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{{Short description|Turkey and Persian-speaking nomadic ethnic group of Afghanistan}}
{{Short description|Persian-speaking nomadic ethnic group of Afghanistan}}
{{Redirect|Aymāq|other uses|Aimaq (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Aymāq|other uses|Aimaq (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
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| image =
| image =
| caption =
| caption =
| population = '''5,593,418''' (2021)<br/> 15% of the population of Afghanistan{{Efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 2011, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghanistan conflict (2011–present)|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |title=Population Matters |date=3 March 2016}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population |title="Afghanistan Population 2021" |author=World Population Review |date=19 September 2021 |publisher= |via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/ |title=Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020 |website=statista.com |date=20 August 2021 |publisher= |via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation |website=reliefweb.int |date=14 August 2011 |publisher= |via=}}</ref>
| population = '''1,593,418''' (2021)<br/> 4% of the population of Afghanistan{{Efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |title=Population Matters |date=3 March 2016}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population |title="Afghanistan Population 2021" |author=World Population Review |date=19 September 2021 |publisher= |via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/ |title=Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020 |website=statista.com |date=20 August 2021 |publisher= |via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation |website=reliefweb.int |date=14 August 2011 |publisher= |via=}}</ref>
| langs = [[Aimaq dialect]] of [[Turkey language|Turkey]]<ref name="ir1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=AYMĀQ |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=United States |url=http:///articles/aymaq-turk |last=Janata |first=A. |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater |edition=Online}}</ref>
| langs = [[Aimaq dialect]] of [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="ir1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=AYMĀQ |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=United States |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |last=Janata |first=A. |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater |edition=Online}}</ref>
| rels = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Aimaq |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/aimaq/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| rels = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Aimaq |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/aimaq/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| related = [[Hazaras]], [[Tajiks]], [[Pashtuns]]<ref name="ir1"/>
| related = [[Hazaras]], [[Tajiks]], [[Pashtuns]]<ref name="ir1"/>
}}
}}


The '''Aimaq''', '''Aimaq turk'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aimaq {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aimaq |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PeopleGroups.org |title=PeopleGroups.org - Aimaq of Afghanistan |url=https://peoplegroups.org/explore/PeopleGroupDetails.aspx?peid=23938#topmenu |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=peoplegroups.org}}</ref> ({{langx|fa|ایماق|Aimāq}}), or '''Chahar Aimaq''' ({{lang|ps|چهار ایماق}}), also transliterated as '''Aymaq''', '''Aimagh''', '''Aimak''', and '''Aymak''', are a collection of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and mostly [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=AYMĀQ – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> [[nomadic]] and semi-nomadic tribes.<ref>Tom Lansford -''A bitter harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan'' 2003 Page 25 "The term Aimaq means "tribe" but the Aimaq people actually include several different ethnic groups. The classification has come to be used for a variety of nonaligned nomadic tribes"</ref> They live mainly in the central and western highlands of [[Afghanistan]], especially in [[Ghor Province|Ghor]] and [[Badghis Province|Badghis]]. Aimaqs were originally known as ''chahar'' ("four") Aymaqs: [[Jamshidi (tribe)|Jamshidi]], [[Aimaq Hazara]], [[Firozkohi]], and [[Taymani]].<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Spuler |first=B. |title=Aymak |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aymak-SIM_0904?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Aymak |work=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=2023-07-14 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> The [[Timuri]], which is a separate tribe but is sometimes included among Aimaqs, which is known as ''Aimaq-e digar'' ("other Aimaq").<ref name="Vogelsang2002">{{cite book |last=Vogelsang |first=Willem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA37 |title=The Afghans |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2002 |isbn=9780631198413 |pages=37– |access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref>
The '''Aimaq''', '''Aimaq Persians'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aimaq {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aimaq |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PeopleGroups.org |title=PeopleGroups.org - Aimaq of Afghanistan |url=https://peoplegroups.org/explore/PeopleGroupDetails.aspx?peid=23938#topmenu |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=peoplegroups.org}}</ref> ({{langx|fa|ایماق|Aimāq}}), or '''Chahar Aimaq''' ({{lang|ps|چهار ایماق}}), also transliterated as '''Aymaq''', '''Aimagh''', '''Aimak''', and '''Aymak''', are a collection of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and mostly [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=AYMĀQ – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> [[nomadic]] and semi-nomadic tribes.<ref>Tom Lansford -''A bitter harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan'' 2003 Page 25 "The term Aimaq means "tribe" but the Aimaq people actually include several different ethnic groups. The classification has come to be used for a variety of nonaligned nomadic tribes"</ref> They live mainly in the central and western highlands of [[Afghanistan]], especially in [[Ghor Province|Ghor]] and [[Badghis Province|Badghis]]. Aimaqs were originally known as ''chahar'' ("four") Aymaqs: [[Jamshidi (tribe)|Jamshidi]], [[Aimaq Hazara]], [[Firozkohi]], and [[Taymani]].<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Spuler |first=B. |title=Aymak |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aymak-SIM_0904?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Aymak |work=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=2023-07-14 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> The [[Timuri]], which is a separate tribe but is sometimes included among Aimaqs, which is known as ''Aimaq-e digar'' ("other Aimaq").<ref name="Vogelsang2002">{{cite book |last=Vogelsang |first=Willem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA37 |title=The Afghans |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2002 |isbn=9780631198413 |pages=37– |access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref>


The Aimaq speak several subdialects of the [[Aimaq dialect]] of the [[Turkey language]], but some southern groups of Taymani, Firozkohi, and northeastern Timuri Aimaqs have adopted the [[Pashto language]].<ref name="Vogelsang">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&q=taymani&pg=PA18 |title=The Afghans |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2002 |isbn=0631198415 |page=18 |access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref>
The Aimaq speak several subdialects of the [[Aimaq dialect]] of the [[Persian language]], but some southern groups of Taymani, Firozkohi, and northeastern Timuri Aimaqs have adopted the [[Pashto language]].<ref name="Vogelsang">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&q=taymani&pg=PA18 |title=The Afghans |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2002 |isbn=0631198415 |page=18 |access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
Line 25: Line 25:


=== Religion ===
=== Religion ===
Aimaqs are largely [[Sunni Muslims]] except for the Jamshidi who are mainly [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]] in the main and in contrast to the [[Hazaras]], who are mostly [[Shia Muslims]].<ref>"Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>
Aimaqs are largely [[Sunni Muslims]] except for the Jamshidi who are mainly [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili Shia Muslims]], in contrast to the ethnic [[Hazaras]], who are mainly [[Twelver Shia Muslims]].<ref>"Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==

Revision as of 22:20, 31 October 2024

"Aymāq" redirects here. For other uses, see Aimaq (disambiguation).
Aimaq
ایماق
Total population
1,593,418 (2021)
4% of the population of Afghanistan[a][2][3][4]
Languages
Aimaq dialect of Persian[5]
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam[6]
Related ethnic groups
Hazaras, Tajiks, Pashtuns[5]

The Aimaq, Aimaq Persians[7][8] (Persian: ایماق, romanized: Aimāq), or Chahar Aimaq (چهار ایماق), also transliterated as Aymaq, Aimagh, Aimak, and Aymak, are a collection of Sunni and mostly Persian[9] nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes.[10] They live mainly in the central and western highlands of Afghanistan, especially in Ghor and Badghis. Aimaqs were originally known as chahar ("four") Aymaqs: Jamshidi, Aimaq Hazara, Firozkohi, and Taymani.[11] The Timuri, which is a separate tribe but is sometimes included among Aimaqs, which is known as Aimaq-e digar ("other Aimaq").[12]

The Aimaq speak several subdialects of the Aimaq dialect of the Persian language, but some southern groups of Taymani, Firozkohi, and northeastern Timuri Aimaqs have adopted the Pashto language.[13]

Etymology

The word "Aimaq" is derived from the Turkic-Mongolic word "Oymaq" that means "tribe" and "group of tribes".[9][11]

Origin

The Aimaqs claim different origins based on their tribal background. Some claim to be descended from the troops of Genghis Khan.[14] The Taymani and Firozkohi claim descent from Pashtun tribes.[15]

Culture and society

The Aimaq are largely nomadic to semi-nomadic goat and sheep herders. They also trade with villages and farmers during migrations for pastures for their livestock. The material culture and foodstuffs of the Aimaq include skins, carpets, milk, dairy products and more. They trade these products to settled peoples in return for vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, and other types of foods and goods.[14]

Religion

Aimaqs are largely Sunni Muslims except for the Jamshidi who are mainly Isma'ili Shia Muslims, in contrast to the ethnic Hazaras, who are mainly Twelver Shia Muslims.[16]

Demographics

Further information: Demographics of Afghanistan and Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
CIA map showing the territory of the settlement of ethnic groups and subgroups in Afghanistan (2005)

Estimates of the Aimaq population vary between 250,000 and 500,000.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the ongoing conflict in the country, no official census has been conducted since.[1]

References

  1. ^ "Population Matters". 3 March 2016.
  2. ^ World Population Review (19 September 2021). ""Afghanistan Population 2021"".
  3. ^ "Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020". statista.com. 20 August 2021.
  4. ^ "Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation". reliefweb.int. 14 August 2011.
  5. ^ a b Janata, A. "AYMĀQ". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University.
  6. ^ "Aimaq". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  7. ^ "Aimaq | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  8. ^ PeopleGroups.org. "PeopleGroups.org - Aimaq of Afghanistan". peoplegroups.org. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  9. ^ a b "AYMĀQ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  10. ^ Tom Lansford -A bitter harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan 2003 Page 25 "The term Aimaq means "tribe" but the Aimaq people actually include several different ethnic groups. The classification has come to be used for a variety of nonaligned nomadic tribes"
  11. ^ a b Spuler, B. (2012-04-24), "Aymak", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2023-07-14
  12. ^ Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 37–. ISBN 9780631198413. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  13. ^ Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. ISBN 0631198415. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  14. ^ a b Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 432. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  15. ^ Janata, A. "Aymāq". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2021. A Kākaṛ Pashtun from Baluchistan, Tayman, formed a coalition in Ḡūr around 1650. The traditional chiefs of the northern Fīrūzkūhī, Zay Ḥākem, claim descent from Ačakzay Pashtun ancestors.
  16. ^ "Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.

Further reading

  • Macgregor, Central Asia, (Calcutta, 1871)
  • Spuler, B. (2012-04-24), "Aymak", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill
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