1657: Difference between revisions

1657 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1657; MDCLVII
Ab urbe condita	2410
Armenian calendar	1106; ԹՎ ՌՃԶ
Assyrian calendar	6407
Balinese saka calendar	1578–1579
Bengali calendar	1064
Berber calendar	2607
English Regnal year	8 Cha. 2 – 9 Cha. 2; (Interregnum)
Buddhist calendar	2201
Burmese calendar	1019
Byzantine calendar	7165–7166
Chinese calendar	丙申年 (Fire Monkey); 4354 or 4147; — to —; 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster); 4355 or 4148
Coptic calendar	1373–1374
Discordian calendar	2823
Ethiopian calendar	1649–1650
Hebrew calendar	5417–5418
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1713–1714
- Shaka Samvat	1578–1579
- Kali Yuga	4757–4758
Holocene calendar	11657
Igbo calendar	657–658
Iranian calendar	1035–1036
Islamic calendar	1067–1068
Japanese calendar	Meireki 3; (明暦３年)
Javanese calendar	1579–1580
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	3990
Minguo calendar	255 before ROC; 民前255年
Nanakshahi calendar	189
Thai solar calendar	2199–2200
Tibetan calendar	阳火猴年; (male Fire-Monkey); 1783 or 1402 or 630; — to —; 阴火鸡年; (female Fire-Rooster); 1784 or 1403 or 631

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century; 17th century ; 18th century;
Decades:	1630s; 1640s; 1650s ; 1660s; 1670s;
Years:	1654; 1655; 1656; 1657 ; 1658; 1659; 1660;

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1657 (MDCLVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1657th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 657th year of the 2nd millennium, the 57th year of the 17th century, and the 8th year of the 1650s decade. As of the start of 1657, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

January 8 – Miles Sindercombe and his group of disaffected Levellers are betrayed in their attempt to assassinate Oliver Cromwell by blowing up the Palace of Whitehall in London and are arrested.^[1]
January 29 – Rule of the Major-Generals (regional military government) in England is abolished.^[2]
February 4 – Resettlement of the Jews in England: Oliver Cromwell gives Antonio Fernandez Carvajal the assurance of the right of Jews to remain in England.
February 23 – In England, the Humble Petition and Advice offers Lord Protector Cromwell the crown.^[3]
March 2 – The Great Fire of Meireki in Edo, Japan, destroys most of the city and damages Edo Castle, killing an estimated 100,000 people.^[4]
March 23 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60): By the Treaty of Paris, France and England form an alliance against Spain;^[5] England will receive Dunkirk.

April–June

April 20
- Anglo-Spanish War – Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife: English Admiral Robert Blake attempts to seize a Spanish treasure fleet.
- The Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City) are granted freedom of religion, as full citizens.^[6]
May 8 – Lord Protector Cromwell confirms his refusal of the crown of England, preferring the title "Lord Protector".^[1]
June 1
- King Frederick III of Denmark signs a manifesto, de facto declaring war on Sweden.
- The first eleven Quaker settlers arrive in New Amsterdam (later New York City), and are allowed to practice their faith.

July–September

July 13 – Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.^[1]
August 20 – The ship Les Armes d'Amsterdam arrives at Quebec, New France. Among the passengers is Michel Mathieu Brunet dit Lestang (1638–1708), colonist, explorer and co-discoverer of modern-day Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ancestor of the Brunet, Lestang and Carisse families of North America.
September 19 – Brandenburg and Poland sign the Treaty of Wehlau.
September 24 – The first autopsy and coroner's jury verdict in the Colony of Maryland are recorded.
September – Shah Jahan becomes ill, allowing his son to take control of the Mughal Empire.

October–December

October 1 – Treaty of Raalte: William III, Prince of Orange is no longer stadtholder of Overijssel.
October 3 – French troops occupy Mardyck.
November 6 – Brandenburg and Poland sign the Treaty of Bromberg.
November 10 – Christina, former Queen regnant of Sweden, has Gian Rinaldo Monaldeschi killed in her presence, at the Palace of Fontainebleau.
December 27 – The Flushing Remonstrance is signed in New Amsterdam, at the site of the future (1862) Flushing Town Hall in New York City.

Date unknown

The Accademia del Cimento is founded in Florence, Italy.
England's first chocolate house is opened in London^[7] and introduction of tea in England^[8]^[9] while coffee is introduced to France.
Christiaan Huygens writes the first book to be published on probability theory, De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance").
Andreas Gryphius' drama Katharina von Georgien is published in Breslau.
Thomas Middleton's tragedy Women Beware Women (c. 1623–24) is published posthumously in London.^[5]

Births

January 1 – Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II of England (d. 1680)
January 4 – Sébastien Rale, French missionary (d. 1724)
January 6 – William Bowes, English politician (d. 1707)
January 11 – Elizabeth van der Woude, Dutch writer (d. 1694)
January 17 – Pieter van Bloemen, Flemish painter (d. 1720)
January 18 – Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Stadholder of Friesland and Groningen (d. 1696)
January 21 – Francesco Cupani, Italian naturalist (d. 1710)
January 26 – William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1737)
January 29 – Francis Moore, English physician and astrologer (d. 1715)^[10]
February 10 – George Carpenter, 1st Baron Carpenter, English Army general (d. 1731)
February 11 – Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientist and man of letters (d. 1757)
February 21 – Blaise Gisbert, French Jesuit rhetorician and critic (d. 1731)
February 24 – Clopton Havers, English physician (d. 1702)
February 25 – Agathe de Saint-Père, French-Canadian business entrepreneur and inventor (d. 1748)
March 1 – Samuel Werenfels, Swiss theologian (d. 1740)
March 6 – Auguste Magdalene of Hessen-Darmstadt, German noblewoman and poet (d. 1674)
March 18 – Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, Italian composer (d. 1743)
March 19 – Jean Leclerc, Swiss theologian and biblical scholar (d. 1736)
March 20 – Luigi Omodei (1607–1685), Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1706)
March 24 – Arai Hakuseki, Japanese politician and writer (d. 1725)
April 16
- Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English politician (d. 1710)
- Otto Friedrich von der Groeben, Prussian traveller, soldier and author (d. 1728)
May 8 – Martino Altomonte, Italian painter (d. 1745)
May 14 – Sambhaji, Maratha ruler (d. 1689)
May 25 – Henri-Pons de Thiard de Bissy, French Catholic priest, bishop and cardinal (d. 1737)
June 10 – James Craggs the Elder, English politician (d. 1721)
June 14 – Sir William Blackett, 1st Baronet, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, English politician (d. 1705)
June 17 – Louis Ellies Dupin, French ecclesiastical historian (d. 1719)
July 8 – Abraham de Peyster, New Amsterdam/New York politician (d. 1728)
July 11 – King Frederick I of Prussia (d. 1713)
July 12 – Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1672)
July 14 – William Cheyne, 2nd Viscount Newhaven, English politician (d. 1728)
July 18 – Simon Digby, 4th Baron Digby, English politician (d. 1686)
July 24
- Theodorus Janssonius van Almeloveen, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1712)
- Jean Mathieu de Chazelles, French hydrographer (d. 1710)
July 25 – Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)
August 7 – Henri Basnage de Beauval, French historian and lexicographer (d. 1710)
August 9 – Pierre-Étienne Monnot, French sculptor (d. 1733)
August 18
- Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Italian architect and painter (d. 1743)
- Antonio Margil, Spanish Franciscan missionary in North and Central America (d. 1726)
September 14 – Sir Charles Blois, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1738)
September 17
- Dudley Cullum, English politician and baronet (d. 1720)
- Pieter Schuyler, acting governor of the province of New York and army colonel (d. 1724)
September 21 – Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Mughal prince (d. 1706)
September 27 – Sofia Alekseyevna of Russia, Russian regent (d. 1704)
September 29 – Heinrich of Saxe-Weissenfels, Count of Barby, German prince (d. 1728)
October 2 – Guillaume Baudry, gunsmith and gold and silversmith in Lower Canada (d. 1732)
October 4 – Francesco Solimena, Italian painter (d. 1747)
October 8 – Wigerus Vitringa, Dutch painter (d. 1725)
October 26 – Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt, German nobleman (d. 1690)
November 6 – Joseph Denis, Canadian Rėcollet priest (d. 1736)
November 12 – Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1704)
November 16 – Juliane Louise of East Frisia, Princess of East Frisia (d. 1715)
November 26
- William Derham, English clergyman and natural philosopher (d. 1735)
- Michael Bernhard Valentini, German naturalist (d. 1729)
November 28 – Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias, heir apparent to the Spanish throne (d. 1661)
December 2 – Franz Anton, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (d. 1702)
December 8 – Changning, prince of the Qing dynasty (d. 1703)
December 14 – Edmund Dunch, English Whig politician (d. 1719)
December 15
- Michel Richard Delalande, French composer (d. 1726)
- Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons, Count of Soissons and Prince of Savoy (d. 1702)
December 23
- Hannah Duston, Massachusetts Puritan mother of 8, taken captive during King William's War (d. 1736)
- Josiah Franklin, English-born American businessman, father of Benjamin Franklin (d. 1745)
December 28 – Domenico Rossi, Swiss-Italian architect (d. 1737)

Deaths

January 24 – Claude, Duke of Chevreuse (b. 1578)
February 2 – Nicole, Duchess of Lorraine, French noble (b. 1608)
February 7 – Cesare Dandini, Italian painter (b. 1596)
February 8 – Laura Mancini, French court beauty (b. 1636)
February 10 – Sebastian Stoskopff, French painter (b. 1597)
February 19 – Jean Riolan the Younger, French anatomist (b. 1577)
March – Edward Hopkins, colonial Connecticut politician (b. 1600)
March 7 – Hayashi Razan, Japanese neo-Confucianist scholar (b. 1583)
March 10 – Barthold Nihus, Roman Catholic priest (b. 1590)
April ? – Richard Lovelace, English Cavalier poet (b. 1617)^[11]
April 2
- Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1608)
- Jean-Jacques Olier, French Catholic priest (b. 1608)
April 29 – Sophie Elisabeth Pentz, daughter of Christian IV of Denmark (b. 1619)
May 7 – Nabeshima Katsushige, Japanese daimyō (b. 1580)
May 9 – William Bradford, Governor of Plymouth Colony (b. 1590)
May 10 – Gustav Horn, Count of Pori, Swedish soldier and politician (b. 1592)
May 16 – Andrzej Bobola, Polish Jesuit missionary (b. 1591)
June 3 – William Harvey, English physician (b. 1578)^[12]
June 26 – Tobias Michael, German composer and cantor (b. 1592)
July 17 – Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg, Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (b. 1600)
August 6 – Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Ukrainian Cossack Hetman (b. c. 1595)
August 14 – Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, Italian 57th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1560)
August 19 – Frans Snyders, Flemish painter (b. 1579)
August 7 – Robert Blake, British admiral (b. 1599)
August 29 – John Lilburne, English dissenter (b. c. 1614)
September 1 – Arnold Vinnius, Dutch lawyer (b. 1588)
September 7 – Arvid Wittenberg, Swedish field marshal and statesman (b. 1606)
September 13 – Jacob van Campen, Dutch artist (b. 1596)
September 23 – Joachim Jungius, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1587)
September 27 – Olimpia Maidalchini, politically active Roman noble (b. 1591)
October 4 – Prince Maurice of Savoy, Catholic cardinal and Prince of Savoy (b. 1593)
October 23 – Domenico Massenzio, Italian baroque composer (b. 1586)
November 5 – Charles II, Duke of Elbeuf, French noble (b. 1596)
November 10 – Anders Bille, Danish general (b. 1600)
November 18 – Luke Wadding, Irish Franciscan friar and historian (b. 1588)
November 20 – Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1600)
December 5 – Johan Oxenstierna, Swedish count and statesman (b. 1611)
December 24 – Philippe Le Sueur de Petiville, French poet (b. 1607)
date unknown – Willem Bontekoe, Dutch sea captain (b. 1587)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "1657". British Civil Wars. Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638-60. June 7, 2010. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 187–188. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
^ Morrill, John (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6765. Retrieved February 17, 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Blusse, Leonard; Vaillé, Cynthia (2005). The Deshima Dagregisters, Volume XII 1650-1660. Leiden.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 267–268. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ Urofsky, Melvin I. (2022). "American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust". The SHAFR Guide Online. Brill. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim110060068.
^ "Chocolate Arrives in England". Cadbury. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Ukers, William H. (1935). All About Tea. Vol. I. New York: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal. p. 38.
^ Mair, Victor H.; Hoh, Erling (2009). The True History of Tea. London; New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-500-25146-1.
^ Shipley, John (March 2, 2015). The Little Book of Shropshire. History Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7509-6342-8.
^ Anselment, Raymond (2004). "Lovelace, Richard (1617–1657)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17056. Retrieved July 30, 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "BBC - History - William Harvey". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved October 26, 2020.

[british-civil-wars_timelines-1] "1657". British Civil Wars. Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638-60. June 7, 2010. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2012.

[CBH1657-2] Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 187–188. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.

[3] Morrill, John (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6765. Retrieved February 17, 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[4] Blusse, Leonard; Vaillé, Cynthia (2005). The Deshima Dagregisters, Volume XII 1650-1660. Leiden.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Cassell's_Chronology267268-5] Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 267–268. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

[6] Urofsky, Melvin I. (2022). "American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust". The SHAFR Guide Online. Brill. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim110060068.

[7] "Chocolate Arrives in England". Cadbury. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.

[8] Ukers, William H. (1935). All About Tea. Vol. I. New York: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal. p. 38.

[9] Mair, Victor H.; Hoh, Erling (2009). The True History of Tea. London; New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-500-25146-1.

[10] Shipley, John (March 2, 2015). The Little Book of Shropshire. History Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7509-6342-8.

[11] Anselment, Raymond (2004). "Lovelace, Richard (1617–1657)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17056. Retrieved July 30, 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[12] "BBC - History - William Harvey". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved October 26, 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
-{{Year dab|1657}}
+{{About year|1657}}
 {{Year nav|1657}}
+[[File:Charles Edward Dixon HMS St George 1662 Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1657 Admiral Robert Blake.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[April 20]]: [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)|Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]]]
 {{C17 year in topic}}
-[[File:Blakesstgeorgeatsantacr.jpg|thumb|right|[[April 20]]: [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)|Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]]]
 {{Year article header|1657}}
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 <onlyinclude>
-=== January&ndash;June ===
+=== January&ndash;March ===
-* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Miles Sindercombe]] and his group of disaffected [[Levellers]] are betrayed, in their attempt to assassinate [[Oliver Cromwell]], by blowing up the [[Palace of Whitehall]] in London, and arrested.<ref name="british-civil-wars timelines">{{cite web|url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/timelines/1657.htm|title=1657|work=British Civil Wars. Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638-60|date=2010-06-07|accessdate=2012-02-17}}</ref>
+* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Miles Sindercombe]] and his group of disaffected [[Levellers]] are betrayed in their attempt to assassinate [[Oliver Cromwell]] by blowing up the [[Palace of Whitehall]] in London and are arrested.<ref name="british-civil-wars timelines">{{cite web|url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/timelines/1657.htm|title=1657|work=British Civil Wars. Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638-60|date=2010-06-07|access-date=2012-02-17|archive-date=May 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509162328/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/timelines/1657.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+* January 29 &ndash; [[Rule of the Major-Generals]] (regional military government) in England is abolished.<ref name="CBH1657">{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=187–188|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
-* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Oliver Cromwell]] gives [[Antonio Fernandez Carvajal]] the assurance of the right of Jews to remain in England.
+* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Resettlement of the Jews in England]]: [[Oliver Cromwell]] gives [[Antonio Fernandez Carvajal]] the assurance of the right of Jews to remain in England.
-* [[February 23]] &ndash; In England, the ''[[Humble Petition and Advice]]'' offers Lord Protector [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] the crown.<ref>{{cite web|first=John|last=Morrill|authorlink=John Morrill (historian)|title=Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6765|accessdate=2012-02-17|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6765}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
+* [[February 23]] &ndash; In England, the ''[[Humble Petition and Advice]]'' offers Lord Protector [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] the crown.<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=John|last=Morrill|author-link=John Morrill (historian)|title=Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6765|access-date=2012-02-17|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6765}}</ref>
-* [[March 2]] &ndash; The [[Great Fire of Meireki]] in [[Edo]], Japan, destroys most of the city and damages [[Edo Castle]], killing an estimated 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blusse|first1=Leonard|last2=Vaillé|first2=Cynthia|year=2005|title=The Deshima Dagregisters, Volume XII 1650-1660|location=Leiden}}</ref>
+* [[March 2]] &ndash; The [[Great Fire of Meireki]] in [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]], Japan, destroys most of the city and damages [[Edo Castle]], killing an estimated 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blusse|first1=Leonard|last2=Vaillé|first2=Cynthia|year=2005|title=The Deshima Dagregisters, Volume XII 1650-1660|location=Leiden}}</ref>
-* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)]]: By the [[Treaty of Paris (1657)|Treaty of Paris]], France and England form an alliance against Spain;<ref name="Cassell's Chronology267268">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=267–268}}</ref> England will receive [[Dunkirk]].
+* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)]]: By the [[Treaty of Paris (1657)|Treaty of Paris]], France and England form an alliance against Spain;<ref name="Cassell's Chronology267268">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/267 267–268]}}</ref> England will receive [[Dunkirk]].
+=== April&ndash;June ===
 * [[April 20]]
-** [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)|Anglo-Spanish War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)|Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]: English Admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] attempts to seize a [[Spanish treasure fleet]], under heavy fire, at [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]], but ends up having to retreat due to heavy loses, capturing only two of the treasure ships.
+** [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)|Anglo-Spanish War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)|Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]: English Admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] attempts to seize a [[Spanish treasure fleet]].
-** The Jews of [[New Amsterdam]] (later New York) are granted [[freedom of religion]], as full citizens.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
+** The Jews of [[New Amsterdam]] (later New York City) are granted [[freedom of religion]], as full citizens.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust|last=Urofsky|first=Melvin I.|journal=The SHAFR Guide Online|publisher=Brill|year=2022|doi=10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim110060068|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/the-shafr-guide-online/*-SIM110060068}}</ref>
 * [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Lord Protector]] [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] confirms his refusal of the crown of England, preferring the title "[[Lord Protector]]".<ref name="british-civil-wars timelines"/>
 * [[June 1]]
 ** King [[Frederick III of Denmark]] signs a manifesto, ''de facto'' declaring [[Dano-Swedish War (1657–58)|war]] on [[Sweden]].
-** The first eleven [[Quaker]] settlers arrive in [[New Amsterdam]] (later New York), and are allowed to practice their faith.
+** The first eleven [[Quaker]] settlers arrive in [[New Amsterdam]] (later New York City), and are allowed to practice their faith.
-=== July&ndash;December ===
+=== July&ndash;September ===
 * [[July 13]] &ndash; Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to [[Oliver Cromwell]], English army leader [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]] is ordered to resign his commissions.<ref name="british-civil-wars timelines"/>
-* [[August 20]] &ndash; The ship ''Les Armes d'Amsterdam'' arrives at [[Quebec]], [[New France]]. Among the passengers is Michel Mathieu Brunet ''dit'' Lestang (1638–1708), colonist, explorer and co-discoverer of what is today [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]]. He is the ancestor of the Brunet, Lestang and Carisse families of North America.
+* [[August 20]] &ndash; The ship ''Les Armes d'Amsterdam'' arrives at [[Quebec]], [[New France]]. Among the passengers is Michel Mathieu Brunet ''dit'' Lestang (1638–1708), colonist, explorer and co-discoverer of modern-day [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]], and ancestor of the Brunet, Lestang and Carisse families of North America.
-* [[September]] &ndash; [[Shah Jahan]] becomes ill, allowing his son to take control of the [[Mughal Empire]].
 * [[September 19]] &ndash; [[Brandenburg-Prussia|Brandenburg]] and [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]] sign the [[Treaty of Wehlau]].
-* [[September 24]] &ndash; The first [[autopsy]] and [[coroner's jury]] verdict are recorded, in the [[Colony of Maryland]].
+* [[September 24]] &ndash; The first [[autopsy]] and [[coroner's jury]] verdict in the [[Colony of Maryland]] are recorded.
+* [[September]] &ndash; [[Shah Jahan]] becomes ill, allowing his son to take control of the [[Mughal Empire]].
+=== October&ndash;December ===
 * [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Raalte]]: [[William III of England|William III, Prince of Orange]] is no longer [[stadtholder]] of [[Overijssel]].
 * [[October 3]] &ndash; French troops occupy [[Fort-Mardyck|Mardyck]].
 * [[November 6]] &ndash; Brandenburg and Poland sign the [[Treaty of Bromberg]].
-* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Christina, former Queen of Sweden]], has Gian Rinaldo [[Monaldeschi]] killed in her presence, at the [[Palace of Fontainebleau]].
+* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Christina, former Queen regnant of Sweden]], has Gian Rinaldo [[Monaldeschi]] killed in her presence, at the [[Palace of Fontainebleau]].
-* [[December 27]] &ndash; The [[Flushing Remonstrance]] is signed in [[New Amsterdam]], at the site of the future ([[1862]]) Flushing Town Hall in New York.
+* [[December 27]] &ndash; The [[Flushing Remonstrance]] is signed in [[New Amsterdam]], at the site of the future ([[1862]]) [[Flushing Town Hall]] in New York City.
 === Date unknown ===
 * The [[Accademia del Cimento]] is founded in [[Florence]], Italy.
-* England's first chocolate house is opened in London.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chocolate Arrives in England |url=http://www.cadbury.co.uk/cadburyandchocolate/historyofchocolate/Pages/chocengland.aspx |publisher=[[Cadbury]] |accessdate=2012-02-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202030731/http://www.cadbury.co.uk/cadburyandchocolate/historyofchocolate/Pages/chocengland.aspx |archivedate=February 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
+* England's first chocolate house is opened in London<ref>{{cite web |title=Chocolate Arrives in England |url=http://www.cadbury.co.uk/cadburyandchocolate/historyofchocolate/Pages/chocengland.aspx |publisher=[[Cadbury]] |access-date=2012-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202030731/http://www.cadbury.co.uk/cadburyandchocolate/historyofchocolate/Pages/chocengland.aspx |archive-date=February 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> and introduction of [[Tea in the United Kingdom|tea in England]]<ref>{{cite book|first=William H.|last=Ukers|title=All About Tea|volume=I|url=https://archive.org/details/AllAboutTeaV2|location=New York|publisher=The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal|year=1935|page=38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books|id=_TR_PQAACAAJ|page=169|plainurl=yes}}|title=The True History of Tea|last1=Mair|first1=Victor H.|last2=Hoh|first2=Erling|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London; New York|year=2009|isbn=978-0-500-25146-1|page=169}}</ref> while [[coffee]] is introduced to France.
-* [[Coffee]] is introduced to France.
 * [[Christiaan Huygens]] writes the first book to be published on [[probability theory]], ''De ratiociniis in ludo aleae'' ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance").
-* [[Andreas Gryphius]]' drama, ''[[Katharina von Georgien]]'', is published.
+* [[Andreas Gryphius]]' drama ''[[Katharina von Georgien]]'' is published in [[Breslau]].
-* [[Thomas Middleton]]'s tragedy, ''[[Women Beware Women]]'', is published posthumously.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology267268"/>
+* [[Thomas Middleton]]'s tragedy ''[[Women Beware Women]]'' (c. 1623–24) is published posthumously in London.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology267268"/></onlyinclude>
-</onlyinclude>
 == Births ==
 [[File:Frederick I of Prussia (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Frederick I of Prussia]]]]
 [[File:Wigerus Vitringa.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Wigerus Vitringa]]]]
-* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth]], illegitimate son of King Charles II (d. [[1680]])
+* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth]], illegitimate son of King Charles II of England (d. [[1680]])
 * [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Sébastien Rale]], French missionary (d. [[1724]])
-* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[William Bowes]], English politician (d. [[1707]])
+* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[William Bowes (MP for County Durham)|William Bowes]], English politician (d. [[1707]])
 * [[January 11]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth van der Woude]], Dutch writer (d. [[1694]])
-* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[Pieter van Bloemen]], Flemish painter (d. [[1720]])
+* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[Pieter van Bloemen]], Flemish [[painter]] (d. [[1720]])
 * [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz]], Stadholder of Friesland and Groningen (d. [[1696]])
 * [[January 21]] &ndash; [[Francesco Cupani]], Italian naturalist (d. [[1710]])
 * [[January 26]] &ndash; [[William Wake]], Archbishop of Canterbury (d. [[1737]])
-* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Francis Moore (astrologer)]], British physician and astrologer (d. [[1715]])
+* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Francis Moore (astrologer)|Francis Moore]], English physician and astrologer (d. [[1715]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shipley |first1=John |title=The Little Book of Shropshire |date=2 March 2015 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-6342-8 |page=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-J2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT108 |language=en}}</ref>
-* [[February 10]] &ndash; [[George Carpenter, 1st Baron Carpenter]], British Army general (d. [[1731]])
+* [[February 10]] &ndash; [[George Carpenter, 1st Baron Carpenter]], English Army general (d. [[1731]])
 * [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle]], French scientist and man of letters (d. [[1757]])
 * [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Blaise Gisbert]], French Jesuit rhetorician and critic (d. [[1731]])
@@ Line 64: / Line 67: @@
 * [[March 6]] &ndash; [[Auguste Magdalene of Hessen-Darmstadt]], German noblewoman and poet (d. [[1674]])
 * [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni]], Italian composer (d. [[1743]])
-* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Jean Leclerc (theologian)]], Swiss theologian and biblical scholar (d. [[1736]])
+* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Jean Leclerc (theologian)|Jean Leclerc]], Swiss theologian and biblical scholar (d. [[1736]])
 * [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Luigi Omodei (1607–1685)]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1706]])
 * [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Arai Hakuseki]], Japanese politician and writer (d. [[1725]])
-* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron]], English politician (d. [[1710]])
+* [[April 16]]
+** [[Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron]], English politician (d. [[1710]])
-* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Otto Friedrich von der Groeben]], Prussian traveller, soldier and author (d. [[1728]])
+** [[Otto Friedrich von der Groeben]], Prussian traveller, soldier and author (d. [[1728]])
 * [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Martino Altomonte]], Italian painter (d. [[1745]])
 * [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Sambhaji]], Maratha ruler (d. [[1689]])
@@ Line 80: / Line 84: @@
 * [[July 14]] &ndash; [[William Cheyne, 2nd Viscount Newhaven]], English politician (d. [[1728]])
 * [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Simon Digby, 4th Baron Digby]], English politician (d. [[1686]])
-* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Theodorus Janssonius van Almeloveen]], Dutch classical scholar (d. [[1712]])
+* [[July 24]]
+** [[Theodorus Janssonius van Almeloveen]], Dutch classical scholar (d. [[1712]])
-* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Jean Mathieu de Chazelles]], French hydrographer (d. [[1710]])
+** [[Jean Mathieu de Chazelles]], French hydrographer (d. [[1710]])
 * [[July 25]] &ndash; [[Philipp Heinrich Erlebach]], German composer (d. [[1714]])
-* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[Henri Basnage de Beauval]], French historian, lexicographer (d. [[1710]])
+* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[Henri Basnage de Beauval]], French historian and lexicographer (d. [[1710]])
-* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Pierre-Étienne Monnot]], French artist (d. [[1733]])
+* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Pierre-Étienne Monnot]], French sculptor (d. [[1733]])
-* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena]], Italian [[architect]] and [[Painting|painter]] (d. [[1743]])
+* [[August 18]]
+** [[Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena]], Italian [[architect]] and painter (d. [[1743]])
-* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Antonio Margil]], Spanish Franciscan missionary in North and Central America (d. [[1726]])
+** [[Antonio Margil]], Spanish Franciscan missionary in North and Central America (d. [[1726]])
 * [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Sir Charles Blois, 1st Baronet]], English politician (d. [[1738]])
+* [[September 17]]
-* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Pieter Schuyler]], British colonial military leader, acting governor of New York (d. [[1724]])
-* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Dudley Cullum]], English politician and Baronet (d. [[1720]])
+** [[Dudley Cullum]], English politician and baronet (d. [[1720]])
+** [[Pieter Schuyler]], acting governor of the province of New York and army colonel (d. [[1724]])
 * [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar]], Mughal prince (d. [[1706]])
 * [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Sofia Alekseyevna of Russia]], Russian regent (d. [[1704]])
@@ Line 100: / Line 107: @@
 * [[November 12]] &ndash; [[Anna Dorothea, Abbess of Quedlinburg]] (d. [[1704]])
 * [[November 16]] &ndash; [[Juliane Louise of East Frisia]], Princess of East Frisia (d. [[1715]])
+* [[November 26]]
-* [[November 26]] &ndash; [[Michael Bernhard Valentini]], German naturalist (d. [[1729]])
-* [[November 26]] &ndash; [[William Derham]], English minister and writer (d. [[1735]])
+** [[William Derham]], English clergyman and natural philosopher (d. [[1735]])
+** [[Michael Bernhard Valentini]], German naturalist (d. [[1729]])
 * [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias]], heir apparent to the Spanish throne (d. [[1661]])
 * [[December 2]] &ndash; [[Franz Anton, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch]] (d. [[1702]])
-* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Changning (prince)|Changning]], prince during the Qing Dynasty (d. [[1703]])
+* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Changning (prince)|Changning]], prince of the Qing dynasty (d. [[1703]])
-* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Edmund Dunch (Whig)]], English politician (d. [[1719]])
+* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Edmund Dunch (Whig)|Edmund Dunch]], English Whig politician (d. [[1719]])
-* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons]], Count of Soissons and Prince of Savoy (d. [[1702]])
+* [[December 15]]
+** [[Michel Richard Delalande]], French composer (d. [[1726]])
+** [[Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons]], Count of Soissons and Prince of Savoy (d. [[1702]])
+* [[December 23]]
-* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Michel Richard Delalande]], French composer (d. [[1726]])
+** [[Hannah Duston]], Massachusetts Puritan mother of 8, taken captive during King William's War (d. [[1736]])
-* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Josiah Franklin]], English-born American businessman, father of Benjamin Franklin (d. [[1745]])
+** [[Josiah Franklin]], English-born American businessman, father of Benjamin Franklin (d. [[1745]])
-* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Hannah Duston]], Massachusetts Puritan mother of 8, taken captive during King William's War (d. [[1736]])
 * [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Domenico Rossi (architect)|Domenico Rossi]], Swiss-Italian architect (d. [[1737]])
-* ''date unknown''
-** [[William Wake]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. [[1737]])
 == Deaths ==
@@ Line 127: / Line 134: @@
 * [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Hayashi Razan]], Japanese neo-Confucianist scholar (b. [[1583]])
 * [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Barthold Nihus]], Roman Catholic priest (b. [[1590]])
+* April ? &ndash; [[Richard Lovelace (poet)|Richard Lovelace]], English Cavalier poet (b. [[1617]])<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Raymond |last=Anselment|title=Lovelace, Richard (1617–1657)|year=2004|edition=Online|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17056|accessdate=30 July 2021|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/17056}}</ref>
 * [[April 2]]
 ** [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]] (b. [[1608]])
@@ Line 135: / Line 143: @@
 * [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Gustav Horn, Count of Pori]], Swedish soldier and politician (b. [[1592]])
 * [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Andrzej Bobola]], Polish Jesuit missionary (b. [[1591]])
-* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[William Harvey]], English physician (b. [[1578]])
+* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[William Harvey]], English physician (b. [[1578]])<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC - History - William Harvey |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/harvey_william.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
 * [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Tobias Michael]], German composer and cantor (b. [[1592]])
 * [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg]], Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (b. [[1600]])
@@ Line 156: / Line 164: @@
 * [[December 5]] &ndash; [[Johan Oxenstierna]], Swedish count and statesman (b. [[1611]])
 * [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Philippe Le Sueur de Petiville]], French poet (b. [[1607]])
-* ''date unknown''
+* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Willem Bontekoe]], Dutch sea captain (b. [[1587]])
-** [[Willem Ysbrandtsz Bontekoe]], Dutch sea captain (b. [[1587]])
-** [[Richard Lovelace]], English poet (b. [[1617]])
 == References ==

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