey |date=June 24, 1993 |title=Blackhawk Crash Blamed on Failed Fuel Control Valve |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43993134 |journal=Inside the Pentagon |publisher=Inside Washington Publishers |volume=9 |issue=25 |pages=1–2 |jstor=43993134 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 13, 2024 |via=[[JSTOR]] }}</ref>

The investigation found other factors that may have influenced the shift in balance to the right side of the aircraft. Prior to the flight, military police in Stuttgart left the Black Hawk unattended for some time, allowing two German boys to steal a cold weather emergency kit from the helicopter. This led to a delay on the ground, causing the auxiliary power unit, which only uses the left fuel tank, to run longer and use approximately {{Convert|335|lbs}} of fuel from the left tank. Additionally, most of the passengers were seated on the right side of the aircraft, further contributing to its imbalance.<ref name="Moag1993" />

The investigation concluded that both pilots aboard the helicopter acted appropriately given their circumstances and that neither were under the influence of alcohol or drugs before the flight.<ref name="Moag1993" />

=== Lawsuit ===
In 2002, the pilot and other surviving service members from the crash, along with the deceased officers' widows, filed a negligence and product liability lawsuit against UTC. After 11 days of trial, the jury sided against UTC and awarded $22.9 million (approximately ${{Inflation|index=US|value=22.9|start_year=2002}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) in damages.<ref name="Bradford2002" />


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
Robertson has been described as having an infectious confidence and strong leadership skills.<ref name="Clancy2007" /> Major General Donald R. Infante particularly praised him for his practical [[After-action review|after-action reviews]] (AARs), saying Robertson gave "the best AAR [he'd] ever witnessed" and focusing on the positive learning environment Robertson created.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Infante |first=Donald R. |date=September–October 1988 |title=Making Training Priority No. 1 Part III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuerhd6C6OEC |journal=Air Defense Artillery |publisher=[[United States Army Air Defense Artillery School]] |page=2 |issn=0740-803X |access-date=July 13, 2024 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815080156/https://books.google.com/books?id=cuerhd6C6OEC |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Robertson House (Texas) in 2024.jpg|thumb|The Robertson House on [[Fort Bliss]], Texas, in 2024|alt=A tan brick two-story house in Queen Anne-style architecture is shown from the front side.]]The [[3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment]] dedicated a remodeled conference room to Robertson in July 1994.<ref name="EPTimes1994" /> In August 1994, [[Southwest Missouri State University]] dedicated a new {{Convert|43|ft|1+1/2|in|m|adj=on}} rappelling tower for their [[ROTC]] program to Robertson.<ref name="Bodenhausen1994" /> On October 13, 1995, the house at 231 Sheridan Rd on [[Fort Bliss]], [[Texas]], was dedicated to Robertson and named the Robertson House.<ref name="DoorPlaque" /><ref>{{Cite sign |title=Quarters 231: Robertson House |date= |type=Plaque |place=Fort Bliss, Texas |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robertson_House_(Texas)_front_lawn_plaque.jpg |access-date=July 12, 2024 |via=[[Wikimedia Commons]] |archive-date=August 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815080016/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robertson_House_(Texas)_front_lawn_plaque.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment]] dedicated a remodeled conference room to Robertson in July 1994.<ref name=":1" />


== See also ==
In August 1994, [[Southwest Missouri State University]] dedicated a new {{Convert|43|ft|1+1/2|in|m|adj=on}} rappelling tower for their [[ROTC]] program to Robertson.<ref name=":7" />
* {{Portal inline|Biography}}
[[File:Robertson House (Texas) in 2024.jpg|thumb|The Robertson House on [[Fort Bliss]], [[Texas]], in 2024]]
* {{Portal inline|United States}}
On October 13, 1995, the house at 231 Sheridan Rd on [[Fort Bliss]], [[Texas]], was dedicated to Robertson and named the Robertson House.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite plaque |title=Quarters 231: Robertson House |date= |type=Plaque |place=Fort Bliss, Texas |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robertson_House_(Texas)_front_lawn_plaque.jpg |access-date=2024-07-12 |via=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref>


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}


== References ==
== References ==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Portal|Biography|United States}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Jarrett Robertson}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Jarrett Robertson}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Robertson, Jarrett}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Robertson, Jarrett}}
{{Draft categories|
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
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[[Category:1993 deaths]]
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[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Germany]]
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[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1993]]
}}

Revision as of 23:20, 17 October 2024

Jarrett Robertson
Color photo of a man in formal military clothing in front of an American flag
Nickname(s)Desert Fox
Born(1940-09-03)September 3, 1940
Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.
DiedFebruary 23, 1993(1993-02-23) (aged 52)
Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany
Cause of deathHelicopter crash
Buried
Lutie Cemetery, Theodosia, Missouri, U.S.
36°34′59″N 92°40′18″W / 36.58306°N 92.67167°W / 36.58306; -92.67167
AllegianceUnited States
BranchArmy
Years of service1963–1993
RankMajor general
Awards§ Awards and decorations
Alma mater
Spouse(s)
  • Diana Pecka
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1963, divorced)​
  • Debra Whitman
    ​
    (m. 1988)​
Children5

Jarrett Jackson Robertson (September 3, 1940 – February 23, 1993) was a major general in the United States Army. He served two tours in the Vietnam War and earned several awards, including a Silver Star. Robertson served as the deputy commanding general of the 1st Armored Division and later of V Corps. He died in the crash of a Black Hawk helicopter near Wiesbaden, Germany, and has been memorialized across the United States through the dedications of structures that include a rappelling tower and a house.

Personal life and education

Robertson was born on September 3, 1940, in Lincoln, Nebraska,[1] and raised in Springfield, Missouri.[2][3] Robertson's parents, Lonnie and Thelma Robertson, were notable radio entertainers in the Ozarks.[1]

After graduating from Gainesville High School in 1958, Robertson attended Southwest Missouri State University (SMSU), joining their theatre program and later completing his two years of mandatory ROTC involvement.[4] He was also a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Robertson graduated from SMSU in 1963. The same year, he married Diana Pecka; they later had five daughters.[1]

In 1971, Robertson graduated from University of Missouri with a Master of Science degree in history.[5]

Robertson's father, Lonnie, died on February 19, 1981, after a four-month illness.[6] In 1988, Robertson married Debra Whitman.[1]

Military career

Robertson began his service in the Regular Army on July 8, 1963,[3] commissioned through ROTC. He joined because of the advice of a sergeant who spoke to him after his two years of ROTC, saying "You're going to face the draft anyway, so if you have to be in the Army you might as well be an officer."[7]

His first assignment was at Fort Carson, Colorado. In 1965, Robertson was assigned to Vietnam, where he was an advisor to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.[7] In 1966, Robertson received a year of officer training at Fort Benning, Georgia. During that year, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant on July 8, 1966, and to the rank of captain on August 17, 1966.[3] He then returned for a second tour in Vietnam.[5] On November 9, 1968, Robertson took command of Troop B, 1st Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, when its commander, John Hays, was killed in action.[8] His leadership of these 400 soldiers earned him a Silver Star Medal.[9]

A large red brick multi-story building sits behind a lake on a mostly clear day.
Eisenhower Hall, home to the Combined Arms Research Library, where Robertson would have studied during his time at CGSC.

After this tour in Vietnam, Robertson attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. By 1974, Robertson was a major serving at Fort Leavenworth.[5] From 1980 to 1982, he commanded the 2nd Squadron, 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment, at Fort Bliss, Texas.[10] Sometime later, he commanded the opposing force at the Fort Irwin National Training Center (NTC), a unit trained in Soviet military tactics to test other units' tactical abilities.[7]

From July 2, 1987, until 1989, Robertson commanded the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment as its 62nd colonel.[11] During this time, he led the unit in its 14-day visit to the Fort Irwin NTC.[7] When he left Fort Bliss, about 5,000 soldiers attended the ceremony, where post commander Donald Infante gave him the nickname "Desert Fox," comparing his skills to those of German field marshal Erwin Rommel, who held the same nickname.[5]

Robertson was then assigned to Schweinfurt, Germany, where he served as the assistant commander of the 3rd Infantry Division. At some point, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, and later to the rank of major general.[5]

From November 1990 to May 1991, he served as the deputy commanding general of the 1st Armored Division during the Gulf War.[10] In June 1991, General Frederick M. Franks Jr. selected Robertson to serve as the chief of staff of the VII Corps.[12] In 1993, Robertson was appointed the deputy commanding general of V Corps, a position he held until his death the same year.[13][14]

Awards and decorations

Robertson received the following awards for his military service:[5]

Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze star
Silver star
Bronze star
Bronze star
Combat Infantry Badge
1st Row Awards Silver Star Medal with one bronze oak leaf cluster[a] Legion of Merit with three bronze oak leaf clusters Bronze Star Medal with two bronze oak leaf clusters
2nd Row Awards Meritorious Service Medal Air Medal Army Commendation Medal
3rd Row Awards Army Achievement Medal National Defense Service Medal with one bronze star Vietnam Service Medal with one silver and two bronze service stars
4th Row Awards Southwest Asia Service Medal Army Service Ribbon South Vietnamese Campaign Medal

Death

A gray-black helicopter flies against a clear blue sky, with some motion blur on the rotors.
A Black Hawk helicopter operated by the U.S. Army

Robertson died at the age of 52 on February 23, 1993, at around 7:35 p.m. in the crash of a Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter near Wiesbaden, Germany.[4][15][16] Returning from a meeting at the United States European Command headquarters in Stuttgart, the helicopter crashed while attempting to land at Wiesbaden Air Base.[17] It hit a concrete apron near the air base's control tower and burst into flames.[13] Four service members, including Robertson, died in the crash, and four others were hospitalized with burns.[18][19]

Robertson was honored with a funeral at Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery. He was buried at Lutie Cemetery in Theodosia, Missouri.[5]

Investigation

United Technologies Corporation (UTC)'s subsidiary Sikorsky Aircraft created a fuel system that held two 230-US-gallon (870 L; 190 imp gal) tanks on the helicopter's sides.[20] After an investigation by V Corps concluded on June 8, the crash was believed to have occurred because of a failed fuel control valve, causing the helicopter to use fuel from only the left tank, leaving the right tank nearly full and the helicopter imbalanced.[21]

The investigation found other factors that may have influenced the shift in balance to the right side of the aircraft. Prior to the flight, military police in Stuttgart left the Black Hawk unattended for some time, allowing two German boys to steal a cold weather emergency kit from the helicopter. This led to a delay on the ground, causing the auxiliary power unit, which only uses the left fuel tank, to run longer and use approximately 335 pounds (152 kg) of fuel from the left tank. Additionally, most of the passengers were seated on the right side of the aircraft, further contributing to its imbalance.[21]

The investigation concluded that both pilots aboard the helicopter acted appropriately given their circumstances and that neither were under the influence of alcohol or drugs before the flight.[21]

Lawsuit

In 2002, the pilot and other surviving service members from the crash, along with the deceased officers' widows, filed a negligence and product liability lawsuit against UTC. After 11 days of trial, the jury sided against UTC and awarded $22.9 million (approximately $39 million in 2023) in damages.[20]

Legacy

Robertson has been described as having an infectious confidence and strong leadership skills.[12] Major General Donald R. Infante particularly praised him for his practical after-action reviews (AARs), saying Robertson gave "the best AAR [he'd] ever witnessed" and focusing on the positive learning environment Robertson created.[22]

A tan brick two-story house in Queen Anne-style architecture is shown from the front side.
The Robertson House on Fort Bliss, Texas, in 2024

The 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment dedicated a remodeled conference room to Robertson in July 1994.[11] In August 1994, Southwest Missouri State University dedicated a new 43-foot-1+1⁄2-inch (13.145 m) rappelling tower for their ROTC program to Robertson.[14] On October 13, 1995, the house at 231 Sheridan Rd on Fort Bliss, Texas, was dedicated to Robertson and named the Robertson House.[10][23]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Some sources say Robertson received two Silver Star awards (i.e. one bronze oak leaf cluster),[5][7] while other sources only describe him receiving one Silver Star.[2][9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Maj. Gen. Jarrett J. Robertson". The Springfield News-Leader. March 2, 1993. p. 4B. Retrieved July 13, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ a b "MSU ROTC Hall of Fame". Missouri State University. Archived from the original on July 10, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c U.S. Army Register: Regular Army Active List. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States War Office. January 1, 1969. p. 349. Retrieved July 12, 2024 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b Peterson, Jan (February 25, 1993). "Son's Death Becomes Biggest Battle for Mom". The Springfield News-Leader. pp. 1A, 6A. Retrieved July 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Ledbetter, Kitty (November 10, 2022). "Remembering 'Superb Soldier' Maj. Gen. Jarrett Jackson Robertson". Ozark County Times. Archived from the original on July 12, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
  6. ^ "Lonnie Robertson". Springfield Leader and Press. February 20, 1981. p. 2B. Retrieved July 13, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ a b c d e Conley, Jim (July 12, 1987). "Cavalry Has New Leader". El Paso Times. p. 3B. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ Bahnsen, John C. Jr.; Roberts, Wess (January 2008). American Warrior: A Combat Memoir of Vietnam. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-8065-2807-6. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ a b "Jarrett J. Robertson". Hall of Valor. Sightline Media Group. Archived from the original on July 12, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c Robertson House (Plaque). Fort Bliss, Texas. October 13, 1995. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. ^ a b "Cavalry Ceremony". El Paso Times. July 26, 1994. p. 1B. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ a b Clancy, Tom; Franks, Frederick M. Jr.; Koltz, Tony (May 2007). Into the Storm: A Study in Command. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 438. ISBN 978-0-425-21656-9. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ a b "Army's Death Toll From Copter Crash Includes Commander, Top Aides". The Salt Lake Tribune. Bonn, Germany. The Washington Post. February 25, 1993. p. A3. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
  14. ^ a b Bodenhausen, Kerry G. (August 26, 1994). "Tower Stands Tall in Memory of SMS Graduate". The Springfield News-Leader. p. 2B. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "Army Safety Center Sends Team To Investigate UH-60 Crash That Kills Four". Inside the Army. 5 (9). Inside Washington Publishers: 12. March 1, 1993. JSTOR 43977357. Retrieved July 13, 2024 – via JSTOR.
  16. ^ Product Safety & Liability Reporter. Vol. 30. Bureau of National Affairs. 2002. p. 251. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ "Crash Victims Named". Newsday (Suffolk ed.). p. 14. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ Mountcastle, Clay. "A Call from Home, A Loss Hits Home". Virginia War Memorial. Archived from the original on July 12, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
  19. ^ "Copter Victims Are Identified". New York Daily News. Germany. February 25, 1993. p. 14. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ a b Bradford, Michael (March 31, 2002). "Defense Contractor Liable in Chopper Crash". Business Insurance. New York. Archived from the original on July 13, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  21. ^ a b c Moag, Jeffrey (June 24, 1993). "Blackhawk Crash Blamed on Failed Fuel Control Valve". Inside the Pentagon. 9 (25). Inside Washington Publishers: 1–2. JSTOR 43993134. Retrieved July 13, 2024 – via JSTOR.
  22. ^ Infante, Donald R. (September–October 1988). "Making Training Priority No. 1 Part III". Air Defense Artillery. United States Army Air Defense Artillery School: 2. ISSN 0740-803X. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ Quarters 231: Robertson House (Plaque). Fort Bliss, Texas. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2024 – via Wikimedia Commons.
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