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{{short description|American aircraft engine}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2019}}
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
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| image=Liberty L-12-1.jpg
| image=Liberty L-12-1.jpg
| caption=Liberty L-12 aircraft engine
| caption=Liberty L-12 aircraft engine
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
}}{{Infobox aircraft engine
|type=[[Reciprocating engine|Piston]] [[Aircraft engine|aero engine]]
|type=[[Reciprocating engine|Piston]] [[Aircraft engine|aero engine]]
|manufacturer=[[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincoln]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Packard]], [[Marmon Motor Car Company|Marmon]], [[Buick]]
|manufacturer=[[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincoln]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Packard]], [[Marmon Motor Car Company|Marmon]], [[Buick]]
|designer=[[Jesse G. Vincent]] and [[Elbert J. Hall]]
|designer=[[Jesse G. Vincent]] and [[Elbert J. Hall]]
|national origin = [[United States of America]]
|national origin = [[United States of America]]
|first run=about 1917
|first run={{circa}} 1917
|major applications=
|major applications=
|produced=
|produced=
|number built=20,748
|number built=20,748
|program cost=
|program cost=
|unit cost=
|unit cost= $17,825
|developed from=
|developed from=
|variants with their own articles=[[Liberty L-4]], [[Liberty L-6]], [[Liberty L-8]]
|variants with their own articles=[[Liberty L-4]], [[Liberty L-6]], [[Liberty L-8]]
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|}
|}


The '''Liberty L-12''' was an American 27-[[litre]] (1,649 [[cubic inch]]) water-cooled 45° V-12 aircraft engine of {{convert|400|hp|kW|lk=on|abbr=on}} designed for a high [[power-to-weight ratio]] and ease of mass production. It saw wide use in aero applications, and, once [[marinized]], in marine use both in racing and [[Runabout (boat)|gentlemens' runabouts]].
The '''Liberty L-12''' is an American water-cooled 45° V-12 aircraft engine displacing {{convert|1649|cuin|L|0}} and making {{cvt|400|hp|kW|lk=on}} designed for a high [[power-to-weight ratio]] and ease of mass production. It saw wide use in aero applications, and, once [[marinized]], in marine use both in racing and [[Runabout (boat)|runabout boats]].


A single bank 6-cylinder version, the [[Liberty L-6]], and V-8, the [[Liberty L-8]], were derived from the Liberty L-12. It was succeeded by the [[Packard 1A-2500]].
A single bank 6-cylinder version, the [[Liberty L-6]], and V-8, the [[Liberty L-8]], were derived from the Liberty L-12. It was succeeded by the [[Packard 1A-2500]].


==Development==
==Development==
In May 1917, a month after the United States had declared war on [[Germany]], a federal task force known as the [[Aircraft Board|Aircraft Production Board]] summoned two top engine designers, [[Jesse G. Vincent]] (of the [[Packard]] Motor Car Company of Detroit) and [[Elbert J. Hall]] (of the [[Hall-Scott]] Motor Co. in [[Berkeley, California]]), to [[Washington D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]. They were given the task of designing as rapidly as possible an aircraft engine that would rival if not surpass those of [[Great Britain]], [[France]], and Germany. The Board specified that the engine would have a high power-to-weight ratio and be adaptable to mass production.
In May 1917, a month after the United States had declared war on Germany, a federal task force known as the [[Aircraft Board|Aircraft Production Board]] summoned two top engine designers, [[Jesse G. Vincent]] (of the [[Packard]] Motor Car Company) and [[Elbert J. Hall]] (of the [[Hall-Scott]] Motor Company), to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. They were given the task of designing as rapidly as possible an aircraft engine that would rival if not surpass those of Great Britain, France, and Germany. The Board specified that the engine would have a high power-to-weight ratio and be adaptable to mass production.


The Board brought Vincent and Hall together on 29 May 1917 at the [[Willard InterContinental Washington|Willard Hotel]] in Washington, where the two were asked to stay until they produced a set of basic drawings. After just five days, Vincent and Hall left the Willard with a completed design for the new engine,<ref>{{cite book | last = Trout | first = Steven | authorlink = | title = Cather Studies Vol. 6: History, Memory, and War | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | year = 2006 | location = | pages = 275–276 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-8032-9464-6}}</ref> which had adopted, almost unchanged, the [[Overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|single overhead camshaft]] and rocker arm valvetrain design of the later [[Mercedes D.III#External differences between models|Mercedes D.III]]a engines of 1917–18.
The Board brought Vincent and Hall together on 29 May 1917 at the [[Willard InterContinental Washington|Willard Hotel]] in Washington, where the two were asked to stay until they produced a set of basic drawings. After just five days, Vincent and Hall left the Willard with a completed design for the new engine,<ref>{{cite book | last = Trout | first = Steven | title = Cather Studies Vol. 6: History, Memory, and War | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | year = 2006 | pages = 275–276 | isbn = 978-0-8032-9464-6}}</ref> which had adopted, almost unchanged, the [[Overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|single overhead camshaft]] and rocker arm valvetrain design of the later [[Mercedes D.III#External differences between models|Mercedes D.III]]a engines of 1917–18.


In July 1917, an eight-cylinder prototype assembled by Packard's Detroit plant arrived in Washington for testing, and in August, the 12-cylinder version was tested and approved.
In July 1917, an eight-cylinder prototype assembled by Packard's Detroit plant arrived in Washington for testing, and in August, the 12-cylinder version was tested and approved.
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[[File:Ford Liberty12.jpg|right|thumb|Ford Liberty 12 data plate with firing order]]
[[File:Ford Liberty12.jpg|right|thumb|Ford Liberty 12 data plate with firing order]]


In the fall of 1917, the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] placed an order for 22,500 Liberty engines, dividing the contract among the automobile and engine manufacturers [[Buick]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Cadillac]], [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]], [[Marmon Motor Car Company|Marmon]], and Packard. [[Hall-Scott]] in California was considered too small to receive a production order. Manufacturing by multiple factories was facilitated by its modular design.<ref name=Yenne>{{cite book | last = Yenne | first = Bill | authorlink = | title = The American Aircraft Factory in World War II | publisher = Zenith Imprint | year = 2006 | location = | pages = 15–17 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-7603-2300-7}}</ref>
In the fall of 1917, the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] placed an order for 22,500 Liberty engines, dividing the contract among the automobile and engine manufacturers [[Buick]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Cadillac]], [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]], [[Marmon Motor Car Company|Marmon]], and [[Packard]]. [[Hall-Scott]] in California was considered too small to receive a production order. Manufacturing by multiple factories was facilitated by its modular design.<ref name=Yenne>{{cite book | last = Yenne | first = Bill | title = The American Aircraft Factory in World War II | publisher = Zenith Imprint | year = 2006 | pages = 15–17 | isbn = 978-0-7603-2300-7}}</ref>


Ford was asked to supply cylinders for the new engine and rapidly developed an improved<!--over what?--> technique for cutting and pressing steel, which resulted in cylinder production rising from 151 per day to over 2,000; the company eventually manufactured all 433,826 cylinders produced, as well as 3,950 complete engines.<ref name=Callaghan>{{cite book | last = O'Callaghan | first = Timothy J. | authorlink = | title = The Aviation Legacy of Henry & Edsel Ford | publisher = Wayne State University Press | year = 2002 | location = | pages = 163–164 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-928623-01-4}}</ref> Lincoln constructed a new plant in record time, devoted entirely to Liberty engine production, and assembled 2,000 engines in 12 months. By the time of the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Armistice with Germany]], the various companies had produced 13,574 Liberty engines, attaining a production rate of 150 engines per day. Production continued after the war, for a total of 20,478 engines built between July 4, 1917 and 1919.<ref>{{cite book | last = Anderson | first = John David | authorlink = | title = The Airplane: A History of Its Technology | publisher = [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|AIAA]] | year = 2002 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-56347-525-2| page = 157}}</ref>
Ford was asked to supply cylinders for the new engine and rapidly developed an improved<!--over what?--> technique for cutting and pressing steel, which resulted in cylinder production rising from 151 per day to over 2,000; the company eventually manufactured all 433,826 cylinders produced, as well as 3,950 complete engines.<ref name=Callaghan>{{cite book | last = O'Callaghan | first = Timothy J. | title = The Aviation Legacy of Henry & Edsel Ford | publisher = Wayne State University Press | year = 2002 | pages = 163–164 | isbn = 978-1-928623-01-4}}</ref> Lincoln constructed a new plant in record time, devoted entirely to Liberty engine production, and assembled 2,000 engines in 12 months. By the time of the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Armistice with Germany]], the various companies had produced 13,574 Liberty engines, attaining a production rate of 150 engines per day. Production continued after the war, for a total of 20,478 engines built between July 4, 1917, and 1919.<ref>{{cite book | last = Anderson | first = John David | title = The Airplane: A History of Its Technology | publisher = [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|AIAA]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-56347-525-2| page = 157}}</ref>


Although it is widely reported otherwise, a few Liberty engines did see action in France as power for the American version of the British [[Airco DH.4]].<ref>[[#refVincent1919|Vincent 1919]], p. 400.</ref>
Although it is widely reported otherwise, a few Liberty engines did see action in France as power for the American version of the British [[Airco DH.4]].<ref>[[#refVincent1919|Vincent 1919]], p. 400.</ref>


===Lincoln production===
===Lincoln production===
As the United States entered [[World War I]], the [[Cadillac]] division of General Motors was asked to produce the new Liberty aircraft engine, but [[William C. Durant]] was a [[pacifist]] who did not want General Motors or Cadillac facilities to be used for producing war material. This led to [[Henry Leland]] leaving Cadillac to form the Lincoln Motor Company to make Liberty engines. He quickly gained a $10,000,000 government contract to build 6,000 engines.<ref>[[#refWeiss2003|Weiss 2003]], p. 45.</ref> Subsequently, the order was increased to 9,000 units, with an option for 8,000 more if the government needed them.<ref>[[#refLelandMillbrook1996|Leland and Millbrook 1996]], p. 189.</ref> (Durant later changed his mind and both Cadillac and Buick produced the engines.<ref>{{cite book | last = Weiss | first = H. Eugene | authorlink = | title = Chrysler, Ford, Durant, and Sloan | publisher = McFarland | year = 2003 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-7864-1611-0| page = 45}}</ref>)
As the United States entered [[World War I]], the [[Cadillac]] division of General Motors was asked to produce the new Liberty aircraft engine, but [[William C. Durant]] was a [[pacifist]] who did not want General Motors or Cadillac facilities to be used for producing war material. This led to [[Henry Leland]] leaving Cadillac to form the Lincoln Motor Company to make Liberty engines. He quickly gained a $10,000,000 government contract to build 6,000 engines.<ref>[[#refWeiss2003|Weiss 2003]], p. 45.</ref> Subsequently, the order was increased to 9,000 units, with an option for 8,000 more if the government needed them.<ref>[[#refLelandMillbrook1996|Leland and Millbrook 1996]], p. 189.</ref> (Durant later changed his mind and both Cadillac and Buick produced the engines.<ref>{{cite book | last = Weiss | first = H. Eugene | title = Chrysler, Ford, Durant, and Sloan | publisher = McFarland | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-7864-1611-0| page = 45}}</ref>)


More than 16,000 Liberty engines were produced during the calendar year 1918. To November 11, 1918, more than 14,000 Liberty engines were produced.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Squier|first1=George O.|title=Aeronautics In The United States, 1918|journal=Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers|date=10 Jan 1919|volume= XXXVIII|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ils2AQAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref> Lincoln had delivered 6,500 of the {{convert|400|hp|kW|abbr=on}} V-12 overhead [[camshaft]] engines when production ceased in January 1919.<ref>[[#refLelandMillbrook1996|Leland and Millbrook 1996]], p. 194.</ref>
More than 16,000 Liberty engines were produced during the calendar year 1918. To November 11, 1918, more than 14,000 Liberty engines were produced.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Squier|first1=George O.|title=Aeronautics In The United States, 1918|journal=Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers|date=10 Jan 1919|volume= XXXVIII|page=13|doi=10.1109/T-AIEE.1919.4765601|s2cid=51649497|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ils2AQAAMAAJ|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> Lincoln had delivered 6,500 of the {{cvt|400|hp|kW}} V-12 overhead [[camshaft]] engines when production ceased in January 1919.<ref>[[#refLelandMillbrook1996|Leland and Millbrook 1996]], p. 194.</ref>


==Design==
==Design==
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An inverted Liberty 12-A referred to as the V-1650 was produced up to 1926 by Packard.
An inverted Liberty 12-A referred to as the V-1650 was produced up to 1926 by Packard.


The same designation was later applied to the [[Packard V-1650 Merlin]], an engine with nearly identical [[engine displacement]]. This was a [[World War II]] Packard produced version of the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]],<ref name=Gunston>{{cite book | last = Gunston | first = Bill | authorlink = Bill Gunston | title = World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines | publisher = Patrick Stephens | year = 1986 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-85059-717-2| page = 106}}</ref> and is not to be confused with the earlier Liberty-based version.
The same designation was later applied to the [[Packard V-1650 Merlin]], an engine with nearly identical [[engine displacement]]. This was a [[World War II]] Packard produced version of the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]],<ref name=Gunston>{{cite book | last = Gunston | first = Bill | author-link = Bill Gunston | title = World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines | publisher = Patrick Stephens | year = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-85059-717-2| page = 106}}</ref> and is not to be confused with the earlier Liberty-based version.


;Allison VG-1410:
;Allison VG-1410:
The Allison VG-1410 was an air-cooled inverted Liberty L-12, with a geared super-charger, Allison [[Epicyclic gearing|epicyclic]] propeller reduction gear, and bore reduced to {{convert|4+5/8|in|abbr=on}}, giving a lower displacement of {{convert|1411|in3|L|abbr=on}}.<ref name=JAWA1928>{{cite book |title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1928 |editor1-last=Grey |editor1-first=C.G. |year=1928 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd |location=London |page=58d}}</ref><ref>http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/AnnalsofFlight/text/SAOF-0001.3.txt</ref>
The Allison VG-1410 was an air-cooled inverted Liberty L-12, with a geared super-charger, Allison [[Epicyclic gearing|epicyclic]] propeller reduction gear, and bore reduced to {{cvt|4+5/8|in}}, giving a lower displacement of {{cvt|1411|in3|L}}.<ref name=JAWA1928>{{cite book |title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1928 |editor1-last=Grey |editor1-first=C.G. |year=1928 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd |location=London |page=58d}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/AnnalsofFlight/text/SAOF-0001.3.txt |title=Annals of Flight |access-date=2009-11-09 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223648/http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/AnnalsofFlight/text/SAOF-0001.3.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref>


;Liberty L-6:
;Liberty L-6:
{{main|Liberty L-6}}
{{main|Liberty L-6}}
A 6-cylinder version of the Liberty L-12, nicknamed the [[Liberty L-6|"Liberty Six"]], consisted of a single bank of cylinders, with the resulting engine bearing a strong external resemblance to both the [[Mercedes D.III]] and [[BMW III]] straight-six German aviation engines of World War I. (825 cu.in. / 13.5 liters)
A 6-cylinder version of the Liberty L-12, nicknamed the [[Liberty L-6|"Liberty Six"]], consisted of a single bank of cylinders, with the resulting engine bearing a strong external resemblance to both the [[Mercedes D.III]] and [[BMW III]] straight-six German aviation engines of World War I. {{convert|825|cuin|L|1}}


;Liberty L-8:
;Liberty L-8:
{{main|Liberty L-8}}
{{main|Liberty L-8}}
An 8-cylinder V engine using Liberty cylinders in banks of four at 45°. (1099.6 ci / 18.02L)
An 8-cylinder V engine using Liberty cylinders in banks of four at 45°. {{convert|1099.6|cuin|L|1}}


;Mikulin M-5:License production (or copies) produced in the USSR.
;Mikulin M-5:License production (or copies) produced in the USSR. Used in the [[Grigorovich I-2]] and early variants of the [[BT tank]].


;Nuffield Liberty:
;Nuffield Liberty:
[[File:Crusader tank III.jpg|thumb|[[World War II]] Crusader Mk III, powered by Nuffield Liberty]]
[[File:Crusader tank III.jpg|thumb|[[World War II]] Crusader Mk III, powered by Nuffield Liberty]]
The Nuffield Liberty tank engine was licensed and produced in World War II by the [[United Kingdom|UK]] car manufacturer [[Nuffield Mechanisation and Aero|Nuffield]]. It was used in early [[cruiser tank]]s, the [[Crusader tank|Crusader]], the [[Cavalier tank|Cavalier]], and finally [[Cromwell tank|Centaur]] tanks. It was a 27&nbsp;L (1,649&nbsp;in<sup>3</sup>) engine with an output of {{convert|340|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}, which was inadequate for the increasing vehicle weights as the war progressed and also suffered numerous problems with cooling and reliability.<ref name=Foreman-Peck>{{cite book | last = Foreman-Peck | first = James | authorlink = |author2=Sue Bowden |author3=Alan McKinley | title = The British Motor Industry | publisher = Manchester University Press | year = 1995 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-7190-2612-6| page = 87}}</ref>
The Nuffield Liberty tank engine was licensed and produced in World War II by the [[United Kingdom|UK]] car manufacturer [[Nuffield Mechanisation and Aero|Nuffield]]. It was used in early [[cruiser tank]]s, the [[Crusader tank|Crusader]], the [[Cavalier tank|Cavalier]], and finally [[Cromwell tank|Centaur]] tanks. It was a 27&nbsp;L (1,649&nbsp;in<sup>3</sup>) engine with an output of {{cvt|340|hp|kW PS|lk=on}}, which was inadequate for the increasing vehicle weights as the war progressed and also suffered numerous problems with cooling and reliability.<ref name=Foreman-Peck>{{cite book | last = Foreman-Peck | first = James |author2=Sue Bowden |author3=Alan McKinley | title = The British Motor Industry | publisher = Manchester University Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-7190-2612-6| page = 87}}</ref>


The Nuffield Liberty ran through multiple versions:<ref name="Neal">{{cite book| last1=Neal| first1=Robert J.|title=A technical & operational history of the Liberty engine : tanks, ships and aircraft 1917-1960| date=2009| publisher=Specialty Press| location=North Branch, MN| isbn=978-1580071499}}</ref>
The Nuffield Liberty ran through multiple versions:<ref name="Neal">{{cite book| last1=Neal| first1=Robert J.|title=A technical & operational history of the Liberty engine : tanks, ships and aircraft 1917-1960| date=2009| publisher=Specialty Press| location=North Branch, MN| isbn=978-1580071499}}</ref>
* '''Mark I''', US built engines modified in Britain. Modification incorporated new carburettors and a new induction system from [[Solex]], revision of the crankcase breather, new timing gear, and revised crankshaft end thrust. This produced {{convert|340|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} when governed to 1,500 rpm with the new carburettors.
* '''Mark I''', US built engines modified in Britain. Modification incorporated new carburettors and a new induction system from [[Solex Carburetor|Solex]], revision of the crankcase breather, new timing gear, and revised crankshaft end thrust. This produced {{cvt|340|hp|kW PS|lk=on}} when governed to 1,500 rpm with the new carburettors.
* '''Mark II''', British built engines. The air compressor (for starting) was not used, and was removed on later engines
* '''Mark II''', British built engines. The air compressor (for starting) was not used, and was removed on later engines
* '''Mark III, IIIA''' and '''IIIB''', made for the Crusader tank. This required a reduced height to fit in the engine bay, achieved by redesigning the oil pump and relocating the water pump. The air compressor was reinstated to enable pneumatically-operated braking and steering. Significant problems were experienced in desert use (the [[North African Campaign]]), and the Mk III went through multiple revisions. This included three different chain drive designs for the ancillary cooling fans, a revised valve adjustment mechanism, increased compression ratio, revised oil feeds, and two water pump replacements.
* '''Mark III, IIIA''' and '''IIIB''', made for the Crusader tank. This required a reduced height to fit in the engine bay, achieved by redesigning the oil pump and relocating the water pump. The air compressor was reinstated to enable pneumatically-operated braking and steering. Significant problems were experienced in desert use (the [[North African Campaign]]), and the Mk III went through multiple revisions. This included three different chain drive designs for the ancillary cooling fans, a revised valve adjustment mechanism, increased compression ratio, revised oil feeds, and two water pump replacements.
* '''Mark IV''', a revised design providing a shaft drive for cooling fans. This replaced the troublesome chain drive. This version also changed the air compressor to run at a lower speed.
* '''Mark IV''', a revised design providing a shaft drive for cooling fans. This replaced the troublesome chain drive. This version also changed the air compressor to run at a lower speed.
* '''Mark IVA''', the power was increased to {{convert|410|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} by increasing the governor limit to 1,700 rpm, and by fitting a new intake manifold and carburettor for the Cavalier tank.
* '''Mark IVA''', the power was increased to {{cvt|410|hp|kW PS|lk=on}} by increasing the governor limit to 1,700 rpm, and by fitting a new intake manifold and carburettor for the Cavalier tank.
* '''Mark V''', a redesigned engine producing the same power as the Mark IVA but for use in the Centaur tank. It revised the oil distribution in the engine, but remained governed to the higher speed of 1,700 rpm. The engine was intended for the [[Cromwell tank]], but the Liberty-based design was dropped in favour of the [[Rolls-Royce Meteor]] procured by the Tank Board. Those tanks fitted with Liberty were renamed Centaur, and production was split.
* '''Mark V''', a redesigned engine producing the same power as the Mark IVA but for use in the Centaur tank. It revised the oil distribution in the engine, but remained governed to the higher speed of 1,700 rpm. The engine was intended for the [[Cromwell tank]], but the Liberty-based design was dropped in favour of the [[Rolls-Royce Meteor]] procured by the Tank Board. Those tanks fitted with Liberty were renamed Centaur, and production was split.


==Use==
==Applications==
===Aircraft===
===Aircraft===
[[File:Airco DH-4.jpg|thumb|[[Airco DH.4]] in flight over France during [[World War I]]]]
[[File:Airco DH-4.jpg|thumb|[[Airco DH.4]] in flight over France during [[World War I]]]]
[[File:Naval Air Station at Pensacola.jpg|thumb|[[Felixstowe F5L]]]]
[[File:Naval Air Station at Pensacola.jpg|thumb|[[Felixstowe F5L]]]]

The primary use of the Liberty was in aircraft.
The primary use of the Liberty was in aircraft.
*American-built versions of the [[Airco DH.4]]
*American-built versions of the [[Airco DH.4]]
*[[Airco DH.9A]]
*[[Airco DH.9A]]
*[[Airco DH.10]]
*[[Airco DH.10 Amiens]]
*[[Breguet 14]] B2 L
*[[Breguet 14]] B2 L
*[[Caproni Ca.60]]
*[[Caproni Ca.60]]
Line 109: Line 111:
*[[Fokker T.II]]
*[[Fokker T.II]]
*[[Handley Page H.P.20]]
*[[Handley Page H.P.20]]
*[[Keystone LB-5]]
*[[Witteman-Lewis XNBL]]
*[[Witteman-Lewis XNBL]]


Line 115: Line 118:
===Automobile===
===Automobile===
[[File:White Triplex n041953.jpg|thumb|The [[White Triplex]]]]
[[File:White Triplex n041953.jpg|thumb|The [[White Triplex]]]]
Based on aircraft use the engine provided a good power-to-weight ratio. This made it ideal for use in land speed attempt vehicles.
Based on aircraft use the engine provided a good power-to-weight ratio. This made it ideal for use in land speed attempt vehicles.


It was selected for two land speed record attempts.
It was selected for two land speed record attempts.
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===Tank===
===Tank===
[[File:Allied Mark VIII (Liberty) Tank.jpg|thumb|[[World War I]] Mark VIII "Liberty" tank]]
[[File:Allied Mark VIII (Liberty) Tank.jpg|thumb|[[World War I]] Mark VIII "Liberty" tank]]
As early as 1917 the Liberty showed good potential for use in tanks as well as aircraft. The Anglo-American or Liberty [[Mark VIII (tank)|Mark VIII]] tank was designed in 1917–18. The American version used an adaptation of the Liberty V-12 engine of 300&nbsp;hp (220&nbsp;kW), designed to use [[cast iron]] cylinders rather than drawn [[steel]] ones. One hundred tanks were manufactured at the [[Rock Island Arsenal]] in 1919–20, too late for [[World War I]]. They were eventually sold to Canada for training in 1940, except for two that have been preserved.
As early as 1917 the Liberty showed good potential for use in tanks as well as aircraft. The Anglo-American, or "Liberty", [[Mark VIII (tank)|Mark VIII]] tank was designed in 1917–18. The American version used an adaptation of the Liberty V-12 engine of 300&nbsp;hp (220&nbsp;kW), designed to use [[cast iron]] cylinders rather than drawn [[steel]] ones. One hundred tanks were manufactured at the [[Rock Island Arsenal]] in 1919–20, too late for [[World War I]]. They were eventually sold to Canada for training in 1940, except for two that have been preserved.


Inter-war, [[J. Walter Christie]] combined aircraft engines with new suspension, producing a rapid and highly mobile tank. Using Christie's concept, Russian forces selected and copied the Liberty in the [[BT tank|BT-2 & BT-5]] Soviet interwar tank (at least one reconditioned Liberty was installed in a BT-5){{citation needed|date=June 2012}}. Demonstration of this tank was witnessed by the British, and Christie's design characteristics were licensed and incorporated into the British A13 design specification.
Inter-war, [[J. Walter Christie]] combined aircraft engines with new suspension design, producing a rapid and highly mobile tank. Using Christie's concept, Russian forces selected and copied the Liberty in the [[BT tank|BT-2 & BT-5]] Soviet interwar tank (at least one reconditioned Liberty was installed in a BT-5){{citation needed|date=June 2012}}. Demonstration of this tank was witnessed by the British, and Christie's design characteristics were licensed and incorporated into the British [[A-13 (tank)|A13 design specification]].


[[File:Tank Mark VIII Centaur in the Musée des Blindés, France, pic-5.JPG|thumb|[[World War II]] Centaur tank, the last type to fit the Nuffield Liberty]]
[[File:Tank Mark VIII Centaur in the Musée des Blindés, France, pic-5.JPG|thumb|[[World War II]] Centaur tank, the last type to fit the Nuffield Liberty]]
As [[World War II]] loomed, Nuffield, producing British Cruiser tanks, licensed and re-engineered the Liberty for use in the A13 (produced as the Cruiser Mk III) and later Cruiser tanks. In later British tanks it was replaced by the [[Rolls-Royce Meteor]], an engine based on the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] aero engine, offering greater engine power.
As [[World War II]] loomed, Nuffield, producing British [[cruiser tank]]s, licensed and re-engineered the Liberty for use in the A13 (produced as the [[Cruiser Mk III]]) and later cruiser tanks, with an output of 340&nbsp;hp (410&nbsp;hp from the Mark IV version). In later British tanks it was replaced by the [[Rolls-Royce Meteor]], an engine based on the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] aero engine, which offered greater engine power (600&nbsp;hp).


Nuffield Liberty engines were used in the:
Nuffield Liberty engines were used in British tanks of immediate pre-war and Second World War:
*[[Cruiser Mk III]], British World War II tank – Nuffield Liberty Mk I
*[[Cruiser Mk III]] (A13 Mark I) – Nuffield Liberty Mk I
*[[Cruiser Mk IV]] British World War II tank – Nuffield Liberty Mk II
*[[Cruiser Mk IV]] (A13 Mark II) – Nuffield Liberty Mk II
*[[Crusader tank]] British World War II tank – Nuffield Liberty Mk III, IIIA, IIIB, or IV
*[[Crusader tank]] – Nuffield Liberty Mk III, IIIA, IIIB, or IV
*[[Cavalier tank]] British World War II tank – Nuffield Liberty Mk IVA
*[[Cavalier tank]] – Nuffield Liberty Mk IVA
*Centaur Tank, an early version of the [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]] British World War II Tank – Nuffield Liberty Mk V
*[[Centaur tank]] – a parallel version of the [[Rolls-Royce Meteor|Meteor]]-engined [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]] British World War II tank – Nuffield Liberty Mk V


===Watercraft===
===Watercraft===
{{expand section|date=June 2018}}
{{expand section|date=June 2018}}
[[File:MuseeBaddeck.JPG|thumb|''HD-4'' hydrofoil at the [[Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site]]]]
[[File:MuseeBaddeck.JPG|thumb|''HD-4'' hydrofoil at the [[Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site]]]]
''HD-4'' or ''Hydrodome number 4'' was an early research [[hydrofoil]] watercraft developed by the scientist [[Alexander Graham Bell]]. In 1919, it set a [[water speed record|world marine speed record]] of {{convert|70.86|mph|km/h}} powered by two 350 hp Liberty L-12s.
''HD-4'' or ''Hydrodome number 4'' was an early research [[hydrofoil]] watercraft developed by the scientist [[Alexander Graham Bell]]. In 1919, it set a [[water speed record|world marine speed record]] of {{convert|70.86|mph|km/h}} powered by two 350&nbsp;hp Liberty L-12s.


[[File:Miss America 2 1921.JPG|thumb|[[water speed record|World speed record breaker]] and five-time [[APBA Gold Cup|Gold Cup]] champion [[Gar Wood]] at the helm of triple Liberty L-12-powered ''Miss America 2'', the second of nine Packard V-12 driven ''Miss Americas'' and 1921 [[Harmsworth Trophy]] winner]]
[[File:Miss America 2 1921.JPG|thumb|[[water speed record|World speed record breaker]] and five-time [[APBA Gold Cup|Gold Cup]] champion [[Gar Wood]] at the helm of triple Liberty L-12-powered ''Miss America 2'', the second of nine Packard V-12 driven ''Miss Americas'' and 1921 [[Harmsworth Trophy]] winner]]
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Inventor, entrepreneur, and boat racer [[Gar Wood]] set a new water speed record of {{convert|74.870|mph|kph}} in 1920 in a new twin Liberty V-12 powered boat called ''Miss America''. In the following twelve years, Wood built nine more Packard V-12 driven ''Miss Americas'' and broke the record five times, raising it to {{convert|124.860|mph|kph}}. He also won five straight powerboat [[APBA Gold Cup|Gold Cup]] races between 1917 and 1921, and the prestigious [[Harmsworth Trophy]] nine times between 1920 and 1933, at the helm of his ''Miss Americas''.
Inventor, entrepreneur, and boat racer [[Gar Wood]] set a new water speed record of {{convert|74.870|mph|kph}} in 1920 in a new twin Liberty V-12 powered boat called ''Miss America''. In the following twelve years, Wood built nine more Packard V-12 driven ''Miss Americas'' and broke the record five times, raising it to {{convert|124.860|mph|kph}}. He also won five straight powerboat [[APBA Gold Cup|Gold Cup]] races between 1917 and 1921, and the prestigious [[Harmsworth Trophy]] nine times between 1920 and 1933, at the helm of his ''Miss Americas''.


Many fine [[runabout (boat)|gentlemens' runabouts]], Gold Cup, and other race-winners were built with Liberty L-12 engines.
Many [[runabout (boat)|gentlemen's runabouts]], Gold Cup, and other race-winners were built with Liberty L-12 engines.


==Survivors==
==Survivors==
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* A Nuffield Liberty is on display at [[The Tank Museum]], Bovington
* A Nuffield Liberty is on display at [[The Tank Museum]], Bovington
;United States
;United States
* A 12A is on display at the [[New England Air Museum]] at [[Bradley International Airport]] in [[Windsor Locks, Connecticut|Windsor Locks]], Connecticut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&layout=edit&id=1076 |title=Liberty 12A V-12 |publisher=New England Air Museum |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130415112102/http://neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&layout=edit&id=1076 |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 30, 2013 }}</ref>
* A 12A is on display at the [[New England Air Museum]] at [[Bradley International Airport]] in [[Windsor Locks, Connecticut|Windsor Locks]], Connecticut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&layout=edit&id=1076 |title=Liberty 12A V-12 |publisher=New England Air Museum |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415112102/http://neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&layout=edit&id=1076 |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 30, 2013 }}</ref>
* An operable Liberty V-12 on a static test stand trailer is often run for demonstrations at [[Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome]]'s weekend airshow events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldrhinebeck.org/ORA/collection/aircraft-engines-4/ |title=Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome - Aircraft Engines - Page 4 - Liberty |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=oldrhinebeck.org |publisher=Rhinebeck Aerodrome Museum |access-date=February 22, 2016 |quote=Produced in large numbers and used extensively in mail planes following the War, the Liberty was a significant U.S. contribution to aviation. Jesse Vincent of Packard and E.J. Hall of Hall-Scott designed the engine in five days. One month later the first prototype was built and running. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304162529/http://oldrhinebeck.org/ORA/collection/aircraft-engines-4/ |archivedate=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>
* An operable Liberty V-12 on a static test stand trailer is often run for demonstrations at [[Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome]]'s weekend airshow events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldrhinebeck.org/ORA/collection/aircraft-engines-4/ |title=Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome - Aircraft Engines - Page 4 - Liberty |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=oldrhinebeck.org |publisher=Rhinebeck Aerodrome Museum |access-date=February 22, 2016 |quote=Produced in large numbers and used extensively in mail planes following the War, the Liberty was a significant U.S. contribution to aviation. Jesse Vincent of Packard and E.J. Hall of Hall-Scott designed the engine in five days. One month later the first prototype was built and running. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304162529/http://oldrhinebeck.org/ORA/collection/aircraft-engines-4/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>
* A Packard Liberty V-1650 Aircraft engine (cut-away)- 12 cylinder "v" type water cooled engine; 400 h.p. at 1700 r.p.m. 5" bore, 7" stroke, 8431 lbs., 45-degree angle cylinders, and aluminum pistons is on exhibit on a display stand at [[Carillon Historical Park]] in Dayton, Ohio.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.daytonhistory.org/ |title=Carillon Historical Park |website=daytonhistory.org |publisher=Dayton History |access-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref>
* A Packard Liberty V-1650 Aircraft engine (cut-away)- 12 cylinder "v" type water cooled engine; 400 h.p. at 1700 r.p.m. 5" bore, 7" stroke, 8431&nbsp;lbs., 45-degree angle cylinders, and aluminum pistons is on exhibit on a display stand at [[Carillon Historical Park]] in Dayton, Ohio.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.daytonhistory.org/ |title=Carillon Historical Park |website=daytonhistory.org |publisher=Dayton History |access-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref>


==Specifications==
==Specifications==
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|ref=Janes's All the World's Aircraft 1919<ref name=JAWA1919>{{cite book|last=Grey|first=C.G.|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1919|year=1969|publisher=David & Charles (Publishing) Limited|isbn=978-0-7153-4647-1|pages=1b to 145b|edition=Facsimile}}</ref>
|ref=Janes's All the World's Aircraft 1919<ref name=JAWA1919>{{cite book|last=Grey|first=C.G.|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1919|year=1969|publisher=David & Charles (Publishing) Limited|isbn=978-0-7153-4647-1|pages=1b to 145b|edition=Facsimile}}</ref>
|type=12-cylinder liquid-cooled [[V12 engine|Vee]] piston aircraft engine
|type=12-cylinder liquid-cooled [[V12 engine|Vee]] piston aircraft engine
|bore={{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}
|bore={{cvt|5|in|mm|1}}
|stroke={{convert|7|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}
|stroke={{cvt|7|in|mm|1}}
|displacement=1,649.3 in<sup>3</sup> (27.03 L)
|displacement=1,649.3 in<sup>3</sup> (27.02 L)
|length={{convert|67.375|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}
|length={{cvt|67.375|in|mm|0}}
|diameter=
|diameter=
|width={{convert|27|in|mm|abbr=on|2}}
|width={{cvt|27|in|mm|2}}
|height={{convert|41.5|in|mm|abbr=on|2}}
|height={{cvt|41.5|in|mm|2}}
|weight={{convert|845|lb|kg|abbr=on|1}}
|weight={{cvt|844|lb|kg|1}}
|valvetrain=One intake and one exhaust valves per cylinder operated ''via'' a single [[overhead camshaft]] per cylinder bank
|valvetrain=One intake and one exhaust valves per cylinder operated ''via'' a single [[overhead camshaft]] per cylinder bank
|supercharger=
|supercharger=
Line 184: Line 187:
|oilsystem=forced feed, rotary gear pressure and scavenge pumps, wet sump.
|oilsystem=forced feed, rotary gear pressure and scavenge pumps, wet sump.
|coolingsystem=Water-cooled
|coolingsystem=Water-cooled
|power={{convert|449|hp|kW|abbr=on|1}} at 2,000 rpm (takeoff)
|power={{cvt|400|hp|kW|1}} at 1,800 rpm (takeoff)
|specpower=0.27 hp/cu in (12.4 kW/L)
|specpower=0.27 hp/cu in (12.4 kW/L)
|compression=5.4:1 (Army engines) 5:1 (navy engines)
|compression=5.4:1 (Army engines) 5:1 (navy engines)
|fuelcon=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=0.565 pt/hp/hour (0.43 l/kW/hour)
|specfuelcon=0.565 pt/hp/hour (0.43 L/kW/hour)
|oilcon= 0.0199 pt/hp/hour (0.0152 l/kW/hour)
|oilcon= 0.0199 pt/hp/hour (0.0152 L/kW/hour)
|power/weight=0.53 hp/lb (0.87 kW/kg)
|power/weight=0.53 hp/lb (0.87 kW/kg)
}}
}}
Line 208: Line 211:
*[[List of aircraft engines]]
*[[List of aircraft engines]]
* [[List of Ford engines]]
* [[List of Ford engines]]
<!-- For aircraft engine articles. Engines that are similar to this design: -->
<!-- For aircraft engine articles. Engines that are similar to this design: -->
|similar engines=
|similar engines=
*[[BMW VI]]
*[[BMW VI]]
Line 221: Line 224:
===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
* Bradford, Francis H. Hall-Scott: The Untold Story of a Great American Engine Manufacturer
* Bradford, Francis H. Hall-Scott: The Untold Story of a Great American Engine Manufacturer
* <cite id=refAngelucci1983>Angelucci, Enzo. ''The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914–1980.'' San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983. {{ISBN|0-517-41021-4}}.</cite>
* <cite id=refAngelucci1983>Angelucci, Enzo. ''The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914–1980.'' San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983. {{ISBN|0-517-41021-4}}.</cite>
* <cite id=refBarkerHarding1992>Barker, Ronald and Anthony Harding. ''Automotive Design: Twelve Great Designers and Their Work.'' SAE, 1992. {{ISBN|1-56091-210-3}}.</cite>
* <cite id=refBarkerHarding1992>Barker, Ronald and Anthony Harding. ''Automotive Design: Twelve Great Designers and Their Work.'' SAE, 1992. {{ISBN|1-56091-210-3}}.</cite>
* <cite id=refLelandMillbrook1996>Leland, Mrs. Wilfred C. and Minnie Dubbs Millbrook. ''Master of Precision: Henry M. Leland.'' Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8143-2665-X}}. </cite>
* <cite id=refLelandMillbrook1996>Leland, Mrs. Wilfred C. and Minnie Dubbs Millbrook. ''Master of Precision: Henry M. Leland.'' Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8143-2665-X}}. </cite>
* <cite id=refLewis2005>Lewis, David L. ''100 Years of Ford.'' Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International. 2005. {{ISBN|0-7853-7988-6}}. </cite>
* <cite id=refLewis2005>Lewis, David L. ''100 Years of Ford.'' Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International. 2005. {{ISBN|0-7853-7988-6}}. </cite>
* [http://lincolnanonymous.tripod.com/lincolnanonymous.html "Lincolns."] ''Lincoln Anonymous''. Retrieved: August 22, 2006. </cite>
* [http://lincolnanonymous.tripod.com/lincolnanonymous.html "Lincolns."] ''Lincoln Anonymous''. Retrieved: August 22, 2006.
* <cite id=refVincent1919>Vincent, J.G. ''The Liberty Aircraft Engine.'' Washington, D.C.: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1919. </cite>
* <cite id=refVincent1919>Vincent, J.G. ''The Liberty Aircraft Engine.'' Washington, D.C.: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1919. </cite>
* <cite id=refWeiss2003>Weiss, H. Eugene. ''Chrysler, Ford, Durant and Sloan: Founding Giants of the American Automotive Industry.'' Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7864-1611-4}}.</cite>
* <cite id=refWeiss2003>Weiss, H. Eugene. ''Chrysler, Ford, Durant and Sloan: Founding Giants of the American Automotive Industry.'' Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7864-1611-4}}.</cite>
Line 231: Line 234:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite journal |last=Schipper |first=J. Edward |date=January 2, 1919 |title=The Liberty Engine |format=PDF |journal=[[Flight (magazine)|Flight]] |volume=XI |issue=1 |id=No. 523 |pages=6–10 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1919/1919%20-%200006.html |accessdate=January 12, 2011 }} Contemporary technical description of the engine with drawings and photographs.
*[http://www.nortfort.ru/np/foto_tbt1_e.html Recovery of a Liberty powered tank]
*[http://www.nortfort.ru/np/foto_tbt1_e.html Recovery of a Liberty powered tank]
*[http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/AnnalsofFlight/text/SAOF-0001.3.txt Annals of Flight]
*[https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/18673 Annals of Flight]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19230029000|title=V-12, Liberty 12 Model A (Ford) Engine|publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|accessdate=1 January 2011}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19230029000|title=V-12, Liberty 12 Model A (Ford) Engine|publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|access-date=1 January 2011}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54EvxgTcwEw Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's operable Liberty V-12 engine run video]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54EvxgTcwEw Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's operable Liberty V-12 engine run video]


{{Liberty aeroengines}}
{{Liberty aeroengines}}
{{US military piston aeroengines}}


[[Category:1910s aircraft piston engines]]
[[Category:1910s aircraft piston engines]]
[[Category:Lincoln engines|Liberty]]
[[Category:Lincoln engines|Liberty]]
[[Category:V12 aircraft engines]]

Latest revision as of 20:41, 22 October 2024

Liberty L-12
Liberty L-12 aircraft engine
Type Piston aero engine
National origin United States of America
Manufacturer Lincoln, Ford, Packard, Marmon, Buick
Designer Jesse G. Vincent and Elbert J. Hall
First run c. 1917
Number built 20,748
Variants Liberty L-4, Liberty L-6, Liberty L-8

The Liberty L-12 is an American water-cooled 45° V-12 aircraft engine displacing 1,649 cubic inches (27 L) and making 400 hp (300 kW) designed for a high power-to-weight ratio and ease of mass production. It saw wide use in aero applications, and, once marinized, in marine use both in racing and runabout boats.

A single bank 6-cylinder version, the Liberty L-6, and V-8, the Liberty L-8, were derived from the Liberty L-12. It was succeeded by the Packard 1A-2500.

Development

[edit]

In May 1917, a month after the United States had declared war on Germany, a federal task force known as the Aircraft Production Board summoned two top engine designers, Jesse G. Vincent (of the Packard Motor Car Company) and Elbert J. Hall (of the Hall-Scott Motor Company), to Washington. They were given the task of designing as rapidly as possible an aircraft engine that would rival if not surpass those of Great Britain, France, and Germany. The Board specified that the engine would have a high power-to-weight ratio and be adaptable to mass production.

The Board brought Vincent and Hall together on 29 May 1917 at the Willard Hotel in Washington, where the two were asked to stay until they produced a set of basic drawings. After just five days, Vincent and Hall left the Willard with a completed design for the new engine,[1] which had adopted, almost unchanged, the single overhead camshaft and rocker arm valvetrain design of the later Mercedes D.IIIa engines of 1917–18.

In July 1917, an eight-cylinder prototype assembled by Packard's Detroit plant arrived in Washington for testing, and in August, the 12-cylinder version was tested and approved.

Production

[edit]
Major Henry H. "Hap" Arnold with the first Liberty V12 engine completed
Liberty engine production
Ford Liberty 12 data plate with firing order

In the fall of 1917, the War Department placed an order for 22,500 Liberty engines, dividing the contract among the automobile and engine manufacturers Buick, Ford, Cadillac, Lincoln, Marmon, and Packard. Hall-Scott in California was considered too small to receive a production order. Manufacturing by multiple factories was facilitated by its modular design.[2]

Ford was asked to supply cylinders for the new engine and rapidly developed an improved technique for cutting and pressing steel, which resulted in cylinder production rising from 151 per day to over 2,000; the company eventually manufactured all 433,826 cylinders produced, as well as 3,950 complete engines.[3] Lincoln constructed a new plant in record time, devoted entirely to Liberty engine production, and assembled 2,000 engines in 12 months. By the time of the Armistice with Germany, the various companies had produced 13,574 Liberty engines, attaining a production rate of 150 engines per day. Production continued after the war, for a total of 20,478 engines built between July 4, 1917, and 1919.[4]

Although it is widely reported otherwise, a few Liberty engines did see action in France as power for the American version of the British Airco DH.4.[5]

Lincoln production

[edit]

As the United States entered World War I, the Cadillac division of General Motors was asked to produce the new Liberty aircraft engine, but William C. Durant was a pacifist who did not want General Motors or Cadillac facilities to be used for producing war material. This led to Henry Leland leaving Cadillac to form the Lincoln Motor Company to make Liberty engines. He quickly gained a $10,000,000 government contract to build 6,000 engines.[6] Subsequently, the order was increased to 9,000 units, with an option for 8,000 more if the government needed them.[7] (Durant later changed his mind and both Cadillac and Buick produced the engines.[8])

More than 16,000 Liberty engines were produced during the calendar year 1918. To November 11, 1918, more than 14,000 Liberty engines were produced.[9] Lincoln had delivered 6,500 of the 400 hp (300 kW) V-12 overhead camshaft engines when production ceased in January 1919.[10]

Design

[edit]
Closeup of a Liberty L-12's valvetrain details, almost matching the later Mercedes D.IIIa design

The Liberty engine was a modular design where four or six cylinders could be used in one or two banks, allowing for inline fours, V-8s, inline sixes, or the V-12.

The design was held together by a two-part cast aluminium crankcase. The two pieces formed the upper and lower halves of the completed assembly and were held together with a series of bolts running around the outside perimeter. As was common for the era, the cylinders were separately formed from forged steel tubes with thin metal jackets surrounding them to provide cooling water flow.

A single overhead camshaft for each cylinder bank operated two valves per cylinder, in an almost identical manner to the inline six-cylinder German Mercedes D.III and BMW III engines. Each camshaft was driven by a vertical driveshaft that was placed at the back of each cylinder bank, again identical to the Mercedes and BMW straight-six powerplants. Delco Electronics provided the ignition system and Zenith the carburetor. Dry weight was 844 lb (383 kg).

Fifty-two examples of a six-cylinder version, the Liberty L-6, which very closely resembled the Mercedes and BMW powerplants in overall appearance, were produced but not procured by the Army. A pair of the 52 engines produced were destroyed by William Christmas testing his so-called "Christmas Bullet" fighter.

Variants

[edit]
V-1650

An inverted Liberty 12-A referred to as the V-1650 was produced up to 1926 by Packard.

The same designation was later applied to the Packard V-1650 Merlin, an engine with nearly identical engine displacement. This was a World War II Packard produced version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin,[11] and is not to be confused with the earlier Liberty-based version.

Allison VG-1410

The Allison VG-1410 was an air-cooled inverted Liberty L-12, with a geared super-charger, Allison epicyclic propeller reduction gear, and bore reduced to 4+5⁄8 in (120 mm), giving a lower displacement of 1,411 in3 (23.12 L).[12][13]

Liberty L-6
Main article: Liberty L-6

A 6-cylinder version of the Liberty L-12, nicknamed the "Liberty Six", consisted of a single bank of cylinders, with the resulting engine bearing a strong external resemblance to both the Mercedes D.III and BMW III straight-six German aviation engines of World War I. 825 cubic inches (13.5 L)

Liberty L-8
Main article: Liberty L-8

An 8-cylinder V engine using Liberty cylinders in banks of four at 45°. 1,099.6 cubic inches (18.0 L)

Mikulin M-5
License production (or copies) produced in the USSR. Used in the Grigorovich I-2 and early variants of the BT tank.
Nuffield Liberty
World War II Crusader Mk III, powered by Nuffield Liberty

The Nuffield Liberty tank engine was licensed and produced in World War II by the UK car manufacturer Nuffield. It was used in early cruiser tanks, the Crusader, the Cavalier, and finally Centaur tanks. It was a 27 L (1,649 in3) engine with an output of 340 hp (250 kW; 340 PS), which was inadequate for the increasing vehicle weights as the war progressed and also suffered numerous problems with cooling and reliability.[14]

The Nuffield Liberty ran through multiple versions:[15]

  • Mark I, US built engines modified in Britain. Modification incorporated new carburettors and a new induction system from Solex, revision of the crankcase breather, new timing gear, and revised crankshaft end thrust. This produced 340 hp (250 kW; 340 PS) when governed to 1,500 rpm with the new carburettors.
  • Mark II, British built engines. The air compressor (for starting) was not used, and was removed on later engines
  • Mark III, IIIA and IIIB, made for the Crusader tank. This required a reduced height to fit in the engine bay, achieved by redesigning the oil pump and relocating the water pump. The air compressor was reinstated to enable pneumatically-operated braking and steering. Significant problems were experienced in desert use (the North African Campaign), and the Mk III went through multiple revisions. This included three different chain drive designs for the ancillary cooling fans, a revised valve adjustment mechanism, increased compression ratio, revised oil feeds, and two water pump replacements.
  • Mark IV, a revised design providing a shaft drive for cooling fans. This replaced the troublesome chain drive. This version also changed the air compressor to run at a lower speed.
  • Mark IVA, the power was increased to 410 hp (310 kW; 420 PS) by increasing the governor limit to 1,700 rpm, and by fitting a new intake manifold and carburettor for the Cavalier tank.
  • Mark V, a redesigned engine producing the same power as the Mark IVA but for use in the Centaur tank. It revised the oil distribution in the engine, but remained governed to the higher speed of 1,700 rpm. The engine was intended for the Cromwell tank, but the Liberty-based design was dropped in favour of the Rolls-Royce Meteor procured by the Tank Board. Those tanks fitted with Liberty were renamed Centaur, and production was split.

Applications

[edit]

Aircraft

[edit]
Airco DH.4 in flight over France during World War I
Felixstowe F5L

The primary use of the Liberty was in aircraft.

The engine was also used in the RN-1 (Zodiac) blimp.

Automobile

[edit]
The White Triplex

Based on aircraft use the engine provided a good power-to-weight ratio. This made it ideal for use in land speed attempt vehicles.

It was selected for two land speed record attempts.

  • Babs, a single engined vehicle
  • White Triplex, mounting three Liberty engines working in tandem

Both attempts set new records. Both crashed during further attempts, resulting in the deaths of the drivers and a newsreel cameraman.

Tank

[edit]
World War I Mark VIII "Liberty" tank

As early as 1917 the Liberty showed good potential for use in tanks as well as aircraft. The Anglo-American, or "Liberty", Mark VIII tank was designed in 1917–18. The American version used an adaptation of the Liberty V-12 engine of 300 hp (220 kW), designed to use cast iron cylinders rather than drawn steel ones. One hundred tanks were manufactured at the Rock Island Arsenal in 1919–20, too late for World War I. They were eventually sold to Canada for training in 1940, except for two that have been preserved.

Inter-war, J. Walter Christie combined aircraft engines with new suspension design, producing a rapid and highly mobile tank. Using Christie's concept, Russian forces selected and copied the Liberty in the BT-2 & BT-5 Soviet interwar tank (at least one reconditioned Liberty was installed in a BT-5)[citation needed]. Demonstration of this tank was witnessed by the British, and Christie's design characteristics were licensed and incorporated into the British A13 design specification.

World War II Centaur tank, the last type to fit the Nuffield Liberty

As World War II loomed, Nuffield, producing British cruiser tanks, licensed and re-engineered the Liberty for use in the A13 (produced as the Cruiser Mk III) and later cruiser tanks, with an output of 340 hp (410 hp from the Mark IV version). In later British tanks it was replaced by the Rolls-Royce Meteor, an engine based on the Rolls-Royce Merlin aero engine, which offered greater engine power (600 hp).

Nuffield Liberty engines were used in British tanks of immediate pre-war and Second World War:

Watercraft

[edit]
HD-4 hydrofoil at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site

HD-4 or Hydrodome number 4 was an early research hydrofoil watercraft developed by the scientist Alexander Graham Bell. In 1919, it set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 km/h) powered by two 350 hp Liberty L-12s.

World speed record breaker and five-time Gold Cup champion Gar Wood at the helm of triple Liberty L-12-powered Miss America 2, the second of nine Packard V-12 driven Miss Americas and 1921 Harmsworth Trophy winner

Inventor, entrepreneur, and boat racer Gar Wood set a new water speed record of 74.870 miles per hour (120.492 km/h) in 1920 in a new twin Liberty V-12 powered boat called Miss America. In the following twelve years, Wood built nine more Packard V-12 driven Miss Americas and broke the record five times, raising it to 124.860 miles per hour (200.943 km/h). He also won five straight powerboat Gold Cup races between 1917 and 1921, and the prestigious Harmsworth Trophy nine times between 1920 and 1933, at the helm of his Miss Americas.

Many gentlemen's runabouts, Gold Cup, and other race-winners were built with Liberty L-12 engines.

Survivors

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A number of Liberty engines survive in restored operational and static display vehicles. Displays of the engine itself include:

Australia
United Kingdom
United States

Specifications

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Data from Janes's All the World's Aircraft 1919[20]

General characteristics

  • Type: 12-cylinder liquid-cooled Vee piston aircraft engine
  • Bore: 5 in (127.0 mm)
  • Stroke: 7 in (177.8 mm)
  • Displacement: 1,649.3 in3 (27.02 L)
  • Length: 67.375 in (1,711 mm)
  • Width: 27 in (685.80 mm)
  • Height: 41.5 in (1,054.10 mm)
  • Dry weight: 844 lb (382.8 kg)

Components

  • Valvetrain: One intake and one exhaust valves per cylinder operated via a single overhead camshaft per cylinder bank
  • Fuel system: Two duplex Zenith carburettors
  • Fuel type: Gasoline
  • Oil system: forced feed, rotary gear pressure and scavenge pumps, wet sump.
  • Cooling system: Water-cooled

Performance

See also

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Comparable engines

Related lists

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Trout, Steven (2006). Cather Studies Vol. 6: History, Memory, and War. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 978-0-8032-9464-6.
  2. ^ Yenne, Bill (2006). The American Aircraft Factory in World War II. Zenith Imprint. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-0-7603-2300-7.
  3. ^ O'Callaghan, Timothy J. (2002). The Aviation Legacy of Henry & Edsel Ford. Wayne State University Press. pp. 163–164. ISBN 978-1-928623-01-4.
  4. ^ Anderson, John David (2002). The Airplane: A History of Its Technology. AIAA. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-56347-525-2.
  5. ^ Vincent 1919, p. 400.
  6. ^ Weiss 2003, p. 45.
  7. ^ Leland and Millbrook 1996, p. 189.
  8. ^ Weiss, H. Eugene (2003). Chrysler, Ford, Durant, and Sloan. McFarland. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7864-1611-0.
  9. ^ Squier, George O. (10 Jan 1919). "Aeronautics In The United States, 1918". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. XXXVIII: 13. doi:10.1109/T-AIEE.1919.4765601. S2CID 51649497. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  10. ^ Leland and Millbrook 1996, p. 194.
  11. ^ Gunston, Bill (1986). World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Patrick Stephens. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-85059-717-2.
  12. ^ Grey, C.G., ed. (1928). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1928. London: Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd. p. 58d.
  13. ^ "Annals of Flight". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  14. ^ Foreman-Peck, James; Sue Bowden; Alan McKinley (1995). The British Motor Industry. Manchester University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7190-2612-6.
  15. ^ Neal, Robert J. (2009). A technical & operational history of the Liberty engine : tanks, ships and aircraft 1917-1960. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1580071499.
  16. ^ "Liberty V12 Engine". darwinsairwar.com.au. Darwins Aviation Museum. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  17. ^ "Liberty 12A V-12". New England Air Museum. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  18. ^ "Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome - Aircraft Engines - Page 4 - Liberty". oldrhinebeck.org. Rhinebeck Aerodrome Museum. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016. Produced in large numbers and used extensively in mail planes following the War, the Liberty was a significant U.S. contribution to aviation. Jesse Vincent of Packard and E.J. Hall of Hall-Scott designed the engine in five days. One month later the first prototype was built and running.
  19. ^ "Carillon Historical Park". daytonhistory.org. Dayton History. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  20. ^ Grey, C.G. (1969). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1919 (Facsimile ed.). David & Charles (Publishing) Limited. pp. 1b to 145b. ISBN 978-0-7153-4647-1.

Bibliography

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  • Bradford, Francis H. Hall-Scott: The Untold Story of a Great American Engine Manufacturer
  • Angelucci, Enzo. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914–1980. San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983. ISBN 0-517-41021-4.
  • Barker, Ronald and Anthony Harding. Automotive Design: Twelve Great Designers and Their Work. SAE, 1992. ISBN 1-56091-210-3.
  • Leland, Mrs. Wilfred C. and Minnie Dubbs Millbrook. Master of Precision: Henry M. Leland. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8143-2665-X.
  • Lewis, David L. 100 Years of Ford. Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International. 2005. ISBN 0-7853-7988-6.
  • "Lincolns." Lincoln Anonymous. Retrieved: August 22, 2006.
  • Vincent, J.G. The Liberty Aircraft Engine. Washington, D.C.: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1919.
  • Weiss, H. Eugene. Chrysler, Ford, Durant and Sloan: Founding Giants of the American Automotive Industry. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003. ISBN 0-7864-1611-4.
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