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Coordinates: 33°11′45″N 35°32′40″E / 33.19583°N 35.54444°E / 33.19583; 35.54444
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{{short description|kibbutz in northern Israel}}
{{Short description|Kibbutz in northern Israel}}
{{Infobox Kibbutz
{{Infobox Kibbutz
| name = Menara
| name = Menara
| hebname = {{Script/Hebrew|מְנָרָה}}
| hebname = {{Script/Hebrew|מְנָרָה}}
| image = ManaraCableCar.jpg
| image = PikiWiki Israel 6638 manara.JPG
| foundation = 1943
| foundation = 1943
| founded_by = [[HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed]] members
| founded_by = [[German Jews|German]] and [[Polish Jews]] and <br> [[HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed|HaNoar HaOved]] members
| district = north
| district = north
| council = [[Upper Galilee Regional Council|Upper Galilee]]
| council = [[Upper Galilee Regional Council|Upper Galilee]]
Line 14: Line 14:
| pushpin_map=Israel northeast |pushpin_mapsize=250
| pushpin_map=Israel northeast |pushpin_mapsize=250
| coordinates = {{coord|33|11|45|N|35|32|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|33|11|45|N|35|32|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| website = [http://www.manara.co.il www.manara.co.il]
| website = {{URL|www.manara.co.il}}
}}
}}


'''Menara''' ({{lang-he|מְנָרָה}}) is a [[kibbutz]] in northern [[Israel]]. Located in the [[Upper Galilee]] adjacent to the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] border and overlooking the [[Hula Valley]], it falls under the jurisdiction of [[Upper Galilee Regional Council]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Menara}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}
'''Menara''' (official name, {{langx|he|מְנָרָה}}, pronounced Menará), popularly known as '''Manara''', is a [[kibbutz]] in northern [[Israel]]. Located on the {{ill|Ramim Ridge|he|רכס רמים}} of the [[Naftali Mountains]], [[Upper Galilee]], adjacent to the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] border and overlooking the [[Hula Valley]], it falls under the jurisdiction of [[Upper Galilee Regional Council]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Menara}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}


==History==
==History==
The village was formerly inhabited by Arabs, when it was known as al-Manara. 2538 dunams of land were purchased by the [[Jewish National Fund]] from the absentee landlord, Asa'ad Bey Khuri of [[Beirut]] at an unknown date.<ref name=Avneri203>Avneri, 1984, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC&pg=PA203 203]</ref>
The village was formerly inhabited by Arabs, when it was known as Kh el Menarah.<ref>meaning: "the ruin of the lighthouse", according to Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/27/mode/1up 27]</ref> In 1881, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' (SWP) described it as "ruins of a modern Arab village, several rock-cut [[cistern]]s, and one wine-press"<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/120/mode/1up 120]</ref>


In the 1940s, 2538 dunams of land were purchased by the [[Jewish National Fund]] from Asa'ad Bey Khuri of [[Beirut]].<ref name=Avneri203>Avneri, 1984, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC&pg=PA203 203]</ref>
The kibbutz was established in 1943 by members of the [[HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed]] youth group, and other young immigrants from [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]. At one point the kibbutz was renamed '''Ramim''' ({{lang-he|רמים}}, ''lit.'' Tall ones) in an attempt to replace its [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name (Manara derives from [[Minaret]]) with a Hebrew one. However, the new name failed to take hold amongst local residents. The kibbutz then came to a settlement with the government whereby the name Menara, with an accent on the last syllable (a Hebraicized form of Manara, accented on the second syllable) would be made official.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}


The kibbutz was established in 1943 by members of the [[HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed]] youth group and young immigrants from [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]. [[Leon Uris]] used an incident from the history of the kibbutz in his novel, ''[[Exodus (Uris novel)|Exodus]]''. The scene of the night hike with the children from Gan Dafna as the kibbutz faced attack was based on the war-time transport of the children of Kibbutz Manara from the mountaintop to what was presumed to be a safer place on the valley floor.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JEH3DAAAQBAJ&dq=leon+uris+kibbutz+manara&pg=PA126 Leon Uris: Life of a Best Seller, Ira B. Nadel]</ref>
⚫
In June, 1948, the kibbutz requested land from the newly [[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus|depopulated]] [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] village of [[Qadas]], as it was "suitable for winter crops."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=Benny |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA363 363], note #130, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA402 402]}}</ref>


⚫
In June 1948 the kibbutz requested land from the newly [[Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel|depopulated]] [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] village of [[Qadas]], as it was "suitable for winter crops."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=Benny |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA363 363], note #130, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA402 402]}}</ref>
⚫
[[Leon Uris]] visited the kibbutz while researching his novel, ''[[Exodus (Uris novel)|Exodus]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} Former Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]]'s sister Rachel Ya'akov was a founding member.<ref>[http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=701 Veteran kibbutz goes private] Israel HaYom, 12 August 2011</ref>

⚫
Former Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]]'s sister Rachel Ya'akov was a founding member.<ref>[http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=701 Veteran kibbutz goes private] Israel HaYom, 12 August 2011</ref>


As Manara lies less than 100 metres from the Lebanese border, problems have arisen during fighting between the two countries. The Menara bypass project was completed in 2005 to provide safe access to the kibbutz.
As Manara lies less than 100 metres from the Lebanese border, problems have arisen during fighting between the two countries. The Menara bypass project was completed in 2005 to provide safe access to the kibbutz.


Manara is boasted to be 888 metres above sea level and is a rare style for a kibbutz, with apartments providing the accommodation, due to the limited space.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}
Manara is boasted to be 888 metres above sea level and is a rare style for a kibbutz, with apartments providing the accommodation, due to the limited space.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

=== Hezbollah attacks during Israel–Hamas war ===
During the [[Israel–Hamas war]], Hezbollah [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)|targeted]] northern Israeli border communities, forcing evacuations, including in Bar'am.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=IDF to evacuate civilians from 28 communities along Lebanese border amid attacks |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-to-evacuate-civilians-from-28-communities-along-lebanese-border-amid-attacks/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

On October 19, at least two [[anti-tank missiles]] were fired from Lebanese territory, hitting Manara without causing any casualties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Israel says border village Manara shelled from Lebanon |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20231019-israel-says-border-village-manara-shelled-from-lebanon |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>


<gallery>
<gallery>
Line 43: Line 50:


==Economy==
==Economy==
Manara's main industries are agriculture (primarily cotton fields, [[apple]]s and [[chicken]]s), [[tourism in Israel|tourism]] to the scenic cliffs via its [[Gondola lift|cable cars]] descending to [[Kiryat Shmona]] in the valley below, and a technical [[glass]] manufacturing plant.
Manara's main industries are agriculture (primarily cotton fields, [[apple]]s and [[chicken]]s), [[tourism in Israel|tourism]] to the scenic cliffs via its [[Gondola lift|cable cars]] descending from the Upper Manara Cliff down to [[Kiryat Shmona]] in the valley below,<ref>[https://www.amirim-home.co.il/manara-cliff "Manara Cliff"], at the [[Amirim]] website</ref> and a technical [[glass]] manufacturing plant.

==Notable people==
* Rachel Rabin-Yaakov, sister of [[Yitzhak Rabin]]<ref>[https://www.huji.ac.il/cgi-bin/dovrut/dovrut_search_eng.pl?mesge124435530732688760 Sister of Yitzhak Rabin, Rachel Rabin, to be awarded Rothberg Prize]. [[Hebrew University]] (7 June 2009). Accessed 21 June 2022.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Recanati winery]]
*[[Recanati winery]]
*[[Tel Kedesh]]
⚫
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}


⚫
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{ref begin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.manara.co.il/}} {{in lang|he}}
*{{Official website|http://www.manara.co.il/}} {{in lang|he}}
*[http://cliff.co.il/ Manara cable car website]
*[http://cliff.co.il/ Manara cable car website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129122236/http://cliff.co.il/ |date=2009-01-29 }}
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 2: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8365 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.02.jpg Wikimedia commons]


{{Upper Galilee Regional Council}}
{{Upper Galilee Regional Council}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Kibbutzim]]
[[Category:Kibbutzim]]

Latest revision as of 11:51, 25 October 2024

Menara
מְנָרָה‎
Menara is located in Northeast Israel
Menara
Menara
Coordinates: 33°11′45″N 35°32′40″E / 33.19583°N 35.54444°E / 33.19583; 35.54444
CountryIsrael
DistrictNorthern
CouncilUpper Galilee
AffiliationKibbutz Movement
Founded1943
Founded byGerman and Polish Jews and
HaNoar HaOved members
Population
 (2022)[1]
284
Websitewww.manara.co.il

Menara (official name, Hebrew: מְנָרָה, pronounced Menará), popularly known as Manara, is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located on the Ramim Ridge [he] of the Naftali Mountains, Upper Galilee, adjacent to the Lebanese border and overlooking the Hula Valley, it falls under the jurisdiction of Upper Galilee Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 284.[1]

History

[edit]

The village was formerly inhabited by Arabs, when it was known as Kh el Menarah.[2] In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as "ruins of a modern Arab village, several rock-cut cisterns, and one wine-press"[3]

In the 1940s, 2538 dunams of land were purchased by the Jewish National Fund from Asa'ad Bey Khuri of Beirut.[4]

The kibbutz was established in 1943 by members of the HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed youth group and young immigrants from Germany and Poland. Leon Uris used an incident from the history of the kibbutz in his novel, Exodus. The scene of the night hike with the children from Gan Dafna as the kibbutz faced attack was based on the war-time transport of the children of Kibbutz Manara from the mountaintop to what was presumed to be a safer place on the valley floor.[5]

In June 1948 the kibbutz requested land from the newly depopulated Palestinian village of Qadas, as it was "suitable for winter crops."[6]

Former Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin's sister Rachel Ya'akov was a founding member.[7]

As Manara lies less than 100 metres from the Lebanese border, problems have arisen during fighting between the two countries. The Menara bypass project was completed in 2005 to provide safe access to the kibbutz.

Manara is boasted to be 888 metres above sea level and is a rare style for a kibbutz, with apartments providing the accommodation, due to the limited space.[citation needed]

Hezbollah attacks during Israel–Hamas war

[edit]

During the Israel–Hamas war, Hezbollah targeted northern Israeli border communities, forcing evacuations, including in Bar'am.[8]

On October 19, at least two anti-tank missiles were fired from Lebanese territory, hitting Manara without causing any casualties.[9]

  • Manara under construction 1944
    Manara under construction 1944
  • Manara barracks 1944
    Manara barracks 1944
  • Manara 1944
    Manara 1944
  • Manara 1944
    Manara 1944
  • Manara 1947
    Manara 1947
  • Yiftach Brigade bringing supplies to Kibbutz Manara. 1948
    Yiftach Brigade bringing supplies to Kibbutz Manara. 1948
  • Bulgarian Company of Yiftach Brigade with a convoy to Manara. 1948
    Bulgarian Company of Yiftach Brigade with a convoy to Manara. 1948

Economy

[edit]

Manara's main industries are agriculture (primarily cotton fields, apples and chickens), tourism to the scenic cliffs via its cable cars descending from the Upper Manara Cliff down to Kiryat Shmona in the valley below,[10] and a technical glass manufacturing plant.

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ meaning: "the ruin of the lighthouse", according to Palmer, 1881, p. 27
  3. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 120
  4. ^ Avneri, 1984, p. 203
  5. ^ Leon Uris: Life of a Best Seller, Ira B. Nadel
  6. ^ Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. p. 363, note #130, p. 402. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  7. ^ Veteran kibbutz goes private Israel HaYom, 12 August 2011
  8. ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "IDF to evacuate civilians from 28 communities along Lebanese border amid attacks". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  9. ^ "Israel says border village Manara shelled from Lebanon". France 24. 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  10. ^ "Manara Cliff", at the Amirim website
  11. ^ Sister of Yitzhak Rabin, Rachel Rabin, to be awarded Rothberg Prize. Hebrew University (7 June 2009). Accessed 21 June 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
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