Kiro Gligorov: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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| name = Kiro Gligorov |
| name = Kiro Gligorov |
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| native_name = {{nobold|Киро Глигоров}} |
| native_name = {{nobold|Киро Глигоров}} |
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| native_name_lang = mk |
| native_name_lang = mk |
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| nationality = Yugoslav/Macedonian |
| nationality = Yugoslav/Bulgarian/Macedonian |
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| image = Киро Глигоров 03 (28-01-1993).jpg |
| image = Киро Глигоров 03 (28-01-1993).jpg |
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| vicepresident = Ljubčo Georgievski (1991)<ref name="balkans">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6iBAgAAQBAJ |title=The Balkans: A Post-Communist History |isbn=9781134583287 |publisher=Routledge |author1=Robert Bideleux |author2=Ian Jeffries |date=24 January 2007 |page=412}}</ref>{{efn|Ljubčo Georgievski was Macedonia's only vice president in 1991.}} |
| vicepresident = Ljubčo Georgievski (1991)<ref name="balkans">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6iBAgAAQBAJ |title=The Balkans: A Post-Communist History |isbn=9781134583287 |publisher=Routledge |author1=Robert Bideleux |author2=Ian Jeffries |date=24 January 2007 |page=412}}</ref>{{efn|Ljubčo Georgievski was Macedonia's only vice president in 1991.}} |
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| primeminister = [[Nikola Kljusev]]<br />[[Branko Crvenkovski]]<br />[[Ljubčo Georgievski]] |
| primeminister = [[Nikola Kljusev]]<br />[[Branko Crvenkovski]]<br />[[Ljubčo Georgievski]] |
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| predecessor = Vladimir Mitkov (as President of the SR Macedonia) |
| predecessor = Vladimir Mitkov (as President of the [[SR Macedonia]]) |
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| successor = [[Boris Trajkovski]] |
| successor = [[Boris Trajkovski]] |
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| office1 = [[List of presidents of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia|President of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia]] |
| office1 = [[List of presidents of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia|President of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia]] |
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| spouse = {{marriage |Nada Misheva|1943 |2009 |end=d.}} |
| spouse = {{marriage |Nada Misheva|1943 |2009 |end=d.}} |
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| children = 3, including [[Vladimir Gligorov|Vladimir]] |
| children = 3, including [[Vladimir Gligorov|Vladimir]] |
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| party = {{hlist|[[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|LCY]] |
| party = {{hlist|[[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|LCY]]/[[League of Communists of Macedonia|LCM]] (1940s–1991)|[[SDSM]] (from 1991)<ref>{{cite book |title=Building Democracy in the Yugoslav Successor States: Accomplishments, Setbacks, and Challenges since 1990 |editor1=Sabrina P. Ramet |editor2=Christine Hassenstab |editor3=Ola Listhaug |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2017 |isbn=978-1107180741 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDq8DgAAQBAJ&dq=gligorov+social+democrats&pg=PA290 |page=290}}</ref>}} |
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| religion = |
| religion = |
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| signature = Kiro Gligorov signature.svg |
| signature = Kiro Gligorov signature.svg |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Kiro Gligorov''' ({{ |
'''Kiro Gligorov''' ({{langx|mk|Киро Глигоров}}, {{IPA-mk|ˈkirɔ ˈɡliɡɔrɔf|pron|Mk-Kiro Gligorov.ogg}}; 3 May 1917 – 1 January 2012) was a Macedonian politician who served as the first [[President of North Macedonia|president of the Republic of Macedonia]] (now North Macedonia) from 1991 to 1999. He was born and raised in [[Štip]], where he was also educated. He continued his education in Skopje and graduated in law in Belgrade. During [[World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia]], he worked as a lawyer and participated in the partisan resistance. By the end of the war, he was an organiser of the [[Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia]], the predecessor of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia as a federal Yugoslav state. |
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After the war, he served in various positions in Yugoslavia. For decades, he was a high-ranking official and an economist there. Prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia, Gligorov was an adviser for [[Ante Marković]]'s market reform plan. Gligorov later played a pivotal role in Macedonia's peaceful secession from Yugoslavia and its international recognition. In 1995, he survived an assassination attempt, of which the perpetrators have not been found. For his role in its independence and political development, international researchers and the Macedonian public regard him as the father of the Macedonian state.<ref name="politics">{{cite book |editor1-last=Dawisha |editor1-first=Karen |editor2-last=Parrott |editor2-first=Bruce |title=Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521597333 |pages=246–247}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ден на жалост - Македонија ќе се прости од претседателот Глигоров |url=https://www.dw.com/mk/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%9C%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2/a-15641662 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=mk |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109060110/http://www.dw.com/mk/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%9C%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2/a-15641662 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=P. H. Liotta |title=Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and why it Matters |date=2001 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739102121 |page=207 |quote=Indeed, of all the presidents of the former republics now become independent states, Gligorov could be more closely identified as the "father" of a nation than any other potential claimant.}}</ref> |
After the war, he served in various positions in Yugoslavia. For decades, he was a high-ranking official and an economist there. Prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia, Gligorov was an adviser for [[Ante Marković]]'s market reform plan. Gligorov later played a pivotal role in Macedonia's peaceful secession from Yugoslavia and its international recognition. In 1995, he survived an assassination attempt, of which the perpetrators have not been found. For his role in its independence and political development, international researchers and the Macedonian public regard him as the father of the Macedonian state.<ref name="politics">{{cite book |editor1-last=Dawisha |editor1-first=Karen |editor2-last=Parrott |editor2-first=Bruce |title=Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521597333 |pages=246–247}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ден на жалост - Македонија ќе се прости од претседателот Глигоров |url=https://www.dw.com/mk/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%9C%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2/a-15641662 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=mk |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109060110/http://www.dw.com/mk/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%9C%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2/a-15641662 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=P. H. Liotta |title=Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and why it Matters |date=2001 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739102121 |page=207 |quote=Indeed, of all the presidents of the former republics now become independent states, Gligorov could be more closely identified as the "father" of a nation than any other potential claimant.}}</ref> |
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== Early life == |
== Early life == |
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[[File:Members of the General Staff of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Macedonia and other soldiers.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Gligorov (top right) with other members of the General Staff of the [[Macedonian Partisans]] on [[Kozjak (mountain near Pčinja)|Kozjak]], {{circa|1944}}]] |
[[File:Members of the General Staff of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Macedonia and other soldiers.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Gligorov (top right) with other members of the General Staff of the [[Macedonian Partisans]] on [[Kozjak (mountain near Pčinja)|Kozjak]], {{circa|1944}}]] |
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Kiro Gligorov{{efn|According to the news sources ''Novinite'' and ''[[The Independent]]'', his birth surname was Panchev.<ref name="novini">{{cite web |title=Late Macedonian President Gligorov Was 'Certified' Bulgarian |url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/135345/Late+Macedonian+President+Gligorov+Was+%27Certified%27+Bulgarian |website=Novinite.com |date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195451/https://www.novinite.com/articles/135345/Late+Macedonian+President+Gligorov+Was+%27Certified%27+Bulgarian |archive-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{cite web |author=Constantine Buhayer |title=Kiro Gligorov: President of Macedonia throughout the Nineties |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kiro-gligorov-president-of-macedonia-throughout-the-nineties-6286840.html |website=The Independent |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=2 April 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129190750/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kiro-gligorov-president-of-macedonia-throughout-the-nineties-6286840.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the Serbian rule of Vardar Macedonia, his surname was allegedly Grigorović or Gligorović. Later his surname was changed to Gligorov or Grigorov, but during the Bulgarian rule of Vardar Macedonia in World War II, he was known as Kiril Blagoev Grigorov.<ref name="bechev">{{cite book |author=Dimitar Bechev |title=Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538119624 |pages=128–129 |edition=2nd}}</ref>}} was born in [[Štip]] on 3 May 1917,<ref name="heads">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lentz |editor1-first=Harris |title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134264902 |page=527}}</ref><ref name="rossos">{{cite book |author=Andrew Rossos |title=Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History |date=2013 |publisher=Hoover Press |isbn=9780817948832 |page=264}}</ref> in the [[Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)|Bulgarian occupation zone]] of [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] (now [[North Macedonia]]) during [[World War I]],<ref name=":0"> |
Kiro Gligorov{{efn|According to the news sources ''Novinite'' and ''[[The Independent]]'', his birth surname was Panchev.<ref name="novini">{{cite web |title=Late Macedonian President Gligorov Was 'Certified' Bulgarian |url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/135345/Late+Macedonian+President+Gligorov+Was+%27Certified%27+Bulgarian |website=Novinite.com |date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195451/https://www.novinite.com/articles/135345/Late+Macedonian+President+Gligorov+Was+%27Certified%27+Bulgarian |archive-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{cite web |author=Constantine Buhayer |title=Kiro Gligorov: President of Macedonia throughout the Nineties |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kiro-gligorov-president-of-macedonia-throughout-the-nineties-6286840.html |website=The Independent |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=2 April 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129190750/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kiro-gligorov-president-of-macedonia-throughout-the-nineties-6286840.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the Serbian rule of Vardar Macedonia, his surname was allegedly Grigorović or Gligorović. Later his surname was changed to Gligorov or Grigorov, but during the Bulgarian rule of Vardar Macedonia in World War II, he was known as Kiril Blagoev Grigorov.<ref name="bechev">{{cite book |author=Dimitar Bechev |title=Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538119624 |pages=128–129 |edition=2nd}}</ref>}} was born in [[Štip]] on 3 May 1917,<ref name="heads">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lentz |editor1-first=Harris |title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134264902 |page=527}}</ref><ref name="rossos">{{cite book |author=Andrew Rossos |title=Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History |date=2013 |publisher=Hoover Press |isbn=9780817948832 |page=264}}</ref> in the [[Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)|Bulgarian occupation zone]] of [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] (now [[North Macedonia]]) during [[World War I]],<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&pg=PA150 |title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia |editor1=Spencer Tucker |editor2=Laura Matysek Wood |editor3=Justin D. Murphy |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=1996 |isbn=0-8153-0399-8 |page=150}}</ref> where he received his initial education. According to the news source ''Novinite'', his father was a craftsman, and his mother was a housewife.<ref name="novini" /> Gligorov completed his secondary education in [[Skopje]] and later graduated from the [[University of Belgrade]]'s [[University of Belgrade Faculty of Law|Law School]].<ref name="wapo">{{cite news |title=Kiro Gligorov, former Macedonian president, dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kiro-gligorov-former-macedonian-president-dies/2012/01/09/gIQAKz3QmP_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326080435/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/kiro-gligorov-former-macedonian-president-dies/2012/01/09/gIQAKz3QmP_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cook">{{cite book |author=Bernard A. Cook |title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135179328 |page=512}}</ref> Before World War II, he participated in the Macedonian communist student movement.<ref name="rossos" /> When he was twenty, he was arrested by the Royal Yugoslav authorities for his political opposition to the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], but was released afterwards.<ref name="ramet">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ramet |editor1-first=Sabrina |editor2-last=Hassenstab |editor2-first=Christine |title=Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108499910 |pages=363, 385–387}}</ref> |
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After the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|defeat of Yugoslavia by Axis forces]] in 1941, Gligorov returned to Skopje (then [[Bulgaria during World War II|annexed by Bulgaria]]), where he worked as a lawyer until 1943. In 1942, Gligorov was arrested by Bulgarian police on the accusation that he was a pro-Serbian communist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Проф. Яни Милчаков за политическата роля на Киро Глигоров |url=https://bnr.bg/shumen/post/100318746/prof-yani-milchakov-za-politicheskata-rolya-na-kiro-gligorov |website=Bulgarian National Radio |date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200931/https://bnr.bg/shumen/post/100318746/prof-yani-milchakov-za-politicheskata-rolya-na-kiro-gligorov |archive-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=live | |
After the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|defeat of Yugoslavia by Axis forces]] in 1941, Gligorov returned to Skopje (then [[Bulgaria during World War II|annexed by Bulgaria]]), where he worked as a lawyer until 1943. In 1942, Gligorov was arrested by Bulgarian police on the accusation that he was a pro-Serbian communist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Проф. Яни Милчаков за политическата роля на Киро Глигоров |url=https://bnr.bg/shumen/post/100318746/prof-yani-milchakov-za-politicheskata-rolya-na-kiro-gligorov |website=Bulgarian National Radio |date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200931/https://bnr.bg/shumen/post/100318746/prof-yani-milchakov-za-politicheskata-rolya-na-kiro-gligorov |archive-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=live |language=bg}}</ref> He was released on the orders of Skopje Mayor [[Spiro Kitinchev]], who guaranteed that he was a trustworthy Bulgarian citizen, of ethnic Bulgarian origin.<ref name="novini" /> During [[World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia]], he joined the partisans and participated in the resistance.<ref name="bechev" /><ref name="exyu">{{cite book |author1=Matjaž Klemenčič |author2=Mitja Zagar |title=The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576072943 |page=378}}</ref><ref name="phillips">{{cite book |author=John Phillips |title=Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans |date=2004 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9781860648410 |pages=47, 53}}</ref> In 1943, he became a member of the {{Interlanguage link|Action National Liberation Committee|mk|Акционен народноослободителен комитет на Македонија (АНОК)}} (ANOK), a group of the [[League of Communists of Macedonia|Communist Party of Macedonia]] which advocated for a [[United Macedonia]].<ref name="mev1" /><ref name="anok">{{cite book |editor1-last=Daskalov |editor1-first=Roumen |editor2-last=Mishkova |editor2-first=Diana |title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Two: Transfers of Political Ideologies and Institutions |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004261914 |page=539}}</ref> Along with other communist activists and activists of the group, he saw the [[Macedonian Question]] as a pan-Balkan issue and its solution in the creation of a [[Balkan Federation]].<ref name="anok" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Autonomist movements of the Slavophones in 1944: the attitude of the Communist Party of Greece and the protection of the Greek-Yugoslav Border |journal=Balkan Studies |date=1995 |volume=36 |issue=2 |page=299 |author=Spyridon Sfetas}}</ref> Afterwards he became a member of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] (LCY), [[Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia]] (AVNOJ) and [[Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia|Antifascist Assembly of the National Liberation of Macedonia]] (ASNOM).<ref name="politics" /><ref name="cook" /><ref name="exyu" /> In ASNOM, he served as a secretary of the Initiative committee for its organisation and a finance commissioner in its [[presidium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://217.16.70.245/?pbroj=1497&pr=15&stID=16880 |title= АСНОМ го определи нашето државно и национално битие |website= Utrinski vesnik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530093157/http://217.16.70.245/?pbroj=1497&pr=15&stID=16880 |archive-date=30 May 2011 |date=16 October 2006 |language=mk}}</ref><ref name="politics" /> On 2 August 1944, he took part in the first session of ASNOM as a delegate.<ref name="rossos" /> |
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== Politics == |
== Politics == |
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=== Yugoslavia === |
=== Yugoslavia === |
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[[File:Kiro Gligorov 1965.jpg|left|thumb|Gligorov in 1965]] |
[[File:Kiro Gligorov 1965.jpg|left|thumb|Gligorov in 1965]] |
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After World War II, Gligorov moved to [[Belgrade]].<ref name="ramet" /> Between 1945 and 1947, he held the office of Assistant Secretary General of the Presidency of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He then served as Assistant Minister of Finance from 1947 to 1952. |
After World War II, Gligorov moved to [[Belgrade]].<ref name="ramet" /> Between 1945 and 1947, he held the office of Assistant Secretary General of the Presidency of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He then served as Assistant Minister of Finance from 1947 to 1952. After this year, he held several positions: Assistant Chairman of the Economic Council of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia from 1952 to 1953, deputy director of the Federal Bureau of Economic Planning from 1953 to 1955, and Secretary of Economy - Coordinator in the Federal Government in 1956.<ref name="mev1">{{cite book |title=Makedonska enciklopedija: A-LJ |date=2009 |publisher=MANU |isbn=9786082030234 |pages=365–366}}</ref> |
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As a finance minister, he advanced early Yugoslav economic reform.<ref>{{cite journal |author=P. H. Liotta |title=Paradigm Lost: Yugoslav Self-Management and the Economics of Disaster |journal=Balkanologie - Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires |date=2001 |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |page=5 |doi=10.4000/balkanologie.681 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/681 |issn=1965-0582}}</ref> Gligorov |
As a finance minister, he advanced early Yugoslav economic reform.<ref>{{cite journal |author=P. H. Liotta |title=Paradigm Lost: Yugoslav Self-Management and the Economics of Disaster |journal=Balkanologie - Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires |date=2001 |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |page=5 |doi=10.4000/balkanologie.681 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/681 |issn=1965-0582}}</ref> Gligorov supervised the shift from a [[central planning|centrally planned]] economy to the enduring Yugoslav [[worker's council]]s. [[Manager]]s and [[bank]]s, rather than the state, would ensure [[budgeting|budgetary discipline]], even if this might bring the former into conflict with the workers they were supposed to represent.{{sfn|Woodward|2020|pp=166-168}} |
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Under his predecessor's administration, companies had found themselves starved for [[capital (economics)|capital]], and misappropriated [[social insurance]] funds to purchase necessary improvements. Gligorov hoped that the shift to a market system would temporarily reduce consumption of [[wage good]]s to a sustainable level, while also stimulating investment into their production. Cuts in public expenditures attempted to release [[working capital]] to manufacturers, and a devalued [[Yugoslav dinar]] should [[Devaluation#Economic implications|improve their export competitiveness]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Susan L. |last=Woodward |title=Socialist Unemployment: The Political Economy of Yugoslavia, 1945-1990 |date=2020 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691219653 |pages=168–169}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In the 1960s, he had the reputation of being a liberal economist and politician who wanted to implement market-oriented reforms.<ref name="rusinow">{{cite book |author=Dennison Rusinow |title=The Yugoslav Experiment 1948-1974 |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0520037308 |page=136}}</ref><ref name="motyl">{{cite book |author=Alexander J. Motyl |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set |date=2000 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780122272301 |page=192}}</ref> Along with another [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] politician [[Krste Crvenkovski]], he spoke out in favour of [[decentralisation]].<ref name="rusinow" /><ref name="burg">{{cite book |author=Steven L. Burg |title=Conflict and Cohesion in Socialist Yugoslavia: Political Decision Making Since 1966 |date=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400853373 |pages=174, 192}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Marie-Janine Calic |author2=Dietmar Neutatz |author3=Julia Obertreis |title=The Crisis of Socialist Modernity: The Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the 1970s |date=2011 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=9783525310427 |page=146}}</ref> He thought that republican control over federal policy making was necessary.<ref name="burg" /> Gligorov was the [[Ministry of Finance (Yugoslavia)|Finance Minister of Yugoslavia]] from 1962 to 1967. In 1965, he was the co-creator of a [[marketisation]] program which was never implemented,<ref name="politics" /> because the plan was considered too liberal by Yugoslav leader [[Josip Broz Tito]].<ref name="motyl" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Warren Zimmermann |title=Origins of a Catastrophe: Yugoslavia and Its Destroyers |date=1996 |publisher=Times Books |isbn=9780812963991 |page=116}}</ref> In this period, he was also a close collaborator of Tito.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Fruhstorfer |editor1-first=Anna |editor2-last=Hein |editor2-first=Michael |title=Constitutional Politics in Central and Eastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Reform of Political Systems |date=2016 |publisher=Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden |isbn=9783658137618 |page=311}}</ref> |
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He and fellow Yugoslav politician [[Boris Kidrič]] established ''Ekonomska politika'' (Economic policy) in 1952, a Belgrade weekly newspaper, with the aim of promoting [[Market socialism|socialist market economy]] as an alternative to [[Soviet-type economic planning|Soviet-style centrally planned economy]]. The newspaper became very influential, particularly among large Yugoslav firms, who were among its subscribers and supporters.<ref name="kovács">{{cite book |editor=János Mátyás Kovács |author=Jože Mencinger |chapter=Mathematical economics, economic modeling, and planning in Yugoslavia |title=Communist Planning versus Rationality: Mathematical Economics and the Central Plan in Eastern Europe and China |date=2022 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9781793631770 |page=297}}</ref> |
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⚫ | He and his son [[Vladimir Gligorov]] in the 1970s published articles in the newspaper ''Ekonomska politika'' along with other reform-oriented economists, journalists, managers, and politicians such as Dragiša Bošković, {{interlanguage link|Ljubomir Madžar|sr|Љубомир Маџар}}, [[Ante Marković]], [[Jože Mencinger]], [[Stjepan Mesić]], Milutin Mitrović, [[Marko Nikezić]], [[Latinka Perović]], [[Žarko Puhovski]], [[Dragan Veselinov]], and [[Veselin Vukotić (politician)|Veselin Vukotić]], most of whom influenced Yugoslav economic and political thinking.<ref name="kovács" /> Gligorov held various other high-ranking positions in the political establishment of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], including as a member of both the Yugoslav [[Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|state presidency]] and the [[Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|party presidency]] (for the [[Presidency of the 9th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|9th]] and [[Presidency of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|10th electoral terms]]),<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Stroynowski |editor-first1=Juliusz |editor-last2=Lewytzkyj |editor-first2=Borys |date=1978 |title=Who's Who in the Socialist Countries of Europe |publisher=[[K. G. Saur Verlag]] |isbn=3794031938 |page=183}}</ref> as well as President of the Assembly of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 15 May 1974 to 15 May 1978.<ref name="heads" /> In the 1980s, Gligorov was a critic of the subjective causes of the Yugoslav economic difficulties. |
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⚫ | In the 1960s, he had the reputation of being a liberal economist and politician who wanted to implement market-oriented reforms.<ref name="rusinow">{{cite book |author=Dennison Rusinow |title=The Yugoslav Experiment 1948-1974 |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0520037308 |page=136}}</ref><ref name="motyl">{{cite book |author=Alexander J. Motyl |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set |date=2000 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780122272301 |page=192}}</ref> Along with another [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] politician [[Krste Crvenkovski]], he spoke out in favour of [[decentralisation]].<ref name="rusinow" /><ref name="burg">{{cite book |author=Steven L. Burg |title=Conflict and Cohesion in Socialist Yugoslavia: Political Decision Making Since 1966 |date=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400853373 |pages=174, 192}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Marie-Janine Calic |author2=Dietmar Neutatz |author3=Julia Obertreis |title=The Crisis of Socialist Modernity: The Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the 1970s |date=2011 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=9783525310427 |page=146}}</ref> He thought that republican control over federal policy making was necessary.<ref name="burg" /> Gligorov was the [[Ministry of Finance (Yugoslavia)|Finance Minister of Yugoslavia]] from 1962 to 1967. In 1965, he was the co-creator of a [[marketisation]] program which was never implemented,<ref name="politics" /> because the plan was considered too liberal by Yugoslav leader [[Josip Broz Tito]].<ref name="motyl" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Warren Zimmermann |title=Origins of a Catastrophe: Yugoslavia and Its Destroyers |date=1996 |publisher=Times Books |isbn=9780812963991 |page=116}}</ref> In this period, he was also a close collaborator of Tito.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Fruhstorfer |editor1-first=Anna |editor2-last=Hein |editor2-first=Michael |title=Constitutional Politics in Central and Eastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Reform of Political Systems |date=2016 |publisher=Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden |isbn=9783658137618 |page=311}}</ref> |
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⚫ | He and his son [[Vladimir Gligorov]] in the 1970s published articles in the newspaper ''Ekonomska politika'' along with other reform-oriented economists, journalists, managers, and politicians such as Dragiša Bošković, {{interlanguage link|Ljubomir Madžar|sr|Љубомир Маџар}}, [[Ante Marković]], [[Jože Mencinger]], [[Stjepan Mesić]], Milutin Mitrović, [[Marko Nikezić]], [[Latinka Perović]], [[Žarko Puhovski]], [[Dragan Veselinov]], and [[Veselin Vukotić (politician)|Veselin Vukotić]], most of whom influenced Yugoslav economic and political thinking.<ref name="kovács" /> Gligorov held various other high-ranking positions in the political establishment of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], including as a member of both the Yugoslav [[Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|state presidency]] and the [[Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|party presidency]] (for the [[Presidency of the 9th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|9th]] and [[Presidency of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|10th electoral terms]]),<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Stroynowski |editor-first1=Juliusz |editor-last2=Lewytzkyj |editor-first2=Borys |date=1978 |title=Who's Who in the Socialist Countries of Europe |publisher=[[K. G. Saur Verlag]] |isbn=3794031938 |page=183}}</ref> as well as President of the Assembly of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 15 May 1974 to 15 May 1978.<ref name="heads" /> In the 1980s, Gligorov was a critic of the subjective causes of the Yugoslav economic difficulties. He opined that the difficulties stemmed from "suppressing market laws and operating in a subjectivist way in which social and economic goals and plans were formulated not on the basis of our realistic possibilities, but rather on what our Socialist society would like to achieve."<ref>{{cite book |title=Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away |isbn=9781557534958 |publisher=Purdue University Press |author=Dejan Jović |date=2009 |page=152}}</ref> In 1989, he was an adviser for [[Ante Marković]]'s economic reform plan, which consisted of [[economic liberalisation]], [[privatisation]], the devaluation of the Yugoslav dinar and its pegging to the [[German mark]], making it convertible.<ref name="meier">{{cite book |author=Viktor Meier |title=Yugoslavia: A History of its Demise |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134665105 |pages=105, 176}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=John R. Lampe |title=Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521774017 |page=391 |quote=Gligorov had been a leading economic reformer in the Federal Economic Council of the mid-1960s, a Central Committee member in the 1970s, and an adviser to Ante Marković's belated program of market reforms in 1989.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Carole Rogel |title=The breakup of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia |date=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313299186 |pages=91–92}}</ref> |
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=== Macedonia === |
=== Macedonia === |
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He returned to Skopje in 1989.<ref name="independent"/> In February 1990, he joined the Macedonian Forum for Preparation of a Macedonian National Program.<ref name="mev1" /> Gligorov actively participated in the work of this forum, along with [[Vladimir Gligorov]],<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= Pălășan |editor1-first=Corina |editor2-last=Vasile |editor2-first=Cristian |title= History of Communism in Europe vol. 2 / 2011: Avatars of Intellectuals under Communism |date=2011 |publisher=Zeta Books |isbn=9786068266145 |page=252}}</ref> which discussed the status of the Yugoslav Federation and the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia]]. Following the promulgation of the Declaration of Sovereignty of the State on 25 January 1991 and an initiative by a group of prominent liberal politicians and intellectuals called the "Young Lions",<ref name="heraclides">{{cite book |author=Alexis Heraclides |title=The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History |publisher=Routledge |date=2021 |isbn=9780429266362 |page=113; 180}}</ref> Gligorov was elected as the president of SR Macedonia by a large majority in the [[Assembly of North Macedonia|Macedonian Assembly]] on 27 January, succeeding Vladimir Mitkov.<ref name="bio">{{cite book |author1=Wojciech Roszkowski |author2=Jan Kofman |title=Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317475941 |page=297}}</ref><ref name="peace">{{cite book |author=Alice Ackermann |title=Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in Macedonia |date=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=9780815628125 |pages=58; 83–85; 95}}</ref><ref name="meier" /> [[Ljubčo Georgievski]], then the leader of VMRO-DPMNE, was elected to serve as the [[Vice President of Macedonia|vice president of Macedonia]], but he resigned from that position |
He returned to Skopje in 1989.<ref name="independent"/> In February 1990, he joined the Macedonian Forum for Preparation of a Macedonian National Program.<ref name="mev1" /> Gligorov actively participated in the work of this forum, along with [[Vladimir Gligorov]],<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= Pălășan |editor1-first=Corina |editor2-last=Vasile |editor2-first=Cristian |title= History of Communism in Europe vol. 2 / 2011: Avatars of Intellectuals under Communism |date=2011 |publisher=Zeta Books |isbn=9786068266145 |page=252}}</ref> which discussed the status of the Yugoslav Federation and the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia]]. Following the promulgation of the Declaration of Sovereignty of the State on 25 January 1991 and an initiative by a group of prominent liberal politicians and intellectuals called the "Young Lions",<ref name="heraclides">{{cite book |author=Alexis Heraclides |title=The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History |publisher=Routledge |date=2021 |isbn=9780429266362 |page=113; 180}}</ref> Gligorov was elected as the president of SR Macedonia by a large majority in the [[Assembly of North Macedonia|Macedonian Assembly]] on 27 January, succeeding Vladimir Mitkov.<ref name="bio">{{cite book |author1=Wojciech Roszkowski |author2=Jan Kofman |title=Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317475941 |page=297}}</ref><ref name="peace">{{cite book |author=Alice Ackermann |title=Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in Macedonia |date=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=9780815628125 |pages=58; 83–85; 95}}</ref><ref name="meier" /> [[Ljubčo Georgievski]], then the leader of VMRO-DPMNE, was elected to serve as the [[Vice President of Macedonia|vice president of Macedonia]], but he resigned from that position in October 1991, complaining that he and his party were politically marginalised, despite being the largest political faction.<ref name="balkans" /> Gligorov dedicated himself to the realisation of a three-point plan: Yugoslavia's preservation through a peaceful resolution of the crisis; the creation of a parliamentary democracy with the adoption of a new constitution and the promotion of national minorities' rights.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhidas Daskalovski |title=Democratisation in Macedonia and Slovenia |journal=SEER-South-East Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs |date=1999 |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=37}}</ref> |
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On 7 March, he entrusted the mandate to [[Nikola Kljusev]] to form the first government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Петти непосредни избори за шеф на државата |url=https://kanal5.com.mk/petti-neposredni-izbori-za-shef-na-drzhavata/a202462 |website=Kanal 5 |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=mk |date=13 April 2014}}</ref> In the same year, Gligorov along with [[Alija Izetbegović]] put forward the idea of a "Yugoslav confederation" (which was strongly supported by the international community),<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Zielonka |editor1-first=Jan |editor2-last=Pravda |editor2-first=Alex |title=Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe: Volume 2: International and Transnational Factors |date=2001 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780191529191 |page=422}}</ref> but it was rejected by the other states of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dejan Djokić |title=Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992 |date=2003 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=9781850656630 |page=123}}</ref><ref name="bechev" /> Thus his policy of preserving Yugoslavia as a confederation failed.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Pettifer |editor1-first=James |title=The New Macedonian Question |date=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312222406 |page=26}}</ref> When it became clear that Yugoslavia was being torn apart, Gligorov and the other leaders decided to initiate a [[1991 Macedonian independence referendum|referendum for independence]] on 8 September 1991. |
On 7 March, he entrusted the mandate to [[Nikola Kljusev]] to form the first government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Петти непосредни избори за шеф на државата |url=https://kanal5.com.mk/petti-neposredni-izbori-za-shef-na-drzhavata/a202462 |website=Kanal 5 |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=mk |date=13 April 2014}}</ref> In the same year, Gligorov along with [[Alija Izetbegović]] put forward the idea of a "Yugoslav confederation" (which was strongly supported by the international community),<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Zielonka |editor1-first=Jan |editor2-last=Pravda |editor2-first=Alex |title=Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe: Volume 2: International and Transnational Factors |date=2001 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780191529191 |page=422}}</ref> but it was rejected by the other states of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dejan Djokić |title=Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992 |date=2003 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=9781850656630 |page=123}}</ref><ref name="bechev" /> Thus his policy of preserving Yugoslavia as a confederation failed.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Pettifer |editor1-first=James |title=The New Macedonian Question |date=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312222406 |page=26}}</ref> When it became clear that Yugoslavia was being torn apart, Gligorov and the other leaders decided to initiate a [[1991 Macedonian independence referendum|referendum for independence]] on 8 September 1991. Many citizens ended up opting for independence, although the referendum was also boycotted by many members of the ethnic Serb and Albanian communities in the country.<ref name="balkans" /> Under his rule, Macedonia became the only state which seceded from Yugoslavia peacefully.<ref>{{cite book |author1=David A. Dyker |author2=Ivan Vejvoda |title=Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Fragmentation, Despair and Rebirth |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317891352 |page=257 |date=2014}}</ref> After independence, he became the first President of the independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Fruhstorfer |editor1-first=Anna |editor2-last=Hein |editor2-first=Michael |title=Constitutional Politics in Central and Eastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Reform of Political Systems |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783658137625 |page=311}}</ref> Afterwards, Gligorov worked towards gaining international recognition of Macedonia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nikolaos Zahariadis |title=Essence of Political Manipulation: Emotion, Institutions, & Greek Foreign Policy |year=2005 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=9780820479033 |page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Palairet |title=Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 2, From the Fifteenth Century to the Present), Volume 2 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781443888493 |page=319}}</ref> |
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Domestically, Gligorov faced the challenge of finding a balance between two opposing political forces - the ethnic Macedonian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity ([[VMRO-DPMNE]]) and the ethnic Albanian Party for Democratic Prosperity ([[Party for Democratic Prosperity|PDP]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Loring M. Danforth |title=The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World |date=1997 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691043562 |pages=144–145}}</ref> He tried to balance the exclusionary demands of the nationalists with the inclusionary demands of the ethnic Albanian parties.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mieczysław P. Boduszyński |title=Regime Change in the Yugoslav Successor States: Divergent Paths Toward a New Europe |date=2010 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=9780801899195 |page=150}}</ref> Gligorov was of the opinion that Albanians, a substantial ethnic group in the country, would always have a share in the governing of Macedonia and he firmly supported power-sharing with them.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ciment |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Hill |editor2-first=Kenneth |title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts since World War II, Volume 1 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136596148 |page=958}}</ref><ref name="balkans" /> After Kljusev's government failed to secure international recognition in 1992, he asked Georgievski to form a new government, but he failed. |
Domestically, Gligorov faced the challenge of finding a balance between two opposing political forces - the ethnic Macedonian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity ([[VMRO-DPMNE]]) and the ethnic Albanian Party for Democratic Prosperity ([[Party for Democratic Prosperity|PDP]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Loring M. Danforth |title=The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World |date=1997 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691043562 |pages=144–145}}</ref> He tried to balance the exclusionary demands of the nationalists with the inclusionary demands of the ethnic Albanian parties.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mieczysław P. Boduszyński |title=Regime Change in the Yugoslav Successor States: Divergent Paths Toward a New Europe |date=2010 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=9780801899195 |page=150}}</ref> Gligorov was of the opinion that Albanians, a substantial ethnic group in the country, would always have a share in the governing of Macedonia and he firmly supported power-sharing with them.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ciment |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Hill |editor2-first=Kenneth |title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts since World War II, Volume 1 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136596148 |page=958}}</ref><ref name="balkans" /> After Kljusev's government failed to secure international recognition in 1992, he asked Georgievski to form a new government, but he failed. Gligorov then gave the mandate to [[Branko Crvenkovski]], who formed a coalition government, which also included two ethnic Albanian parties such as the Party for Democratic Prosperity and [[National Democratic Party (North Macedonia)|National Democratic Party]]. Under his monitoring, Crvenkovski and the leaders of the ethnic Albanian parties worked together to resolve issues that divided ethnic Macedonians and Albanians.<ref name="rossos" /> |
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Economically, he was leading Macedonia towards full economic privatisation, while also trying to reach agreements with international financial institutions to receive funds for the economic transition.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Valentina Georgieva |author2=Sasha Konechni |title=Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia |date=1998 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810833364 |page=124}}</ref> In 1992, he successfully negotiated the withdrawal of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) from Macedonian soil.<ref name="bechev" /> Due to concerns of the [[Yugoslav Wars]] spilling over into Macedonia, he requested the presence of [[UN peacekeepers]], which were deployed later.<ref name="peace" /> As a result of the [[Macedonia naming dispute]], the [[North Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]] was admitted into the United Nations under the reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." Gligorov delivered his first speech before the [[General Assembly of the United Nations]] on 7 April 1993.<ref name="mev1" /> In the [[1994 Macedonian general election|general election]], he was re-elected President of the Republic by a majority of votes, on 16 October 1994.<ref name="ramet2">{{cite book |author=Sabrina P. Ramet |title=Balkan Babel: The Disintegration Of Yugoslavia From The Death Of Tito To The Fall Of Milosevic |date=2002 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813339054 |pages=192–193}}</ref> On 12 September 1995, he signed the Interim Accord for the |
Economically, he was leading Macedonia towards full economic privatisation, while also trying to reach agreements with international financial institutions to receive funds for the economic transition.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Valentina Georgieva |author2=Sasha Konechni |title=Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia |date=1998 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810833364 |page=124}}</ref> In 1992, he successfully negotiated the withdrawal of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) from Macedonian soil.<ref name="bechev" /> Due to concerns of the [[Yugoslav Wars]] spilling over into Macedonia, he requested the presence of [[UN peacekeepers]], which were deployed later.<ref name="peace" /> As a result of the [[Macedonia naming dispute]], the [[North Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]] was admitted into the United Nations under the reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." Gligorov delivered his first speech before the [[General Assembly of the United Nations]] on 7 April 1993.<ref name="mev1" /> In the [[1994 Macedonian general election|general election]], he was re-elected President of the Republic by a majority of votes, on 16 October 1994.<ref name="ramet2">{{cite book |author=Sabrina P. Ramet |title=Balkan Babel: The Disintegration Of Yugoslavia From The Death Of Tito To The Fall Of Milosevic |date=2002 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813339054 |pages=192–193}}</ref> On 12 September 1995, he signed the Interim Accord for the normalisation of relations with [[Greece]] at the [[United Nations]] Headquarters.<ref name="bio" /> On 2 October, in Belgrade, he signed a recognition agreement with the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. In 1998, Georgievski became the prime minister of Macedonia.<ref name="peace" /> The election for Gligorov's successor took place only a few days before the end of his term. He served as the president until 19 November 1999 and was succeeded by [[Boris Trajkovski]].<ref name="novini" /><ref name="ramet" /> Following his presidency, he retired from politics.<ref name="exyu" /> |
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== Assassination attempt == |
== Assassination attempt == |
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On 3 October 1995, Gligorov was the target of a [[car bomb]] assassination attempt in [[Skopje]]. Disobeying instructions from his security advisers to sit in the back seat of his presidential car, he sat next to his driver.<ref name="shea">{{cite book |author=John Shea |title=Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation |publisher=McFarland & Company |date=2008 |isbn=9780786437672 |pages=371–374}}</ref> While en route from his residence to his office, the car was blown up by an explosion from a parked vehicle, killing his driver and a passer-by, as well as injuring several other passers-by and his security officer. Gligorov was seriously injured and was immediately transported to the hospital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov turns ninety |url=http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/articleview/8223/1/216/ |date=22 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171348/http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/articleview/8223/1/216/ |archive-date=2 December 2008 |website=[[Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Chris Hedges |title=Macedonian President Gravely Wounded in Car-Bomb Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/04/world/macedonian-president-gravely-wounded-in-car-bomb-attack.html |website=New York Times |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=4 October 1995 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161927/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/04/world/macedonian-president-gravely-wounded-in-car-bomb-attack.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov, Macedonian independence leader dead |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16385730.amp |website=BBC News |access-date=16 August 2023 |date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106225351/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16385730.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> The parked car contained an explosive which was activated remotely.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.mk/articles/22759/Twenty+Years+from+President+Gligorov's+Assassination+Attempt |title=Twenty Years from President Gligorov's Assassination Attempt |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=Independent.mk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035805/http://www.independent.mk/articles/22759/Twenty+Years+from+President+Gligorov's+Assassination+Attempt |archive-date=8 February 2017}}</ref> Two persons in their mid-twenties were arrested immediately after the incident.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sasa Pesev |title=Bomb blast injures Macedonian President |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/bomb-blast-injures-macedonian-president-1575893.html |website=The Independent |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=3 October 1995 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161926/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/bomb-blast-injures-macedonian-president-1575893.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |
On 3 October 1995, Gligorov was the target of a [[car bomb]] assassination attempt in [[Skopje]]. Disobeying instructions from his security advisers to sit in the back seat of his presidential car, he sat next to his driver.<ref name="shea">{{cite book |author=John Shea |title=Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation |publisher=McFarland & Company |date=2008 |isbn=9780786437672 |pages=371–374}}</ref> While en route from his residence to his office, the car was blown up by an explosion from a parked vehicle, killing his driver and a passer-by, as well as injuring several other passers-by and his security officer. Gligorov was seriously injured and was immediately transported to the hospital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov turns ninety |url=http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/articleview/8223/1/216/ |date=22 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171348/http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/articleview/8223/1/216/ |archive-date=2 December 2008 |website=[[Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Chris Hedges |title=Macedonian President Gravely Wounded in Car-Bomb Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/04/world/macedonian-president-gravely-wounded-in-car-bomb-attack.html |website=New York Times |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=4 October 1995 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161927/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/04/world/macedonian-president-gravely-wounded-in-car-bomb-attack.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov, Macedonian independence leader dead |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16385730.amp |website=BBC News |access-date=16 August 2023 |date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106225351/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16385730.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> The parked car contained an explosive which was activated remotely.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.independent.mk/articles/22759/Twenty+Years+from+President+Gligorov's+Assassination+Attempt |title=Twenty Years from President Gligorov's Assassination Attempt |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=Independent.mk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035805/http://www.independent.mk/articles/22759/Twenty+Years+from+President+Gligorov's+Assassination+Attempt |archive-date=8 February 2017}}</ref> Two persons in their mid-twenties were arrested immediately after the incident.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sasa Pesev |title=Bomb blast injures Macedonian President |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/bomb-blast-injures-macedonian-president-1575893.html |website=The Independent |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=3 October 1995 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161926/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/bomb-blast-injures-macedonian-president-1575893.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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An investigation into the assassination attempt was initiated and police experienced in terrorism investigations from Britain, United States, Greece and Germany also came to Macedonia to participate.<ref name="shea" /> There have been no suspects determined and no progress has been made in the investigation.<ref name="tstar">{{cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov, first elected president of Macedonia, dies at age 94 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/01/02/kiro_gligorov_first_elected_president_of_macedonia_dies_at_age_94.html |website=Toronto Star |publisher=Associated Press |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181110/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/01/02/kiro_gligorov_first_elected_president_of_macedonia_dies_at_age_94.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, there have been short-lived speculations as to who could be the culprits. Shortly after the bombing, the Minister of Internal Affairs [[Ljubomir Frčkovski]] publicly claimed that "a powerful multinational company from a neighbouring country" was behind the assassination attempt,<ref name=mrt>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrt.com.mk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1224&Itemid=26 |title=11th anniversary of assassination attempt on Gligorov, perpetrators unknown |date=2006 |
An investigation into the assassination attempt was initiated and police experienced in terrorism investigations from Britain, United States, Greece and Germany also came to Macedonia to participate.<ref name="shea" /> There have been no suspects determined and no progress has been made in the investigation.<ref name="tstar">{{cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov, first elected president of Macedonia, dies at age 94 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/01/02/kiro_gligorov_first_elected_president_of_macedonia_dies_at_age_94.html |website=Toronto Star |publisher=Associated Press |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181110/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/01/02/kiro_gligorov_first_elected_president_of_macedonia_dies_at_age_94.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, there have been short-lived speculations as to who could be the culprits. Shortly after the bombing, the Minister of Internal Affairs [[Ljubomir Frčkovski]] publicly claimed that "a powerful multinational company from a neighbouring country" was behind the assassination attempt,<ref name=mrt>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrt.com.mk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1224&Itemid=26 |title=11th anniversary of assassination attempt on Gligorov, perpetrators unknown |date=3 October 2006 |access-date=22 October 2006 |publisher=MRT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210921/http://www.mrt.com.mk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1224&Itemid=26 |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> with the Macedonian media pointing at the Bulgarian [[Multigroup]] and the Serbian Secret Service as possible suspects.<ref name=mrt/><ref>{{cite web |title=Secret Police 'Tried to Kill' Macedonia Leader |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2008/10/21/secret-police-tried-to-kill-macedonia-leader/ |website=Balkan Insight (BIRN) |access-date=15 August 2023 |date=21 October 2008 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822161935/https://balkaninsight.com/2008/10/21/secret-police-tried-to-kill-macedonia-leader/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During a meeting between Multigroup head [[Iliya Pavlov]] and Gligorov in [[Ohrid]], Pavlov assured Gligorov that his organisation was not involved.<ref name=mrt/> |
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Gligorov was incapacitated until 17 November 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newsline - Macedonian president returns to work |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1141054.html |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=20 November 1995}}</ref> He became permanently blind in one eye and was facially scarred as a result of the attack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov, Macedonian independence leader dead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16385730 |website=BBC News |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181121/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16385730 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Stojan Andov]] was acting president during Gligorov's recuperation.<ref name="politics" /> After several months of treatment, on 10 January 1996, Gligorov returned to his presidency.<ref name="faktor">{{Cite web |url=https://faktor.mk/dosie-kiro-gligorov-drzhavnik-koj-prezhivea-atentat-ljubovna-afera-i-zamina-kako-golem-chovek |title=ДОСИЕ Киро Глигоров: државник кој преживеа атентат, љубовна афера и замина како голем човек! |date=3 October 2014 |website=Faktor.mk | |
Gligorov was incapacitated until 17 November 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newsline - Macedonian president returns to work |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1141054.html |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=20 November 1995}}</ref> He became permanently blind in one eye and was facially scarred as a result of the attack.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiro Gligorov, Macedonian independence leader dead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16385730 |website=BBC News |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181121/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16385730 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Stojan Andov]] was acting president during Gligorov's recuperation.<ref name="politics" /> After several months of treatment, on 10 January 1996, Gligorov returned to his presidency.<ref name="faktor">{{Cite web |url=https://faktor.mk/dosie-kiro-gligorov-drzhavnik-koj-prezhivea-atentat-ljubovna-afera-i-zamina-kako-golem-chovek |title=ДОСИЕ Киро Глигоров: државник кој преживеа атентат, љубовна афера и замина како голем човек! |date=3 October 2014 |website=Faktor.mk |language=mk |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814212334/https://faktor.mk/dosie-kiro-gligorov-drzhavnik-koj-prezhivea-atentat-ljubovna-afera-i-zamina-kako-golem-chovek |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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== Personal life and death == |
== Personal life and death == |
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[[File:The grave of Macedonian President Kiro Gligorov at the Butel city cemetery in Skopje.jpg|thumb|Gligorov's grave at the Butel cemetery in Skopje.]] |
[[File:The grave of Macedonian President Kiro Gligorov at the Butel city cemetery in Skopje.jpg|thumb|Gligorov's grave at the Butel cemetery in Skopje.]] |
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In October 1943, Gligorov married Nada Misheva, who died in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vecer.mk/makedonija/pochina-nada-gligorova |title=Почина Нада Глигорова |website=Večer |date=26 June 2009 |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071904/http://vecer.mk/makedonija/pochina-nada-gligorova |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=dead | |
In October 1943, Gligorov married Nada Misheva, who died in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vecer.mk/makedonija/pochina-nada-gligorova |title=Почина Нада Глигорова |website=Večer |date=26 June 2009 |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071904/http://vecer.mk/makedonija/pochina-nada-gligorova |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=dead |language=mk}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Kiro Gligorov (Obituary) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/12/kiro-gligorov |website=The Guardian |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814210259/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/12/kiro-gligorov |url-status=live |last1=Partos |first1=Gabriel }}</ref> They had one son and two daughters.<ref name=":1" /> His son, [[Vladimir Gligorov]], was one of the founders of the [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]] in [[Serbia]].<ref name="bechev" /> After his retirement from politics, he authored several memoirs and founded the Kiro Gligorov Foundation to publish his works, maintain his archives and serve as a think tank with an interest in studying the development of multi-ethnic societies.<ref name="birn" /><ref name="specat">{{cite web |title=Eleven years since the death of President Kiro Gligorov |url=https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/edinaeset-godini-od-smrtta-na-pretsedatelot-kiro-gligorov/ |website=Sloboden Pečat |date=January 2023 |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181121/https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/en/edinaeset-godini-od-smrtta-na-pretsedatelot-kiro-gligorov/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In an interview for ''[[Vjesnik]]'' on 22 March 2001, he dismissed the Albanian demands for greater rights by claiming that they already had sufficient rights, as well as the need for the Albanian language to be declared an official language in areas where few Albanians live. He also supported a military solution to the [[2001 insurgency in Macedonia|insurgency in Macedonia]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Victor Roudometof |title=Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780275976484 |page=216}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Balkan Report: March 27, 2001 |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1341116.html |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=8 March 2024 |date=27 March 2001}}</ref> From 2004 to 2005, he was a member of the international commission on the Balkans, headed by former Italian prime minister [[Giuliano Amato]].<ref name="bechev" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Judy Dempsey |title=Shaky Balkans need 'new strategy,' panel says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/28/world/europe/shaky-balkans-need-new-strategy-panel-says.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=10 March 2024 |date=28 April 2005}}</ref> |
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In response to Macedonian political and diaspora |
In response to Macedonian political and diaspora organisations' claims of direct descent to [[Alexander the Great]],<ref name="independent" /> Gligorov stated several times that the ethnic [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] are unrelated to the [[ancient Macedonians]], as well as that they are a [[South Slavs|South Slavic people]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=LeBow |editor1-first=Richard |editor2-last=Dobos |editor2-first=Corina |editor3-last=Kansteiner |editor3-first=Wulf |editor4-last=Fogu |editor4-first=Claudio |title=Politics of Memory in Post-Communist Europe |date=December 2011 |publisher=Zeta Books |isbn=9789731997865 |page=189}}</ref> In an interview with the [[Toronto Star]] on 15 March 1992, he said: "We are Macedonians but we are Slav Macedonians. That's who we are! We have no connection to Alexander the Great and his Macedonia. The ancient Macedonians no longer exist, they had disappeared from history long time ago. Our ancestors came here in the 5th and 6th century (AD)."<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ridvan Peshkopia |title=Conditioning Democratization: Institutional Reforms and EU Membership Conditionality in Albania and Macedonia |date=2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781783084227 |pages=183, 277}}</ref><ref name="heraclides" /> Among his associates and international researchers, he earned the nickname "the Fox" due to his political acumen and diplomatic skill.<ref name="phillips" /><ref name="ramet2" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Laura Silber |author2=Allan Little |title=Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=9780140262636 |page=212}}</ref> International researchers also saw him as a [[Political moderate|moderate politician]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Michael Merlingen |author2=Rasa Ostrauskaite |title=European Union Peacebuilding and Policing: Governance and the European Security and Defence Policy |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203969748 |page=80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Joseph Rothschild |author2=Nancy M. Wingfield |title=Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe since World War II |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195119923 |page=299}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Minton F. Goldman |title=Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe : Political, Economic, and Social Challenges |date=1997 |publisher=ME Sharpe, Inc. |isbn=9780585038155 |page=325}}</ref> |
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Kiro Gligorov was the oldest Macedonian political official.<ref name="specat" /> |
Kiro Gligorov was the oldest Macedonian political official.<ref name="specat" /> In November 1999, when his second presidential term ended, he was 82 years old. Gligorov died at the age of 94 on 1 January 2012 in Skopje, in his sleep.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/world/europe/kiro-gligorov-macedonia-president-in-1990s-dies-at-94.html|title=Kiro Gligorov, Ex-Leader of Macedonia, Dies at 94|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 January 2012|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011023909/https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/world/europe/kiro-gligorov-macedonia-president-in-1990s-dies-at-94.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="birn" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Former Macedonian President Gligorov Dies |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/former-macedonian-president-gligorov-dies-136528068/150213.html |website=Voice of America |date=1 January 2012}}</ref> At his own request, the funeral was private with only his closest family in attendance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Последна почит за првиот претседател |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/24440975.html |website=Радио Слободна Европа |language=mk |access-date=19 May 2023 |date=3 January 2012 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518220526/https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/24440975.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some high-ranking officials and academics, such as then Macedonian president [[Gjorge Ivanov]] and [[Chief of the General Staff (North Macedonia)|Chief of General Staff]] [[Gorančo Koteski]], came to pay their respects beforehand.<ref name="utrinski">{{cite web |url=http://www.utrinski.com.mk/?ItemID=CC4486BB666AC143B07261904C2FA802 |title=Последна почит за првиот претседател. Владата не дојде на погребoт на Глигоров |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713024523/http://www.utrinski.com.mk/?ItemID=CC4486BB666AC143B07261904C2FA802|url-status=dead |language=mk |website=Utrinski vesnik}}</ref> He was buried in [[Butel Municipality]], [[Skopje]].<ref name="utrinski" /> |
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== Memoirs == |
== Memoirs == |
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Gligorov authored the following memoirs:<ref name="specat" /> |
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*''Македонија е сè што имаме'' (''Makedonija e se što imame''; {{lang-en|Macedonia is all we have|link=no}}; 2000)<ref name="specat" /> |
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*'' |
*''Македонија е сè што имаме'' (''Makedonija e se što imame''; {{langx|en|Macedonia is all we have|link=no}}; 2000) |
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*''Виорни времиња, Република Македонија – реалност на Балканот'' (''Viorni vreminja, Republika Makedonija – realnost na Balkanot''; {{ |
*''Атентат - ден потоа'' (''Atentat - den potoa''; {{langx|en|Assassination - the day after|link=no}}; 2002) |
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*''Виорни времиња, Република Македонија – реалност на Балканот'' (''Viorni vreminja, Republika Makedonija – realnost na Balkanot''; {{langx|en|Stormy times, Republic of Macedonia – a reality in the Balkans|link=no}}; 2004) |
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*''Сите југословенски (стопански) реформи'' (''Site jugoslovenski (stopanski) reformi''; {{ |
*''Сите југословенски (стопански) реформи'' (''Site jugoslovenski (stopanski) reformi''; {{langx|en|All Yugoslav (economic) reforms|link=no}}; 2006) |
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== Honours and legacy == |
== Honours and legacy == |
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{{See also|Orders, decorations, and medals of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} |
{{See also|Orders, decorations, and medals of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} |
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Gligorov won numerous international awards and recognitions for his successful, constructive management and regulation of the international relations of the Macedonian state.<ref name="mev1" /> Following a speech at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] in the United States, he was awarded an honorary doctorate on 21 September 1997. He was awarded the [[Mediterranean Peace Prize]] on 5 January 1998 in [[Naples]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mediterranean Award "Peace" 1998 to Kiro Gligorov |url=https://www.fondazionemediterraneo.org/index.php/en/mediterranean-awards2/main-events3/4646-mediterranean-award-qpeaceq-1998-to-kiro-gligorov |website=Fondazione Mediterraneo |access-date=7 March 2024 |date=5 January 1998}}</ref><ref name="mev1" /> In 2005, he became the first person to be awarded with the Republic of Macedonia's highest honour; the Order of the Republic of Macedonia.<ref name="birn">{{cite web |author=Sinisa Jakov Marusic |title=Macedonia's First President Gligorov Dies |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2012/01/02/macedonia-s-first-president-gligorov-dies/ |website=Balkan Insight (BIRN) |access-date=14 August 2023 |date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814210315/https://balkaninsight.com/2012/01/02/macedonia-s-first-president-gligorov-dies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the United Macedonian Diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idividi.com.mk/english/macedonia/708533/index.html|title=UMD presents Life Achievement award to first Macedonia|website=IDIVIDI|access-date=2023 |
Gligorov won numerous international awards and recognitions for his successful, constructive management and regulation of the international relations of the Macedonian state.<ref name="mev1" /> Following a speech at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] in the United States, he was awarded an honorary doctorate on 21 September 1997. He was awarded the [[Mediterranean Peace Prize]] on 5 January 1998 in [[Naples]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mediterranean Award "Peace" 1998 to Kiro Gligorov |url=https://www.fondazionemediterraneo.org/index.php/en/mediterranean-awards2/main-events3/4646-mediterranean-award-qpeaceq-1998-to-kiro-gligorov |website=Fondazione Mediterraneo |access-date=7 March 2024 |date=5 January 1998}}</ref><ref name="mev1" /> In 2005, he became the first person to be awarded with the Republic of Macedonia's highest honour; the Order of the Republic of Macedonia.<ref name="birn">{{cite web |author=Sinisa Jakov Marusic |title=Macedonia's First President Gligorov Dies |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2012/01/02/macedonia-s-first-president-gligorov-dies/ |website=Balkan Insight (BIRN) |access-date=14 August 2023 |date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814210315/https://balkaninsight.com/2012/01/02/macedonia-s-first-president-gligorov-dies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the United Macedonian Diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idividi.com.mk/english/macedonia/708533/index.html|title=UMD presents Life Achievement award to first Macedonia|website=IDIVIDI|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818024047/http://www.idividi.com.mk/english/macedonia/708533/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Other honours Gligorov received include:<ref name="faktor" /> |
Other honours Gligorov received include:<ref name="faktor" /> |
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* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[File:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 3rd Class BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash of the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (1968)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf |title= Anfragebeantwortung |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108060130/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf |date=23 April 2012 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |website=Austrian Parliament |language=de}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[File:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 3rd Class BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash of the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (1968)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf |title= Anfragebeantwortung |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108060130/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf |date=23 April 2012 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |website=Austrian Parliament |language=de}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[File:MKD Order of the Republic of Macedonia BAR.svg|50px]] Order of the Republic of Macedonia (2005)<ref name="birn" /> |
* {{flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[File:MKD Order of the Republic of Macedonia BAR.svg|50px]] Order of the Republic of Macedonia (2005)<ref name="birn" /> |
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* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[File:65 ann WW2 ribbon.jpg|50px]] [[Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vest.mk/DEFAULT.ASP?ItemID=CE993917ED1EBC4EA4AC35D071999969 |title=Македонија - Руски орден за Киро Глигоров |website=Vest |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025231/http://www.vest.mk/DEFAULT.ASP?ItemID=CE993917ED1EBC4EA4AC35D071999969 |date=19 April 2010 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead | |
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[File:65 ann WW2 ribbon.jpg|50px]] [[Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vest.mk/DEFAULT.ASP?ItemID=CE993917ED1EBC4EA4AC35D071999969 |title=Македонија - Руски орден за Киро Глигоров |website=Vest |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025231/http://www.vest.mk/DEFAULT.ASP?ItemID=CE993917ED1EBC4EA4AC35D071999969 |date=19 April 2010 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |language=mk}}</ref> |
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In 2017, he was posthumously honoured with the Order "Saint Nicholas" (St. Nikola) by the [[Municipality of Štip]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Орден "Свети Никола" на Општина Штип за првиот претседател Киро Глигоров |url=https://a1on.mk/macedonia/orden-sveti-nikola-na-opshtina-shtip-za-prviot-pretsedatel-kiro-gligorov/ |website=A1on |access-date=28 August 2023 |language=mk |date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Орден "Свети Никола" за првиот претседател на Р. Македонија - Киро Глигоров |url=https://sitel.com.mk/orden-sveti-nikola-za-prviot-pretsedatel-na-r-makedonija-kiro-gligorov |website=Sitel |access-date=28 August 2023 |language=mk |date=19 December 2017}}</ref> In Skopje, one of the boulevards bears his name.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who was Kiro Gligorov, the president who brought independence without firing a shot |url=https://en.vijesti.me/BBC/583502/who-was-kiro-gligor%27s-president-who-brought-independence-without-firing-a-shot |website=Vjesti |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 April 2024 |date=1 January 2022 |
In 2017, he was posthumously honoured with the Order "Saint Nicholas" (St. Nikola) by the [[Municipality of Štip]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Орден "Свети Никола" на Општина Штип за првиот претседател Киро Глигоров |url=https://a1on.mk/macedonia/orden-sveti-nikola-na-opshtina-shtip-za-prviot-pretsedatel-kiro-gligorov/ |website=A1on |access-date=28 August 2023 |language=mk |date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Орден "Свети Никола" за првиот претседател на Р. Македонија - Киро Глигоров |url=https://sitel.com.mk/orden-sveti-nikola-za-prviot-pretsedatel-na-r-makedonija-kiro-gligorov |website=Sitel |access-date=28 August 2023 |language=mk |date=19 December 2017}}</ref> In Skopje, one of the boulevards bears his name. A statue of him is present on the {{Interlanguage link|Monument to the Presidium of ASNOM|mk|Споменик на Президиумот на АСНОМ}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Распад Југославије и Северна Македонија: Ко је био Киро Глигоров, председник који је донео независност без испаљеног метка |url=https://www.bbc.com/serbian/cyr/balkan-59810175 |trans-title=The breakup of Yugoslavia and North Macedonia: Who was Kiro Gligorov, the president who brought independence without firing a shot |website=BBC |language=sr |date=1 January 2022 |quote=У македонској престоници, данас се по његовом имену зове један од булевара, као и недавно отворена модерна школа. Његова статуа део је споменика АСНОМ-у (Антифашистичке скупштине народног ослобођења Македоније), политичком телу македонских партизана на крају Другог светског рата, у коме је Глигоров имао једну од првих функција. English: In the Macedonian capital, today one of the boulevards is named after him, as well as a recently opened modern school. His statue is part of the monument to ASNOM (Anti-Fascist Assembly of the People's Liberation of Macedonia), the political body of Macedonian partisans at the end of World War II, in which Gligorov held one of the first positions.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who was Kiro Gligorov, the president who brought independence without firing a shot |url=https://en.vijesti.me/BBC/583502/who-was-kiro-gligor%27s-president-who-brought-independence-without-firing-a-shot |website=Vjesti |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 April 2024 |date=1 January 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407112905/https://en.vijesti.me/BBC/583502/who-was-kiro-gligor%27s-president-who-brought-independence-without-firing-a-shot |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Yugoslavia]] |
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[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:34, 26 October 2024
Kiro Gligorov | |
---|---|
Киро Глигоров | |
1st President of Macedonia | |
In office 27 January 1991 – 19 November 1999 | |
Prime Minister | Nikola Kljusev Branko Crvenkovski Ljubčo Georgievski |
Vice President | Ljubčo Georgievski (1991)[1][a] |
Preceded by | Vladimir Mitkov (as President of the SR Macedonia) |
Succeeded by | Boris Trajkovski |
President of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia | |
In office 15 May 1974 – 15 May 1978 | |
Preceded by | Mijalko Todorović |
Succeeded by | Dragoslav Marković |
Personal details | |
Born | Štip, Bulgarian-occupied Serbia | 3 May 1917
Died | 1 January 2012 Skopje, Macedonia | (aged 94)
Nationality | Yugoslav/Bulgarian/Macedonian |
Political party | |
Spouse |
Nada Misheva
(m. 1943; died 2009) |
Children | 3, including Vladimir |
Signature | |
Kiro Gligorov (Macedonian: Киро Глигоров, pronounced [ˈkirɔ ˈɡliɡɔrɔf] ; 3 May 1917 – 1 January 2012) was a Macedonian politician who served as the first president of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) from 1991 to 1999. He was born and raised in Štip, where he was also educated. He continued his education in Skopje and graduated in law in Belgrade. During World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia, he worked as a lawyer and participated in the partisan resistance. By the end of the war, he was an organiser of the Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia, the predecessor of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia as a federal Yugoslav state.
After the war, he served in various positions in Yugoslavia. For decades, he was a high-ranking official and an economist there. Prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia, Gligorov was an adviser for Ante Marković's market reform plan. Gligorov later played a pivotal role in Macedonia's peaceful secession from Yugoslavia and its international recognition. In 1995, he survived an assassination attempt, of which the perpetrators have not been found. For his role in its independence and political development, international researchers and the Macedonian public regard him as the father of the Macedonian state.[3][4][5]
Early life
[edit]Kiro Gligorov[b] was born in Štip on 3 May 1917,[9][10] in the Bulgarian occupation zone of Serbia (now North Macedonia) during World War I,[11] where he received his initial education. According to the news source Novinite, his father was a craftsman, and his mother was a housewife.[6] Gligorov completed his secondary education in Skopje and later graduated from the University of Belgrade's Law School.[12][13] Before World War II, he participated in the Macedonian communist student movement.[10] When he was twenty, he was arrested by the Royal Yugoslav authorities for his political opposition to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but was released afterwards.[14]
After the defeat of Yugoslavia by Axis forces in 1941, Gligorov returned to Skopje (then annexed by Bulgaria), where he worked as a lawyer until 1943. In 1942, Gligorov was arrested by Bulgarian police on the accusation that he was a pro-Serbian communist.[15] He was released on the orders of Skopje Mayor Spiro Kitinchev, who guaranteed that he was a trustworthy Bulgarian citizen, of ethnic Bulgarian origin.[6] During World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia, he joined the partisans and participated in the resistance.[8][16][17] In 1943, he became a member of the Action National Liberation Committee (ANOK), a group of the Communist Party of Macedonia which advocated for a United Macedonia.[18][19] Along with other communist activists and activists of the group, he saw the Macedonian Question as a pan-Balkan issue and its solution in the creation of a Balkan Federation.[19][20] Afterwards he became a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY), Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) and Antifascist Assembly of the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM).[3][13][16] In ASNOM, he served as a secretary of the Initiative committee for its organisation and a finance commissioner in its presidium.[21][3] On 2 August 1944, he took part in the first session of ASNOM as a delegate.[10]
Politics
[edit]Yugoslavia
[edit]After World War II, Gligorov moved to Belgrade.[14] Between 1945 and 1947, he held the office of Assistant Secretary General of the Presidency of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He then served as Assistant Minister of Finance from 1947 to 1952. After this year, he held several positions: Assistant Chairman of the Economic Council of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia from 1952 to 1953, deputy director of the Federal Bureau of Economic Planning from 1953 to 1955, and Secretary of Economy - Coordinator in the Federal Government in 1956.[18]
As a finance minister, he advanced early Yugoslav economic reform.[22] Gligorov supervised the shift from a centrally planned economy to the enduring Yugoslav worker's councils. Managers and banks, rather than the state, would ensure budgetary discipline, even if this might bring the former into conflict with the workers they were supposed to represent.[23]
Under his predecessor's administration, companies had found themselves starved for capital, and misappropriated social insurance funds to purchase necessary improvements. Gligorov hoped that the shift to a market system would temporarily reduce consumption of wage goods to a sustainable level, while also stimulating investment into their production. Cuts in public expenditures attempted to release working capital to manufacturers, and a devalued Yugoslav dinar should improve their export competitiveness.[24]
He and fellow Yugoslav politician Boris Kidrič established Ekonomska politika (Economic policy) in 1952, a Belgrade weekly newspaper, with the aim of promoting socialist market economy as an alternative to Soviet-style centrally planned economy. The newspaper became very influential, particularly among large Yugoslav firms, who were among its subscribers and supporters.[25]
In the 1960s, he had the reputation of being a liberal economist and politician who wanted to implement market-oriented reforms.[26][27] Along with another Macedonian politician Krste Crvenkovski, he spoke out in favour of decentralisation.[26][28][29] He thought that republican control over federal policy making was necessary.[28] Gligorov was the Finance Minister of Yugoslavia from 1962 to 1967. In 1965, he was the co-creator of a marketisation program which was never implemented,[3] because the plan was considered too liberal by Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito.[27][30] In this period, he was also a close collaborator of Tito.[31]
He and his son Vladimir Gligorov in the 1970s published articles in the newspaper Ekonomska politika along with other reform-oriented economists, journalists, managers, and politicians such as Dragiša Bošković, Ljubomir Madžar , Ante Marković, Jože Mencinger, Stjepan Mesić, Milutin Mitrović, Marko Nikezić, Latinka Perović, Žarko Puhovski, Dragan Veselinov, and Veselin Vukotić, most of whom influenced Yugoslav economic and political thinking.[25] Gligorov held various other high-ranking positions in the political establishment of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, including as a member of both the Yugoslav state presidency and the party presidency (for the 9th and 10th electoral terms),[32] as well as President of the Assembly of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 15 May 1974 to 15 May 1978.[9] In the 1980s, Gligorov was a critic of the subjective causes of the Yugoslav economic difficulties. He opined that the difficulties stemmed from "suppressing market laws and operating in a subjectivist way in which social and economic goals and plans were formulated not on the basis of our realistic possibilities, but rather on what our Socialist society would like to achieve."[33] In 1989, he was an adviser for Ante Marković's economic reform plan, which consisted of economic liberalisation, privatisation, the devaluation of the Yugoslav dinar and its pegging to the German mark, making it convertible.[34][35][36]
Macedonia
[edit]He returned to Skopje in 1989.[7] In February 1990, he joined the Macedonian Forum for Preparation of a Macedonian National Program.[18] Gligorov actively participated in the work of this forum, along with Vladimir Gligorov,[37] which discussed the status of the Yugoslav Federation and the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Following the promulgation of the Declaration of Sovereignty of the State on 25 January 1991 and an initiative by a group of prominent liberal politicians and intellectuals called the "Young Lions",[38] Gligorov was elected as the president of SR Macedonia by a large majority in the Macedonian Assembly on 27 January, succeeding Vladimir Mitkov.[39][40][34] Ljubčo Georgievski, then the leader of VMRO-DPMNE, was elected to serve as the vice president of Macedonia, but he resigned from that position in October 1991, complaining that he and his party were politically marginalised, despite being the largest political faction.[1] Gligorov dedicated himself to the realisation of a three-point plan: Yugoslavia's preservation through a peaceful resolution of the crisis; the creation of a parliamentary democracy with the adoption of a new constitution and the promotion of national minorities' rights.[41]
On 7 March, he entrusted the mandate to Nikola Kljusev to form the first government.[42] In the same year, Gligorov along with Alija Izetbegović put forward the idea of a "Yugoslav confederation" (which was strongly supported by the international community),[43] but it was rejected by the other states of Yugoslavia.[44][8] Thus his policy of preserving Yugoslavia as a confederation failed.[45] When it became clear that Yugoslavia was being torn apart, Gligorov and the other leaders decided to initiate a referendum for independence on 8 September 1991. Many citizens ended up opting for independence, although the referendum was also boycotted by many members of the ethnic Serb and Albanian communities in the country.[1] Under his rule, Macedonia became the only state which seceded from Yugoslavia peacefully.[46] After independence, he became the first President of the independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia.[47] Afterwards, Gligorov worked towards gaining international recognition of Macedonia.[48][49]
Domestically, Gligorov faced the challenge of finding a balance between two opposing political forces - the ethnic Macedonian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE) and the ethnic Albanian Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP).[50] He tried to balance the exclusionary demands of the nationalists with the inclusionary demands of the ethnic Albanian parties.[51] Gligorov was of the opinion that Albanians, a substantial ethnic group in the country, would always have a share in the governing of Macedonia and he firmly supported power-sharing with them.[52][1] After Kljusev's government failed to secure international recognition in 1992, he asked Georgievski to form a new government, but he failed. Gligorov then gave the mandate to Branko Crvenkovski, who formed a coalition government, which also included two ethnic Albanian parties such as the Party for Democratic Prosperity and National Democratic Party. Under his monitoring, Crvenkovski and the leaders of the ethnic Albanian parties worked together to resolve issues that divided ethnic Macedonians and Albanians.[10]
Economically, he was leading Macedonia towards full economic privatisation, while also trying to reach agreements with international financial institutions to receive funds for the economic transition.[53] In 1992, he successfully negotiated the withdrawal of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) from Macedonian soil.[8] Due to concerns of the Yugoslav Wars spilling over into Macedonia, he requested the presence of UN peacekeepers, which were deployed later.[40] As a result of the Macedonia naming dispute, the Republic of Macedonia was admitted into the United Nations under the reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." Gligorov delivered his first speech before the General Assembly of the United Nations on 7 April 1993.[18] In the general election, he was re-elected President of the Republic by a majority of votes, on 16 October 1994.[54] On 12 September 1995, he signed the Interim Accord for the normalisation of relations with Greece at the United Nations Headquarters.[39] On 2 October, in Belgrade, he signed a recognition agreement with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1998, Georgievski became the prime minister of Macedonia.[40] The election for Gligorov's successor took place only a few days before the end of his term. He served as the president until 19 November 1999 and was succeeded by Boris Trajkovski.[6][14] Following his presidency, he retired from politics.[16]
Assassination attempt
[edit]On 3 October 1995, Gligorov was the target of a car bomb assassination attempt in Skopje. Disobeying instructions from his security advisers to sit in the back seat of his presidential car, he sat next to his driver.[55] While en route from his residence to his office, the car was blown up by an explosion from a parked vehicle, killing his driver and a passer-by, as well as injuring several other passers-by and his security officer. Gligorov was seriously injured and was immediately transported to the hospital.[56][57][58] The parked car contained an explosive which was activated remotely.[59] Two persons in their mid-twenties were arrested immediately after the incident.[60]
An investigation into the assassination attempt was initiated and police experienced in terrorism investigations from Britain, United States, Greece and Germany also came to Macedonia to participate.[55] There have been no suspects determined and no progress has been made in the investigation.[61] However, there have been short-lived speculations as to who could be the culprits. Shortly after the bombing, the Minister of Internal Affairs Ljubomir Frčkovski publicly claimed that "a powerful multinational company from a neighbouring country" was behind the assassination attempt,[62] with the Macedonian media pointing at the Bulgarian Multigroup and the Serbian Secret Service as possible suspects.[62][63] During a meeting between Multigroup head Iliya Pavlov and Gligorov in Ohrid, Pavlov assured Gligorov that his organisation was not involved.[62]
Gligorov was incapacitated until 17 November 1995.[64] He became permanently blind in one eye and was facially scarred as a result of the attack.[65] Stojan Andov was acting president during Gligorov's recuperation.[3] After several months of treatment, on 10 January 1996, Gligorov returned to his presidency.[66]
Personal life and death
[edit]In October 1943, Gligorov married Nada Misheva, who died in 2009.[67][68] They had one son and two daughters.[68] His son, Vladimir Gligorov, was one of the founders of the Democratic Party in Serbia.[8] After his retirement from politics, he authored several memoirs and founded the Kiro Gligorov Foundation to publish his works, maintain his archives and serve as a think tank with an interest in studying the development of multi-ethnic societies.[69][70][68] In an interview for Vjesnik on 22 March 2001, he dismissed the Albanian demands for greater rights by claiming that they already had sufficient rights, as well as the need for the Albanian language to be declared an official language in areas where few Albanians live. He also supported a military solution to the insurgency in Macedonia.[71][72] From 2004 to 2005, he was a member of the international commission on the Balkans, headed by former Italian prime minister Giuliano Amato.[8][73]
In response to Macedonian political and diaspora organisations' claims of direct descent to Alexander the Great,[7] Gligorov stated several times that the ethnic Macedonians are unrelated to the ancient Macedonians, as well as that they are a South Slavic people.[74] In an interview with the Toronto Star on 15 March 1992, he said: "We are Macedonians but we are Slav Macedonians. That's who we are! We have no connection to Alexander the Great and his Macedonia. The ancient Macedonians no longer exist, they had disappeared from history long time ago. Our ancestors came here in the 5th and 6th century (AD)."[75][38] Among his associates and international researchers, he earned the nickname "the Fox" due to his political acumen and diplomatic skill.[17][54][76] International researchers also saw him as a moderate politician.[77][78][79]
Kiro Gligorov was the oldest Macedonian political official.[70] In November 1999, when his second presidential term ended, he was 82 years old. Gligorov died at the age of 94 on 1 January 2012 in Skopje, in his sleep.[80][69][81] At his own request, the funeral was private with only his closest family in attendance.[82] Some high-ranking officials and academics, such as then Macedonian president Gjorge Ivanov and Chief of General Staff Gorančo Koteski, came to pay their respects beforehand.[83] He was buried in Butel Municipality, Skopje.[83]
Memoirs
[edit]Gligorov authored the following memoirs:[70]
- Македонија е сè што имаме (Makedonija e se što imame; English: Macedonia is all we have; 2000)
- Атентат - ден потоа (Atentat - den potoa; English: Assassination - the day after; 2002)
- Виорни времиња, Република Македонија – реалност на Балканот (Viorni vreminja, Republika Makedonija – realnost na Balkanot; English: Stormy times, Republic of Macedonia – a reality in the Balkans; 2004)
- Сите југословенски (стопански) реформи (Site jugoslovenski (stopanski) reformi; English: All Yugoslav (economic) reforms; 2006)
Honours and legacy
[edit]Gligorov won numerous international awards and recognitions for his successful, constructive management and regulation of the international relations of the Macedonian state.[18] Following a speech at the University of Pittsburgh in the United States, he was awarded an honorary doctorate on 21 September 1997. He was awarded the Mediterranean Peace Prize on 5 January 1998 in Naples.[84][18] In 2005, he became the first person to be awarded with the Republic of Macedonia's highest honour; the Order of the Republic of Macedonia.[69] In 2011, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the United Macedonian Diaspora.[85]
Other honours Gligorov received include:[66]
- Order of the Yugoslav Star with Sash (Unknown date)
- Order of Brotherhood and Unity with golden wreath (Unknown date)
- Order of Labour with red flag (Unknown date)
- Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1968)[86]
- Order of the Republic of Macedonia (2005)[69]
- Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (2010)[87]
In 2017, he was posthumously honoured with the Order "Saint Nicholas" (St. Nikola) by the Municipality of Štip.[88][89] In Skopje, one of the boulevards bears his name. A statue of him is present on the Monument to the Presidium of ASNOM .[90][91]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Ljubčo Georgievski was Macedonia's only vice president in 1991.
- ^ According to the news sources Novinite and The Independent, his birth surname was Panchev.[6][7] During the Serbian rule of Vardar Macedonia, his surname was allegedly Grigorović or Gligorović. Later his surname was changed to Gligorov or Grigorov, but during the Bulgarian rule of Vardar Macedonia in World War II, he was known as Kiril Blagoev Grigorov.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (24 January 2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Routledge. p. 412. ISBN 9781134583287.
- ^ Sabrina P. Ramet; Christine Hassenstab; Ola Listhaug, eds. (2017). Building Democracy in the Yugoslav Successor States: Accomplishments, Setbacks, and Challenges since 1990. Cambridge University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-1107180741.
- ^ a b c d e Dawisha, Karen; Parrott, Bruce, eds. (1997). Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 9780521597333.
- ^ "Ден на жалост - Македонија ќе се прости од претседателот Глигоров". Deutsche Welle (in Macedonian). 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ P. H. Liotta (2001). Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and why it Matters. Lexington Books. p. 207. ISBN 9780739102121.
Indeed, of all the presidents of the former republics now become independent states, Gligorov could be more closely identified as the "father" of a nation than any other potential claimant.
- ^ a b c d "Late Macedonian President Gligorov Was 'Certified' Bulgarian". Novinite.com. 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021.
- ^ a b c Constantine Buhayer (9 January 2012). "Kiro Gligorov: President of Macedonia throughout the Nineties". The Independent. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Dimitar Bechev (2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 128–129. ISBN 9781538119624.
- ^ a b Lentz, Harris, ed. (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 527. ISBN 9781134264902.
- ^ a b c d Andrew Rossos (2013). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Press. p. 264. ISBN 9780817948832.
- ^ Spencer Tucker; Laura Matysek Wood; Justin D. Murphy, eds. (1996). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 150. ISBN 0-8153-0399-8.
- ^ "Kiro Gligorov, former Macedonian president, dies". The Washington Post. 9 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ a b Bernard A. Cook (2014). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 512. ISBN 9781135179328.
- ^ a b c Ramet, Sabrina; Hassenstab, Christine, eds. (2019). Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989. Cambridge University Press. pp. 363, 385–387. ISBN 9781108499910.
- ^ "Проф. Яни Милчаков за политическата роля на Киро Глигоров". Bulgarian National Radio (in Bulgarian). 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021.
- ^ a b c Matjaž Klemenčič; Mitja Zagar (2004). The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 378. ISBN 9781576072943.
- ^ a b John Phillips (2004). Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans. Yale University Press. pp. 47, 53. ISBN 9781860648410.
- ^ a b c d e f Makedonska enciklopedija: A-LJ. MANU. 2009. pp. 365–366. ISBN 9786082030234.
- ^ a b Daskalov, Roumen; Mishkova, Diana, eds. (2013). Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Two: Transfers of Political Ideologies and Institutions. BRILL. p. 539. ISBN 9789004261914.
- ^ Spyridon Sfetas (1995). "Autonomist movements of the Slavophones in 1944: the attitude of the Communist Party of Greece and the protection of the Greek-Yugoslav Border". Balkan Studies. 36 (2): 299.
- ^ "АСНОМ го определи нашето државно и национално битие". Utrinski vesnik (in Macedonian). 16 October 2006. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011.
- ^ P. H. Liotta (2001). "Paradigm Lost: Yugoslav Self-Management and the Economics of Disaster". Balkanologie - Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires. 5 (1–2): 5. doi:10.4000/balkanologie.681. ISSN 1965-0582.
- ^ Woodward 2020, pp. 166–168.
- ^ Woodward, Susan L. (2020). Socialist Unemployment: The Political Economy of Yugoslavia, 1945-1990. Princeton University Press. pp. 168–169. ISBN 9780691219653.
- ^ a b Jože Mencinger (2022). "Mathematical economics, economic modeling, and planning in Yugoslavia". In János Mátyás Kovács (ed.). Communist Planning versus Rationality: Mathematical Economics and the Central Plan in Eastern Europe and China. Lexington Books. p. 297. ISBN 9781793631770.
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- ^ a b Alexander J. Motyl (2000). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set. Academic Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780122272301.
- ^ a b Steven L. Burg (2014). Conflict and Cohesion in Socialist Yugoslavia: Political Decision Making Since 1966. Princeton University Press. pp. 174, 192. ISBN 9781400853373.
- ^ Marie-Janine Calic; Dietmar Neutatz; Julia Obertreis (2011). The Crisis of Socialist Modernity: The Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the 1970s. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 146. ISBN 9783525310427.
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- ^ John R. Lampe (2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 391. ISBN 9780521774017.
Gligorov had been a leading economic reformer in the Federal Economic Council of the mid-1960s, a Central Committee member in the 1970s, and an adviser to Ante Marković's belated program of market reforms in 1989.
- ^ Carole Rogel (1998). The breakup of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia. Greenwood Press. pp. 91–92. ISBN 9780313299186.
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- ^ a b Alexis Heraclides (2021). The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History. Routledge. p. 113; 180. ISBN 9780429266362.
- ^ a b Wojciech Roszkowski; Jan Kofman (2016). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 297. ISBN 9781317475941.
- ^ a b c Alice Ackermann (2000). Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in Macedonia. Syracuse University Press. pp. 58, 83–85, 95. ISBN 9780815628125.
- ^ Zhidas Daskalovski (1999). "Democratisation in Macedonia and Slovenia". SEER-South-East Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs. 2 (3): 37.
- ^ "Петти непосредни избори за шеф на државата". Kanal 5 (in Macedonian). 13 April 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
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- ^ Dejan Djokić (2003). Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 123. ISBN 9781850656630.
- ^ Pettifer, James, ed. (1999). The New Macedonian Question. St. Martin's Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780312222406.
- ^ David A. Dyker; Ivan Vejvoda (2014). Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Fragmentation, Despair and Rebirth. Routledge. p. 257. ISBN 9781317891352.
- ^ Fruhstorfer, Anna; Hein, Michael, eds. (2016). Constitutional Politics in Central and Eastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Reform of Political Systems. Springer. p. 311. ISBN 9783658137625.
- ^ Nikolaos Zahariadis (2005). Essence of Political Manipulation: Emotion, Institutions, & Greek Foreign Policy. Peter Lang. p. 88. ISBN 9780820479033.
- ^ Michael Palairet (2016). Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 2, From the Fifteenth Century to the Present), Volume 2. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 319. ISBN 9781443888493.
- ^ Loring M. Danforth (1997). The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton University Press. pp. 144–145. ISBN 9780691043562.
- ^ Mieczysław P. Boduszyński (2010). Regime Change in the Yugoslav Successor States: Divergent Paths Toward a New Europe. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9780801899195.
- ^ Ciment, James; Hill, Kenneth, eds. (2012). Encyclopedia of Conflicts since World War II, Volume 1. Routledge. p. 958. ISBN 9781136596148.
- ^ Valentina Georgieva; Sasha Konechni (1998). Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 124. ISBN 9780810833364.
- ^ a b Sabrina P. Ramet (2002). Balkan Babel: The Disintegration Of Yugoslavia From The Death Of Tito To The Fall Of Milosevic. Westview Press. pp. 192–193. ISBN 9780813339054.
- ^ a b John Shea (2008). Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. McFarland & Company. pp. 371–374. ISBN 9780786437672.
- ^ "Kiro Gligorov turns ninety". Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008.
- ^ Chris Hedges (4 October 1995). "Macedonian President Gravely Wounded in Car-Bomb Attack". New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Kiro Gligorov, Macedonian independence leader dead". BBC News. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ "Twenty Years from President Gligorov's Assassination Attempt". Independent.mk. 3 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ Sasa Pesev (3 October 1995). "Bomb blast injures Macedonian President". The Independent. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Kiro Gligorov, first elected president of Macedonia, dies at age 94". Toronto Star. Associated Press. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ a b c "11th anniversary of assassination attempt on Gligorov, perpetrators unknown". MRT. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ "Secret Police 'Tried to Kill' Macedonia Leader". Balkan Insight (BIRN). 21 October 2008. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Newsline - Macedonian president returns to work". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 20 November 1995.
- ^ "Kiro Gligorov, Macedonian independence leader dead". BBC News. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ a b "ДОСИЕ Киро Глигоров: државник кој преживеа атентат, љубовна афера и замина како голем човек!". Faktor.mk (in Macedonian). 3 October 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Почина Нада Глигорова". Večer (in Macedonian). 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ a b c Partos, Gabriel (12 January 2012). "Kiro Gligorov (Obituary)". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d Sinisa Jakov Marusic (2 January 2012). "Macedonia's First President Gligorov Dies". Balkan Insight (BIRN). Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ a b c "Eleven years since the death of President Kiro Gligorov". Sloboden Pečat. January 2023. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ Victor Roudometof (2002). Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 216. ISBN 9780275976484.
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- ^ Judy Dempsey (28 April 2005). "Shaky Balkans need 'new strategy,' panel says". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
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- ^ "Kiro Gligorov, Ex-Leader of Macedonia, Dies at 94". The New York Times. 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ "Former Macedonian President Gligorov Dies". Voice of America. 1 January 2012.
- ^ "Последна почит за првиот претседател". Радио Слободна Европа (in Macedonian). 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Последна почит за првиот претседател. Владата не дојде на погребoт на Глигоров". Utrinski vesnik (in Macedonian). 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ "Mediterranean Award "Peace" 1998 to Kiro Gligorov". Fondazione Mediterraneo. 5 January 1998. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "UMD presents Life Achievement award to first Macedonia". IDIVIDI. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ "Anfragebeantwortung" (PDF). Austrian Parliament (in German). 23 April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2017.
- ^ "Македонија - Руски орден за Киро Глигоров". Vest (in Macedonian). 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
- ^ "Орден "Свети Никола" на Општина Штип за првиот претседател Киро Глигоров". A1on (in Macedonian). 15 December 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ "Орден "Свети Никола" за првиот претседател на Р. Македонија - Киро Глигоров". Sitel (in Macedonian). 19 December 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ "Распад Југославије и Северна Македонија: Ко је био Киро Глигоров, председник који је донео независност без испаљеног метка" [The breakup of Yugoslavia and North Macedonia: Who was Kiro Gligorov, the president who brought independence without firing a shot]. BBC (in Serbian). 1 January 2022.
У македонској престоници, данас се по његовом имену зове један од булевара, као и недавно отворена модерна школа. Његова статуа део је споменика АСНОМ-у (Антифашистичке скупштине народног ослобођења Македоније), политичком телу македонских партизана на крају Другог светског рата, у коме је Глигоров имао једну од првих функција. English: In the Macedonian capital, today one of the boulevards is named after him, as well as a recently opened modern school. His statue is part of the monument to ASNOM (Anti-Fascist Assembly of the People's Liberation of Macedonia), the political body of Macedonian partisans at the end of World War II, in which Gligorov held one of the first positions.
- ^ "Who was Kiro Gligorov, the president who brought independence without firing a shot". Vjesti. BBC. 1 January 2022. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
External links
[edit]- 1917 births
- 2012 deaths
- People from Štip
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
- Yugoslav communists
- Presidents of North Macedonia
- Deputy prime ministers of Yugoslavia
- Finance ministers of Yugoslavia
- Government ministers of Yugoslavia
- League of Communists of Macedonia politicians
- Social Democratic Union of Macedonia politicians
- Members of the Presidency of the 9th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
- Members of the Presidency of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
- Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
- Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
- Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
- Yugoslav economists