Clibanarii: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Sasanian Persian military unit of armored heavy cavalry}} |
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The '''Clibanarii''' or '''Klibanophoroi''' ({{langx|el|κλιβανοφόροι}}, meaning "camp oven-bearers" from the Greek word {{lang|grc|κλίβανος}} meaning "camp oven" or "metallic furnace"{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}), in Persian '''[[Grivpanvar]]''', were a [[Sasanian]] Persian, late Roman and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] military unit of armored [[heavy cavalry]]. |
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== Description == |
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The Clibanarii were used mostly by Eastern armies; for example, they were used by the [[Palmyrene Empire]], and fought against the Roman cavalry at [[battle of Immae|Immae]] and [[battle of Emesa|Emesa]]. Sassanids employed Clibanarii in their western armies, mainly against the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman empire]]. They were more heavily armoured than their Byzantine counterparts. The Clibinarii cavalry of [[Shapur II]] is described by Greek historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], a Roman staff officer who served in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia, fought against the Persians under Julian the Apostate, and took part in the retreat of his successor Jovian, as: |
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| ⚫ | Similar to the [[cataphract]]i, the horsemen themselves and their horses were fully or sometimes partially armoured. There are several theories to the origins of this name, one being that the men were literally nicknamed "camp oven-bearers", due to the amount of armour they wore causing them to heat up very quickly in battle, or that the name is derived from Persian word ''[[grivpanvar|griwbanwar]]'' or ''griva-pana-bara'' meaning "neck-guard wearer".<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-i ARMY i. Pre-Islamic Iran]. Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 1986, Updated: August 12, 2011.</ref> |
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The clibanarii cavalry of [[Shapur II]] is described by Greek historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], a Roman staff officer who served in the army of [[Constantius II]] in [[Gaul]] and [[Persia]], fought against the Persians under [[Julian (emperor)|Julian the Apostate]], and took part in the retreat of his successor [[Jovian (emperor)|Jovian]], as: |
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All the companies were clad in iron, and all parts of their bodies were covered with thick plates, so fitted that the stiff-joints conformed with those of their limbs; and the forms of human faces were so skilfully fitted to their heads, that since their entire body was covered with metal, arrows that fell upon them could lodge only where they could see a little through tiny openings opposite the pupil of the eye, or where through the tip of their nose they were able to get a little breath. Of these some who were armed with pikes, stood so motionless that you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze. |
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The Persians opposed us serried bands of mail-clad horsemen in such close order that the gleam of moving bodies covered with closely fitting plates of iron dazzled the eyes of those who looked upon them, while the whole throng of horses was protected by coverings of leather. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Cataphract]] |
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* [[Heavy cavalry]] |
* [[Heavy cavalry]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book |first=Hugh |last=Elton |title=Warfare in Roman Europe |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-815007-5 }} |
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* José J. Vicente Sánchez (1999). Los regimientos de catafractos y clibanarios en la tardo antigüedad. |
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Antigüedad y cristianismo: Monografías históricas sobre la Antigüedad tardía, Nº 16, pages 397–418.ISSN 0214-7165. |
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===Secondary sources=== |
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* Hugh Elton, ''Warfare in Roman Europe'' |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://www.academia.edu/6339742/Cataphracts_and_Siegecraft_Adapting_to_the_Enemy_in_the_Sassanid_Wars Cataphracts and Siegecraft] - Roman, Parthian and Sasanid military organisation. |
* [https://www.academia.edu/6339742/Cataphracts_and_Siegecraft_Adapting_to_the_Enemy_in_the_Sassanid_Wars Cataphracts and Siegecraft] - Roman, Parthian and Sasanid military organisation. |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Clibanarii}} |
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==See also== |
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(none yet) |
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[[Category:Cavalry]] |
[[Category:Cavalry]] |
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[[Category:Asian armour]] |
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[[Category:Types of cavalry unit in the army of ancient Rome]] |
[[Category:Types of cavalry unit in the army of ancient Rome]] |
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[[Category:Cavalry units and formations of the Sassanian Empire]] |
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[[Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire]] |
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire]] |
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[[Category:Late Roman military units]] |
[[Category:Late Roman military units]] |
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[[Category:Asian armour]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:57, 24 October 2024
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The Clibanarii or Klibanophoroi (Greek: κλιβανοφόροι, meaning "camp oven-bearers" from the Greek word κλίβανος meaning "camp oven" or "metallic furnace"[citation needed]), in Persian Grivpanvar, were a Sasanian Persian, late Roman and Byzantine military unit of armored heavy cavalry.
Description
[edit]
Similar to the cataphracti, the horsemen themselves and their horses were fully or sometimes partially armoured. There are several theories to the origins of this name, one being that the men were literally nicknamed "camp oven-bearers", due to the amount of armour they wore causing them to heat up very quickly in battle, or that the name is derived from Persian word griwbanwar or griva-pana-bara meaning "neck-guard wearer".[1]
The clibanarii cavalry of Shapur II is described by Greek historian Ammianus Marcellinus, a Roman staff officer who served in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia, fought against the Persians under Julian the Apostate, and took part in the retreat of his successor Jovian, as:
All the companies were clad in iron, and all parts of their bodies were covered with thick plates, so fitted that the stiff-joints conformed with those of their limbs; and the forms of human faces were so skilfully fitted to their heads, that since their entire body was covered with metal, arrows that fell upon them could lodge only where they could see a little through tiny openings opposite the pupil of the eye, or where through the tip of their nose they were able to get a little breath. Of these some who were armed with pikes, stood so motionless that you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze.
The Persians opposed us serried bands of mail-clad horsemen in such close order that the gleam of moving bodies covered with closely fitting plates of iron dazzled the eyes of those who looked upon them, while the whole throng of horses was protected by coverings of leather.
See also
[edit]- Heavy cavalry
- Notitia Dignitatum, a primary source
References
[edit]- ^ ARMY i. Pre-Islamic Iran. Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 1986, Updated: August 12, 2011.
Further reading
[edit]- Elton, Hugh (1996). Warfare in Roman Europe. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815007-5.
- José J. Vicente Sánchez (1999). Los regimientos de catafractos y clibanarios en la tardo antigüedad.
Antigüedad y cristianismo: Monografías históricas sobre la Antigüedad tardía, Nº 16, pages 397–418.ISSN 0214-7165.
External links
[edit]- Cataphracts and Siegecraft - Roman, Parthian and Sasanid military organisation.