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{{Short description|King of Macedon, 239 – 229 BC}}
:''For the similarly named Seleucid ruler see [[Demetrius II Nicator]]. For the Macedonian prince, see [[Demetrius the Fair]].''
{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Demetrius
| name = Demetrius II <br> Δημήτριος
| image = Demetrius II (Demetrios II) of Macedon bronze drachma.jpg
| image =
| caption = Bronze [[Ancient Greek coinage|drachma]] likely struck during the reign of Demetrius.{{efn|Demetrius may have minted bronze [[Ancient Greek coinage|drachmas]] in his own name, but these issues could be that of Demetrius' grandfather, [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius I]]. Demetrius II never struck silver coins in his own name, instead continuing to produce his father's tetradrachms.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=King Demetrius II of Macedon: In the Shadow of Father and Son |journal=Živa Antika/Antiquité Vivante |url=https://antiquitasviva.com/regular-issues/ziva-antika-antiquite-vivante-69-1-2-2019/ |last=Kuzmin |first=Yuri |date=2019 |issue=78 |volume=69 |doi=10.47054/ZIVA19691-2059k |page=70|doi-access=free }}</ref>}} {{abbr|Obv.|Obverse}}: Macedonian shield {{abbr|rev.|reverse}}: Macedonian helmet with [[Basileus|ΒΑΣ[ΙΛΕΩΣ]]] imprinted along bottom.
| caption =
| succession = [[List of kings of Macedon|King of Macedonia]]
| succession = [[List of kings of Macedon|King of Macedonia]]
| reign = 239 to 229 BC
| reign = 239–229 BC
⚫
| predecessor = [[Antigonus II Gonatas]]
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Antigonus II Gonatas]]
| successor = [[Antigonus III Doson]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
| successor = [[Antigonus III Doson]]
| spouse = [[Stratonice of Macedon]] <br /> [[Nicaea of Corinth]] <br /> [[Phthia of Macedon]] <br /> Chryseis
*[[Stratonice of Macedon|Stratonice]]
*[[Nicaea of Corinth|Nicaea]]
⚫
| issue = [[Apama III]] <br /> [[Philip V of Macedon]]
*[[Phthia of Macedon|Phthia]]
⚫
| dynasty = [[Antigonid dynasty]]
*Chryseis
⚫
| father = [[Antigonus II Gonatas]]
⚫
| mother = [[Phila (daughter of Seleucus)|Phila]]
⚫
| birth_date = 275 BC
| birth_place =
⚫
| death_date = 229 BC
| death_place =
| place of burial =
}}
}}
⚫
| issue = [[Apama III]] <br /> [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]]
'''Demetrius II Aetolicus''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Δημήτριος ὁ Αἰτωλικός) son of [[Antigonus II Gonatas]] and [[Phila (daughter of Seleucus)|Phila]], reigned as King of [[Macedon]]ia from the winter of 239 to 229 BC.<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|317}} He belonged to the [[Antigonid dynasty]] and was born in 275 BC.<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|317}}
⚫
| dynasty = [[Antigonid dynasty]]
⚫
| father = [[Antigonus II Gonatas]]
⚫
| mother = [[Phila (daughter of Seleucus)|Phila]]
⚫
| birth_date = {{circa|275/4 BC}}
⚫
| death_date = 229 BC (aged {{circa}} 45)
}}
'''Demetrius II''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Δημήτριος, <small>[[Romanization of Greek|romanized]]:</small> ''Demetrios;'' {{Circa}} 275 - 229 BC), also known as '''Demetrius Aetolicus''', was king of the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] kingdom of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] from 239 until his death in 229 BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Winthrop Lindsay |title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2010 |isbn=9781405179362 |editor-last=Roisman |editor-first=Joseph |pages=222–223 |chapter=Alexander’s Successors to 221 BC |editor-last2=Worthington |editor-first2=Ian}}</ref>


==Biography==
He had already distinguished himself during his father's lifetime by defeating [[Alexander&nbsp;II of Epirus]] at [[Derdia]] and so saving Macedonia {{nowrap|(c. 260 BC).}}<ref name="EB1911" /> There is a possibility<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|317}}that his father had already elevated him to position of power equal to his own before his death. If this had occurred it would be in 256 or 257 BC.
Demetrius was born in either 275 or 274 BC and was the only child of King [[Antigonus II Gonatas]] by [[Phila (daughter of Seleucus)|Phila]], the daughter of [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus I]].<ref>Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly (2000). ''Woman and Monarchy in Macedonia''. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 182-184. {{isbn|9780806132129}}</ref> He had an elder half-brother named Halcyoneus, but he died in an unknown battle sometime before the death of Antigonus in 239 BC.<ref>Kuzmin 2019, p. 61</ref> He had already distinguished himself during his father's lifetime by defeating [[Alexander&nbsp;II of Epirus]] at Derdia and so saving Macedonia {{nowrap|(c. 260 BC).}}<ref name="EB1911" /> There is a possibility<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|317}}that his father had already elevated him to position of power equal to his own before his death. If this had occurred it would be in 256 or 257 BC.


On his accession, Demetrius faced a coalition of enemies which included the two great leagues. Usually rivals, the [[Aetolian League|Aetolian]] and [[Achaean League]]s now became allies against the Macedonian power. He succeeded in dealing this coalition severe blows, wresting [[Boeotia]] from their alliance. The revolution in [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]], which substituted a republican league for the monarchy, gravely weakened his position.<ref name="EB1911"/>
On his accession, Demetrius faced a coalition of enemies which included the two great leagues. Usually rivals, the [[Aetolian League|Aetolian]] and [[Achaean League]]s now became allies against the Macedonian power. He succeeded in dealing this coalition severe blows, wresting [[Boeotia]] from their alliance. The revolution in [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]], which substituted a republican league for the monarchy, gravely weakened his position.<ref name="EB1911"/>


During his reign, his kingdom extended<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|321}} into [[Euboea]], [[Magnesia (regional unit)|Magnesia]], [[Thessaly]] and its environs, excluding [[Dolopia]] and possibly [[Peparethos]] and [[Achaea Phthiotis]].
During his reign, his kingdom extended<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|321}} into [[Euboea]], [[Magnesia (regional unit)|Magnesia]], [[Thessaly]] and its environs, excluding [[Dolopia]] and possibly [[Skopelos (town)|Peparethos]] and [[Achaea Phthiotis]].


In 236 BC, he invaded [[Boeotia]], making the Boeotians submit<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|326}} immediately.
In 236 BC, he invaded [[Boeotia]], making the Boeotians submit<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|326}} immediately.


In 234 BC due to a federal republic<ref name="illyrians" /> replacing the monarchy in Epirus, which led to the events of 231 BC, Demetrius hired<ref name="cambridge" /> [[Agron (king)|Agron]] for military aid against the advancing [[Aetolians]]. His kingdom was not<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|323}} threatened by the Illyrian [[Ardiaei]], ruled by Agron, despite them having gathered the greatest force in their history (c. 231 BC), but Epirus needed some sort of force to deter them.
In 234 BC, due to a federal republic<ref name="illyrians" /> replacing the monarchy in Epirus, which led to the events of 231 BC, Demetrius hired<ref name="cambridge" /> [[Agron of Illyria|Agron]] for military aid against the advancing [[Aetolians]]. His kingdom was not<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|323}} threatened by the Illyrian [[Ardiaei]], ruled by Agron, despite them having gathered the greatest force in their history ({{Circa}} 231 BC), but Epirus needed some sort of force to deter them.


At some point in 230–229 BC in an unknown location in north-west Macedonia, the [[Kingdom of Dardania|Dardani]] defeated Demetrius who died shortly the next spring at the age of {{Circa}} 45.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuzmin |first=Yuri |year=2019 |title=KING DEMETRIUS II OF MACEDON: IN THE SHADOW OF FATHER AND SON |journal=Živa antika/Antiquité vivante |location=Skopje, North Macedonia |issue=69 |page=78}}</ref> His nine year old successor, the future Philip V, was deemed too young to rule by the Macedonian nobility and so Demetrius' half-cousin, [[Antigonus III Doson]], was made regent. The exact location of Demetrius' tomb remains unknown, but was likely in [[Beroea]] or [[Aegae (Macedonia)|Aegae]].
At the end of his reign, Demetrius defended his domain from the tribal peoples of the north. A battle with the [[Dardani]]ans<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|335}} turned out disastrously, and he died shortly afterwards, leaving [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip]], his son by Chryseis, still a child, on the throne.<ref name="EB1911"/>


==Marriage and family==
==Marriage and family==
Line 38: Line 40:


* [[Stratonice of Macedon]], his aunt/cousin, the daughter of the Seleucid king [[Antiochus I Soter|Antiochus I]] and his aunt [[Stratonice of Syria|Stratonice]], by whom he had a daughter called [[Apama III]]<ref name="livius_org" /> who married [[Prusias I of Bithynia]]. Stratonice left him after he married his second wife.<ref name="women_macedonia" />
* [[Stratonice of Macedon]], his aunt/cousin, the daughter of the Seleucid king [[Antiochus I Soter|Antiochus I]] and his aunt [[Stratonice of Syria|Stratonice]], by whom he had a daughter called [[Apama III]]<ref name="livius_org" /> who married [[Prusias I of Bithynia]]. Stratonice left him after he married his second wife.<ref name="women_macedonia" />
* [[Nicaea of Corinth|Nicaea]], the widow of his cousin [[Alexander of Corinth]], c. 245/244 BC. <ref name=women_macedonia />
* [[Nicaea of Corinth|Nicaea]], the widow of his cousin [[Alexander of Corinth]], {{Circa}} 245/244 BC.<ref name=women_macedonia />
* [[Phthia of Macedon|Phthia]] (239 BC)<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|322}} the daughter of [[Alexander II of Epirus]].<ref name="women_macedonia" />
* [[Phthia of Macedon|Phthia]] (239 BC),<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|322}} daughter of [[Alexander II of Epirus]], and possibly the mother of [[Philip V of Macedon]] (Chryseis has also been suggested as his mother).<ref name="women_macedonia" />{{rp|pp=190–193}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Emma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvCnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Philip V of Macedon in Polybius' Histories: Politics, History, and Fiction |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-19-286676-9 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref>
* Chryseis, probably a former war prisoner turned concubine, whom he married around 237 BC when she bore him a son, [[Philip V of Macedon]]. After Demetrius' death, she remarried to his successor, [[Antigonus III Doson]].<ref name="women_macedonia" />
* [[:el:Χρυσηίς της Μακεδονίας|Chryseis]], probably a former war prisoner turned concubine, whom he married around 237 BC. After Demetrius' death, she remarried his successor, Antigonus.<ref name="women_macedonia" />


Information<ref name="history_macedonia" />{{rp|317}}regarding the life of Demetrius is drawn mainly from inscriptions, as only [[Plutarch]] writes of him, in [[Parallel Lives|Life of Aratus]], and [[Polybius]]<ref>cf.2.44.1-2</ref> makes scarce mention of him.
Information regarding the life of Demetrius is drawn mainly from inscriptions, as only [[Plutarch]] writes of him, in [[Parallel Lives|Life of Aratus]], and [[Polybius]]<ref>cf.2.44.1-2</ref> makes scarce mention of him.<ref name="history_macedonia" />


==Notes==
==See also==
*[[Ancient Macedonians]]
*[[List of ancient Macedonians]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="history_macedonia">{{cite book|last1=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, Frank William Walbank|title=A History of Macedonia: 336-167 B.C.|date=1988|isbn=0198148151}}</ref>
<ref name="history_macedonia">{{cite book|last1=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, Frank William Walbank|title=A History of Macedonia: 336-167 B.C.|date=1988|isbn=0198148151}}</ref>
Line 51: Line 61:
<ref name=cambridge>{{cite book|last1=Walbank|first1=Frank William|title=The Cambridge Ancient History, Tome 7, Part 1|date=1984|isbn=052123445X|page=452}}</ref>
<ref name=cambridge>{{cite book|last1=Walbank|first1=Frank William|title=The Cambridge Ancient History, Tome 7, Part 1|date=1984|isbn=052123445X|page=452}}</ref>
<ref name="women_macedonia">{{cite book|last1=Carney|first1=Elizabeth|title=Women and Monarchy in Macedonia|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=0-8061-3212-4|date=2000}}</ref>
<ref name="women_macedonia">{{cite book|last1=Carney|first1=Elizabeth|title=Women and Monarchy in Macedonia|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=0-8061-3212-4|date=2000}}</ref>
<ref name="livius_org">https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apame/apame_iii.html</ref>
<ref name="livius_org">{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/apame-iii/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604160006/https://www.livius.org/articles/person/apame-iii/|archive-date=4 June 2022|title=Apame III|website=Livius}}</ref>
}}
}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Antigonid dynasty]]||{{circa|275/4 BC}}||229 BC||name=Demetrius II}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Antigonus II Gonatas]]}}
{{s-roy}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Antigonus II Gonatas]]
}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Macedon]]|years=239&ndash;229 BC}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Kings of Macedon|King of Macedon]]
| years = 239&ndash;229 BC
}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Antigonus III Doson]]}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Antigonus III Doson]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}


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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
⚫
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

⚫
[[Category:270s BC births]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Demetrius 02 Of Macedon}}
[[Category:229 BC deaths]]
[[Category:229 BC deaths]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Macedonians]]
[[Category:Ancient Macedonian monarchs]]
⚫
[[Category:3rd-century BC rulers]]
⚫
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Antigonid dynasty]]
[[Category:Antigonid dynasty]]

Latest revision as of 04:36, 3 November 2024

Demetrius II
Δημήτριος
Bronze drachma likely struck during the reign of Demetrius.[a] Obv.: Macedonian shield rev.: Macedonian helmet with ΒΑΣ[ΙΛΕΩΣ] imprinted along bottom.
King of Macedonia
Reign239–229 BC
PredecessorAntigonus II Gonatas
SuccessorAntigonus III Doson
Bornc. 275/4 BC
Died229 BC (aged c. 45)
Spouse
IssueApama III
Philip V
DynastyAntigonid dynasty
FatherAntigonus II Gonatas
MotherPhila

Demetrius II (Greek: Δημήτριος, romanized: Demetrios; c. 275 - 229 BC), also known as Demetrius Aetolicus, was king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 239 until his death in 229 BC.[2]

Biography

[edit]

Demetrius was born in either 275 or 274 BC and was the only child of King Antigonus II Gonatas by Phila, the daughter of Seleucus I.[3] He had an elder half-brother named Halcyoneus, but he died in an unknown battle sometime before the death of Antigonus in 239 BC.[4] He had already distinguished himself during his father's lifetime by defeating Alexander II of Epirus at Derdia and so saving Macedonia (c. 260 BC).[5] There is a possibility[6]: 317 that his father had already elevated him to position of power equal to his own before his death. If this had occurred it would be in 256 or 257 BC.

On his accession, Demetrius faced a coalition of enemies which included the two great leagues. Usually rivals, the Aetolian and Achaean Leagues now became allies against the Macedonian power. He succeeded in dealing this coalition severe blows, wresting Boeotia from their alliance. The revolution in Epirus, which substituted a republican league for the monarchy, gravely weakened his position.[5]

During his reign, his kingdom extended[6]: 321  into Euboea, Magnesia, Thessaly and its environs, excluding Dolopia and possibly Peparethos and Achaea Phthiotis.

In 236 BC, he invaded Boeotia, making the Boeotians submit[6]: 326  immediately.

In 234 BC, due to a federal republic[7] replacing the monarchy in Epirus, which led to the events of 231 BC, Demetrius hired[8] Agron for military aid against the advancing Aetolians. His kingdom was not[6]: 323  threatened by the Illyrian Ardiaei, ruled by Agron, despite them having gathered the greatest force in their history (c. 231 BC), but Epirus needed some sort of force to deter them.

At some point in 230–229 BC in an unknown location in north-west Macedonia, the Dardani defeated Demetrius who died shortly the next spring at the age of c. 45.[9] His nine year old successor, the future Philip V, was deemed too young to rule by the Macedonian nobility and so Demetrius' half-cousin, Antigonus III Doson, was made regent. The exact location of Demetrius' tomb remains unknown, but was likely in Beroea or Aegae.

Marriage and family

[edit]

Demetrius married four times, though the chronology of these marriages is a matter of dispute.[5]

Information regarding the life of Demetrius is drawn mainly from inscriptions, as only Plutarch writes of him, in Life of Aratus, and Polybius[13] makes scarce mention of him.[6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Demetrius may have minted bronze drachmas in his own name, but these issues could be that of Demetrius' grandfather, Demetrius I. Demetrius II never struck silver coins in his own name, instead continuing to produce his father's tetradrachms.[1]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Kuzmin, Yuri (2019). "King Demetrius II of Macedon: In the Shadow of Father and Son". Živa Antika/Antiquité Vivante. 69 (78): 70. doi:10.47054/ZIVA19691-2059k.
  2. ^ Adams, Winthrop Lindsay (2010). "Alexander's Successors to 221 BC". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 222–223. ISBN 9781405179362.
  3. ^ Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly (2000). Woman and Monarchy in Macedonia. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 182-184. ISBN 9780806132129
  4. ^ Kuzmin 2019, p. 61
  5. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Demetrius s.v. Demetrius II". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 982–983.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, Frank William Walbank (1988). A History of Macedonia: 336-167 B.C. ISBN 0198148151.
  7. ^ Wilkes, J. J. (1992). The Illyrians. p. 157. ISBN 0-631-19807-5.
  8. ^ Walbank, Frank William (1984). The Cambridge Ancient History, Tome 7, Part 1. p. 452. ISBN 052123445X.
  9. ^ Kuzmin, Yuri (2019). "KING DEMETRIUS II OF MACEDON: IN THE SHADOW OF FATHER AND SON". Živa antika/Antiquité vivante (69). Skopje, North Macedonia: 78.
  10. ^ "Apame III". Livius. Archived from the original on 4 June 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d Carney, Elizabeth (2000). Women and Monarchy in Macedonia. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3212-4.
  12. ^ Nicholson, Emma (2023). Philip V of Macedon in Polybius' Histories: Politics, History, and Fiction. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-286676-9.
  13. ^ cf.2.44.1-2
Demetrius II
Born: c. 275/4 BC Died: 229 BC
Royal titles
Preceded by King of Macedon
239–229 BC 		Succeeded by
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