Komi peoples: Difference between revisions

Komi
	A group of Komi women and children photographed in 2006 in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Total population
	approx. 553,000 (2002)
Regions with significant populations
	Russia, largely located in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Murmansk Oblast
Russia	Komi-Zyryans 293,406 (2002), 228,235 (2010); Komi-Permyaks 125,235 (2002), 94,456 (2010);
Ukraine	Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks 2,710 (2001);
CIS	Komi-Zyryans 8,210 (1989); Komi-Permyaks 4,791 (1989);
Estonia	Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks 95 (2011);
Finland	Komi speakers 29 (2017);
Languages
	Russian, Komi (Zyryan, Permyak, Yazva)
Religion
	Predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christianity; (Russian Orthodox Church); also Shamanism;
Related ethnic groups
	Udmurts, other Permians

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The Komi (Komi: комияс, romanized: komijas also коми-войтыр, komi-vojtyr) are a Permian ethnic group who are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit a region around the basins of the Vychegda, Pechora and Kama rivers in northeastern European Russia. They mostly reside in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Federation.^[7]

Name

There have been at least three names for the Komi: Permyaks, Zyrians (Russian: пермяки, зыряне) and Komi.^[8]

The name Permyaks first appeared in Russian sources in the 10th century and came from the ancient name of the land between the Mezen and Pechora rivers– Perm or "Great Perm" (Russian: Пермь Великая).^[9] Several origins of the name have been proposed but the most accepted is from Veps Peräma "back, outer or far-away land". In Old Norse and Old English, it was known as Bjarmaland and Beormas respectively^[10] but those Germanic names designate a wider area than the Russian Perm, extending into the Arkhangelsk Oblast.^[11]

Since the 20th century, the name has been applied only to the southern Komi (Komi-Permyaks) in the Perm Krai.^[11] In Russia, permyak also means "an inhabitant of Perm or Perm Krai", regardless of ethnicity.^[11]

The name for the northern Komis – Zyryans – has a more contradictory origin. It exists since at least the 14th century and has many different forms in various Russian sources such as Seryan, Siryan, Syryan, Suryan and Ziryan, Ziranian, Zyryan (Russian: серьяне, сирьяне, сыряне, суряне, зиряне, зыряне), but the latter finally became predominant.^[12] Turkin believed that it may come from a small tribe of the Komi (probably named saran) which was first met by the Russians, who used the name for all northern Komi.^[13] The neighbouring Uralic-speaking peoples use similar names for the Komi: Khanty sərän, sərån, săran, sārån, Mansi sarän, Nenets sānnğr, saran, Udmurt sara-kum.^[14]

The name Komi is the endonym for all subgroups of the people. It was first recorded by ethnographers in the 18th century.^[15] It originates from a Finno-Ugric word meaning "man, human": Komi kom, Udmurt kum, Mansi kom, kum, Khanty xum, Selkup qum, Hungarian hím "male".^[15] The theory that stated the word came from the name of the Kama River has been disproven,^[15] though some scholars like Paula Kokkonen^[16] favour this version.

Subgroups and geographic distribution

The Komi are divided into two main groups, which are the Zyryans (northern Komi) and the Permyaks (southern Komi). These are divided into 8 subgroupings (9 if counting the almost completely russified Komi of the Upper Kama), which are further divided into even smaller subgroups. The Komi have been traditionally named after the rivers where they live:

Komi-Zyryans^[17]
- Komi-Izhma of the Izhma River (Komi: Изьватас, Iźvatas; Nenets: нысма, nysma)
  - Komi of the Kola Peninsula
  - Komi of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
  - Komi of the Lower Ob and Lyapin Rivers
- Komi of the Vashka and Mezen Rivers (Komi: Удораса, Udorasa)
- Komi of the Vym River (Komi: Емватас, Emvatas)
- Komi of the Pechora River (Komi: Печораса, Pećorasa)
- Komi of the Vychegda River (Komi: Эжватас, Ežvatas)
- Komi of the Sysola River (Komi: Сыктывсаяс, Syktyvsayas)
- Komi of the Letka and Luza Rivers (Komi: Лузса, Lusza)
Komi-Permyaks
- Komi of the Yazva River (Komi: Ёдзва, Yodzva'; Yazva: Пермякйӧз, Permyakyöz)
- Komi of the Upper Kama River (nearly fully assimilated into Russians)

The majority of the Komi live in the Komi Republic as a separate national-administrative entity of the Russian Federation, numbering 256,000 as of the beginning of the 21st century, roughly 30% of the Republic's population.^[18] About 60% (607,000) are Russians, about 6% (62,000) are Ukrainians, 1.5% (15,500) are Tatars, and 1.4% (15,000) are Belarusians.

Most of the population of the Komi Republic resides in urban centres but a notable minority continues to live in villages. The Komi population in the countryside tends to be higher than that of Komi in urban areas, where ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population. Like the rest of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia, the population continues to steadily decrease - the 2010 census recorded only 228,235 people who indicated their nationality as "Komi", as compared to the 336,309 recorded as Komi in the 1989 census.

Language

Writings in the Old Permian (Anbur) script.

The Komi language belongs to the Permian branch of the Uralic family. There is limited mutual intelligibility with Udmurt.^[19] There are two main dialects: Zyrian in the Komi Republic and Permyak in the Komi-Permyak Okrug, which have been traditionally treated as separate languages. They are mutually intelligible, and can also be considered to form a single language with two regional language standards.^[20] The two separate standards were created in the early Soviet era partly because of the traditional administrative borders, and partly to hinder pan-Komi nationalistic aspirations.^[21] Until the 18th century, Komi was written in the Old Permic script (Komi: Важ Перым гижӧм, 𐍮𐍐‎𐍕 𐍟‎𐍔‎𐍠𐍨𐍜 𐍒‎𐍣‎𐍕𐍩𐍜‎, Važ Perym gižöm), also known as Anbur in reference in reference to its first 2 letters, which was created by Saint Stephen of Perm in the 14th century, seeing use up to the 16th century after which it saw use as a cryptographic writing system for Russian speakers.^[22]

Cyrillic was used from the 19th century and briefly replaced by the Latin alphabet between 1932 and 1936. The Komi language is currently written in Cyrillic, adding two extra letters - Іі and Ӧӧ - to represent vowel sounds which do not exist in Russian. The first book to be printed in Komi (a vaccination manual) appeared in 1815.^[22]

History

Based on linguistic reconstruction, the prehistoric Permians are assumed to have split into two peoples during the first millennium BC: the Komi and the Udmurts. By the 16th-17th centuries, the Komi further divided into the Komi-Permyaks (who remained in the Kama River basin) and the Komi-Zyryans (who migrated north).^[15]

From the 12th century the Russians began to expand into the Perm region and the Komi came into contact with Novgorod. Novgorodian traders travelled to the region in search of furs and animal hides.^[23] The Novgorodians referred to the southern Komi region as "the Great Perm". Komi dukes unified the Great Perm with its centre at the stronghold of Cherdyn. As the Middle Ages progressed, Novgorod gave way to Moscow as the leading Russian power in the region.^[24]

In 1365, Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of Moscow, gave Stephen of Perm the task of converting the region to Christianity. Stephen's mission led to the creation of the eparchy of Perm in 1383. After his death, Stephen became the patron saint of the Komi. He also devised an alphabet for the Komi language.^[25]

Some Komi resisted Christianisation, notably the shaman Pama. The Duke of Perm accepted baptism only in 1470 (he was given the Christian name Mikhail), possibly in an attempt to stave off Russian military pressure in the region. Mikhail's conversion failed to stop an attack by Moscow which seized Cherdyn in 1472. Mikhail was allowed to keep his title of duke but was now a vassal of Moscow. The duchy survived only until 1505 when Mikhail's son Matvei was replaced by a Russian governor and Komi independence came to an end.^[26]

In the 1500s, many Russian migrants began to move into the region, beginning a long process of colonisation and attempts at assimilating the Komis. Syktyvkar (Ust-Sysolsk before 1930) was founded as the chief Russian city in the region in the 18th century. The Russian government established penal settlements in the north for criminals and political prisoners. There were several Komi rebellions in protest against Russian rule and the influx of Slav settlers, especially after large numbers of freed serfs started arriving in the region in the 1860s. A national movement to revive Komi culture also emerged.^[27]

Russian rule in the area collapsed after World War I and the revolutions of 1917.^{[citation needed]} In the subsequent Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks fought the Allies for control of the region.^{[citation needed]} The Allied forces encouraged the Komi to set up their own independent state with the help of political prisoners freed from the local penal colonies.^{[citation needed]} After the Allies withdrew in 1919, the Bolsheviks took over. They promoted Komi culture with the policy of korenizatsiya, but increased industrialisation damaged the Komi traditional way of life and the landscape of the republic. Stalin's purges of the 1930s devastated the Komi intelligentsia, who were accused of "bourgeois nationalism".

The remote and inhospitable region was also regarded as an ideal location for gulags. The influx of political prisoners and the rapid industrialisation of the region as a result of World War II left the Komi a minority in their own lands. Stalin carried out further purges of the Komi intellectual class in the 1940s and 1950s, and Komi language and culture were suppressed. Since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Komi have reasserted their claims to a separate identity.

Culture

Architecture

The Komi settlements were set-up with large, multi-courtyard churchyards and villages, which were typically constructed along or close to a river. Since the Komi people inhabit territories densely covered with forests, the main material for the construction of houses and farm buildings has traditionally been wood. Komi dwellings in many respects resemble North Russian houses in their internal structure.

2 major types of house types exist among the Komi, the Sysol house type (Сысольский тип) and the Vym house type (Bымский тип). The Sysol home is in a square-shaped, divided internally between a commercial section and the private section for its residents. The Vym house type is not very easy to distinguish from the Sysol home, its major differences lying in the windows and internal arrangement. The Izhma Komi, living in sparsely-wooded areas live in chum tents.

Monastery with churches dedicated to Michael the Archangel and Stephen of Perm, Ust Vym.

The efforts of Stephen of Perm to convert the Komi people to Orthodoxy had allowed the Komi to begin constructing and experimenting with church architecture, creating many churches with the tented-roof style similarly to the constructions happening in Northern Russia and Pomerania. While most churches in the territory of the republic were constructed with wood, select churches and monasteries featured stone construction. The republic had over 430 churches in 1917, but this number has fallen down to just 130, 31 of which are registered under heritage programs.^[28]

Clothing

The national dress of the Komi people is quite diverse and has numerous local variants. While men's clothing had remained mostly similar throughout the territories inhabited by the Komi people (excluding the winter costumes of Komi males), women's clothing has more variety, each region having its own distinct clothing type. These differences lie in the embroidery technique, type of fabrics and ornamentation. In general, the traditional clothing of the southern and central Komi closely resembles that of the Northern Russians and other Finno-Ugric groups, while the costume of the Izhma Komi has many common features with the Nenets.

Cuisine

Hunting, gathering and fishing have long been the main source of food for the Komi people, displayed through the dominance of meat, fish, berries and mushrooms in most Komi diets. Meat dishes were more common in the diet of the northern Komi, while dishes utilizing berries were more common in the south. Popular dishes of Komi cuisine are grain pies with fish, various porridges, Serbanka, other sour soups, cold soups based on bread, kvass, etc. The popular Russian dumpling dish pelmeni likely has its origins in the cuisine of the Komi and Udmurt peoples, its name (пельнянь, pel'n'an') meaning "ear bread" in both languages.^[29]

Contemporary depiction of a folktale collected from the Komi of Udorsky District.

Folklore and religion

Most Komi myths are related to shamanism and paganism. The most widespread myths are about the creation of the world as a result of the struggle of two gods, En (Komi: Ен) and Omöl' (Komi: Омöль). These 2 deities are regarded as creator-gods in the Komi mythos, who created all life in the world (though it was En who would vivify them). As the Komi were gradually Christianized, the depictions of En & Omöl began to mirror those of God and Satan, in which Omöl would be depicted as the latter due to his efforts to hamper En's creation process.^[30]

Even with the Christianization of the Komi, there are relatively few Christian legends and tales in the folklore of the Komi, but tales of chudins, who are pagans and flee away from the new order to the forests, have become widespread. Some notable characters from Komi mythology include Jirkap (Йиркап) from Sindor, who is thought by the Komi to have invented skis,^[31] Joma (Ёма) who is regarded to be a Komi equivalent to the Baba Yaga and Pera (Пера) who is a character from the tales of the Komi-Permyaks known for his courage.

Information regarding the pre-Christian Komi religion is not well researched, with formal research by Russian ethnologists only beginning during the later half of the 19th century. Klavdij Alekseevich Popov (1874), Alexandr Vasilevich Krasov (1896), and Kallistrat Faloleevich Zhakov [ru] (1901) all made attempts to reconstruct the ancient religion of the Komi-Zyryans. Nikolai Abramovich Rogov (1858, 1860), Nikolai Dobrotvorsky (1883), Ivan Nikolaevich Smirnov (1891), and Vladimir Mikhailovich Yanovich (1903) made reconstructions of the aspects of the Komi religion focusing on the natural world. According to The Life of Saint Stefan, the Bishop of Perm (1897) by Epiphany the Wise, the Komi ancestors had many deities, whose wooden images stood in dedicated cult sanctuaries for higher-ranking deities, while those of domestic deities were kept in Komi dwellings.

Genetics

Uniparental lineages

More than half of Komi-Zyryan men have haplogroup N, which is typical for the Uralic-speaking peoples. 37% carry its subclade N1c and 18.5 percent belong to subgroup N-P43. The second most common Y-haplogroup for Komi is R1a (27.4%).^[32]

Among the mtDNA haplogroups, the most common is H (33%). About one in four have the haplogroup U. 13.6 % belong to its subgroup U4 and 9.9% belong to subgroup U5. Haplogroup T is found with a frequency of 13.3%.^[32]

Autosomal DNA

A study on northeastern European populations, published in March 2013, found that Komi-Zyryans form a distinct pole of genetic diversity.^[33]

According to a 2018 study, approximately 19% of Komi autosomal ancestry can be estimated to be Nganasan-like. This Siberian-related component is typical for Uralic populations.^[32]

References

^ "Russian Census 2010. Nationalities". demoscope.ru (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22.
^ "Russian Census 2002. Nationalities". demoscope.ru (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. Archived from the original on 2012-05-21.
^ "National composition of population". 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). State statistics committee of Ukraine, 2001 census.
^ "Soviet Census 1989. Nationalities". demoscope.ru (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. Archived from the original on 2010-03-16.
^ RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011
^ "Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot". Archived from the original on 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
^ "Komi | Komi Republic, Uralic, Indigenous | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
^ Туркин 1995, p. 25.
^ Туркин 1995, pp. 17–20.
^ Туркин 1995, p. 19.
^ ^a ^b ^c Туркин 1995, p. 20.
^ Туркин 1995, pp. 20–25.
^ Туркин 1995, pp. 24–25.
^ Туркин 1995, p. 23.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Туркин 1995, pp. 25–26.
^ Taagepera 1999, p. 301.
^ While the name "Zyrian" is generally considered outdated, some members of the ethnic group prefer it, considering "Komi" to imply greater Russification; see Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer, The Tenacity of Ethnicity: A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective (Princeton University Press, 1999; ISBN 0-691-00673-3), p. 238, n. 8.^{[dubious – discuss]}
^ "Тысячелетие народа Коми: человек и климат | Интересный журнал о Республике Коми". 2009-02-05. Archived from the original on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
^ Taagepera 1999, p. 310.
^ Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (2022-03-24). The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 487. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-182151-6.
^ Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (2022-03-24). The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 472. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-182151-6.
^ ^a ^b Taagepera 1999, p. 313.
^ Parlons Komi pp.113–114
^ Taagepera 1999, p. 299.
^ Parlons Komi pp.114–115
^ Taagepera 1999, pp. 300–301.
^ Parlons Komi p.115
^ "WHAT THE WALLS TOLD". 2015-04-07. Archived from the original on 2015-04-07. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
^ Florian (2017-06-24). "Pelmeni, Siberian Meat Dumplings | Food Perestroika". Retrieved 2022-08-30.
^ "Komi Religion | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
^ "Йиркап < Герои коми легенд и преданий < Фольклор | Культурная карта Республики Коми". cultmap.nbrkomi.ru. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi; Vesakoski, Outi; Atkinson, Quentin; Skoglund, Pontus; Kushniarevich, Alena; Litvinov, Sergey; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lehti; Rantanen, Timo (2018-09-21). "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations". Genome Biology. 19 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6151024. PMID 30241495.
^ Khrunin, Andrey V. (7 March 2013). "A Genome-Wide Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58552. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858552K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058552. PMC 3591355. PMID 23505534.

Sources

Avril, Yves (2006). Parlons komi. Harmattan.
Minahan, James (2002a). "Komi". Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations. Vol. II (D–K). Greenwood. pp. 1003–1008. ISBN 9780313321108.
Minahan, James (2002b). "Permyaks". Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations. Vol. III (L–R). Greenwood. pp. 1505–1509. ISBN 9780313321115.
Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. C. Hurst & Co.
Туркин, А. И. (1995). "Происхождение названий коми народа" [Turkin, Adolf. The origin of the names for Komi people]. Linguistica Uralica (in Russian). XXXI (1): 17–28. doi:10.3176/lu.1995.1.03. ISSN 0868-4731.

External links

English

Russian

http://uralistica.com/group/komipermians Archived 2021-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
Komi Permyak (in language Komi-Permyak)
Komi Permyak

[1] "Russian Census 2010. Nationalities". demoscope.ru (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22.

[2] "Russian Census 2002. Nationalities". demoscope.ru (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. Archived from the original on 2012-05-21.

[3] "National composition of population". 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). State statistics committee of Ukraine, 2001 census.

[4] "Soviet Census 1989. Nationalities". demoscope.ru (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. Archived from the original on 2010-03-16.

[5] RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011

[6] "Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot". Archived from the original on 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[7] "Komi | Komi Republic, Uralic, Indigenous | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-12-30.

[FOOTNOTEТуркин199525-8] Туркин 1995, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTEТуркин199517–20-9] Туркин 1995, pp. 17–20.

[FOOTNOTEТуркин199519-10] Туркин 1995, p. 19.

[FOOTNOTEТуркин199520-11] Туркин 1995, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEТуркин199520–25-12] Туркин 1995, pp. 20–25.

[FOOTNOTEТуркин199524–25-13] Туркин 1995, pp. 24–25.

[FOOTNOTEТуркин199523-14] Туркин 1995, p. 23.

[FOOTNOTEТуркин199525–26-15] Туркин 1995, pp. 25–26.

[FOOTNOTETaagepera1999301-16] Taagepera 1999, p. 301.

[17] While the name "Zyrian" is generally considered outdated, some members of the ethnic group prefer it, considering "Komi" to imply greater Russification; see Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer, The Tenacity of Ethnicity: A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective (Princeton University Press, 1999; ISBN 0-691-00673-3), p. 238, n. 8.^{[dubious – discuss]}

[18] "Тысячелетие народа Коми: человек и климат | Интересный журнал о Республике Коми". 2009-02-05. Archived from the original on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2022-08-29.

[FOOTNOTETaagepera1999310-19] Taagepera 1999, p. 310.

[20] Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (2022-03-24). The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 487. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-182151-6.

[21] Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (2022-03-24). The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 472. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-182151-6.

[FOOTNOTETaagepera1999313-22] Taagepera 1999, p. 313.

[23] Parlons Komi pp.113–114

[FOOTNOTETaagepera1999299-24] Taagepera 1999, p. 299.

[25] Parlons Komi pp.114–115

[FOOTNOTETaagepera1999300–301-26] Taagepera 1999, pp. 300–301.

[27] Parlons Komi p.115

[28] "WHAT THE WALLS TOLD". 2015-04-07. Archived from the original on 2015-04-07. Retrieved 2022-08-29.

[29] Florian (2017-06-24). "Pelmeni, Siberian Meat Dumplings | Food Perestroika". Retrieved 2022-08-30.

[30] "Komi Religion | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-08-30.

[31] "Йиркап < Герои коми легенд и преданий < Фольклор | Культурная карта Республики Коми". cultmap.nbrkomi.ru. Retrieved 2022-08-30.

[:0-32] Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi; Vesakoski, Outi; Atkinson, Quentin; Skoglund, Pontus; Kushniarevich, Alena; Litvinov, Sergey; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lehti; Rantanen, Timo (2018-09-21). "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations". Genome Biology. 19 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6151024. PMID 30241495.

[plosone130307-33] Khrunin, Andrey V. (7 March 2013). "A Genome-Wide Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58552. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858552K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058552. PMC 3591355. PMID 23505534.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Ethnic group}}
+{{Short description|Permian ethnic group}}
 {{Infobox ethnic group
-|group     = Komi
+| group            = Komi
-|image     = [[File:Komi peoples.jpg|300px]]
+| image            = [[File:Komi peoples.jpg|300px]]
-|caption   = Komi people photographed in 2006 in [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
+| caption          = A group of Komi women and children photographed in 2006 in the [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
-|population   = approx. 553,000 (2002)
+| population       = approx. 553,000 (2002)
-|popplace  = [[Russia]], largely located in the [[Komi Republic]], [[Perm Krai]], [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]], [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]], and [[Murmansk Oblast]]
+| popplace         = [[Russia]], largely located in the [[Komi Republic]], [[Perm Krai]], [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]], [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]], and [[Murmansk Oblast]]
-|region1   = {{flag|Russia}}
+| region1          = {{flag|Russia}}
+| pop1             = *Komi-Zyryans 293,406 (2002), 228,235 (2010)
-|pop1      =
-*Komi-Zyryans 293,406 (2002), 228,235 (2010)
 *[[Komi-Permyaks]] 125,235 (2002), 94,456 (2010)
-|ref1      = <ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Census 2010. Nationalities |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php |website=demoscope.ru |publisher=Демоскоп Weekly |language=Russian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622084055/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php |archive-date=2011-06-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Census 2002. Nationalities |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_10.php |website=demoscope.ru |publisher=Демоскоп Weekly |language=Russian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521170119/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_10.php |archive-date=2012-05-21 }}</ref>
+| ref1             = <ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Census 2010. Nationalities |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php |website=demoscope.ru |publisher=Демоскоп Weekly |language=Russian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622084055/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php |archive-date=2011-06-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Census 2002. Nationalities |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_10.php |website=demoscope.ru |publisher=Демоскоп Weekly |language=Russian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521170119/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_10.php |archive-date=2012-05-21 }}</ref>
-|region2   = {{flag|Ukraine}}
+| region2          = {{flag|Ukraine}}
-|pop2      = *Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks 2,710 (2001)
+| pop2             = *Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks 2,710 (2001)
-|ref2      = <ref>{{cite web|title=National composition of population|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=50&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=3|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|publisher=State statistics committee of Ukraine, 2001 census|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>
+| ref2             = <ref>{{cite web|title=National composition of population|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=50&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=3|website=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua|publisher=State statistics committee of Ukraine, 2001 census|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>
-|region3   = {{flag|CIS}}
+| region3          = {{flag|CIS}}
-|pop3      =
+| pop3             = *Komi-Zyryans 8,210 (1989)
-*Komi-Zyryans 8,210 (1989)
 *Komi-Permyaks 4,791 (1989)
-|ref3      = <ref>{{cite web|title=Soviet Census 1989. Nationalities |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |website=demoscope.ru |publisher=Демоскоп Weekly |language= Russian |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172713/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |archive-date=2010-03-16 }}</ref>
+| ref3             = <ref>{{cite web|title=Soviet Census 1989. Nationalities |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |website=demoscope.ru |publisher=Демоскоп Weekly |language= Russian |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172713/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |archive-date=2010-03-16 }}</ref>
-|region4  = {{flag|Estonia}}
+| region4          = {{flag|Estonia}}
-|pop4     = *Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks 95 <small>(2011)</small>
+| pop4             = *Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks 95 <small>(2011)</small>
-|ref4     = <ref>[http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=RL0428&ti=RAHVASTIK+RAHVUSE%2C+SOO+JA+ELUKOHA+J%C4RGI%2C+31%2E+DETSEMBER+2011&path=../Database/Rahvaloendus/REL2011/07Rahvastiku_demograafilised_ja_etno_kultuurilised_naitajad/08Rahvus_Emakeel_ja_keelteoskus_Murded/&lang=2 RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011]</ref>
+| ref4             = <ref>[http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=RL0428&ti=RAHVASTIK+RAHVUSE%2C+SOO+JA+ELUKOHA+J%C4RGI%2C+31%2E+DETSEMBER+2011&path=../Database/Rahvaloendus/REL2011/07Rahvastiku_demograafilised_ja_etno_kultuurilised_naitajad/08Rahvus_Emakeel_ja_keelteoskus_Murded/&lang=2 RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011]</ref>
-|region5  = {{flag|Finland}}
+| region5          = {{flag|Finland}}
-|pop5     = *Komi speakers 29 <small>(2017)</small>
+| pop5             = *Komi speakers 29 <small>(2017)</small>
-|ref5     = <ref>{{Cite web| url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4| title=Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot| access-date=2019-07-22| archive-date=2021-04-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407133215/https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4| url-status=dead}}</ref>
+| ref5             = <ref>{{Cite web| url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4| title=Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot| access-date=2019-07-22| archive-date=2021-04-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407133215/https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4| url-status=dead}}</ref>
-|rels      = {{Plainlist|
+| rels             = {{Plainlist|
-* Predominantly '''† [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]'''
+* Predominantly [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]
-* ([[Russian Orthodoxy]])
+* ([[Russian Orthodox Church]])
 * also [[Shamanism]]
 }}
-|langs     = [[Russian language|Russian]], Komi ([[Komi language|Zyryan]], [[Permyak language|Permyak]], [[Komi-Yazva language|Yazva]])
+| langs            = [[Russian language|Russian]], Komi ([[Komi language|Zyryan]], [[Permyak language|Permyak]], [[Komi-Yazva language|Yazva]])
-|related-c = [[Udmurts]], other [[Permians]]
+| related-c        = [[Udmurts]], other [[Permians]]
 }}
-The '''Komi''' ({{lang-kv|комияс|komijas}} also {{lang-kv|label=none|коми-войтыр|komi-vojtyr}}), also called '''Komi-Zyryans''' or '''Zyryans''', are an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Permians|Permian]] [[ethnic group]] whose homeland is in the northeast of [[European Russia]] around the basins of the [[Vychegda]], [[Pechora River|Pechora]] and [[Kama river|Kama]] rivers. They mostly reside in the [[Komi Republic]], [[Perm Krai]], [[Murmansk Oblast]], [[Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug]], and [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] in the Russian Federation.
+The '''Komi''' ({{langx|kv|комияс|komijas}} also {{langx|kv|label=none|коми-войтыр|komi-vojtyr}}) are a [[Permians|Permian]] ethnic group who are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit a region around the basins of the [[Vychegda]], [[Pechora River|Pechora]] and [[Kama river|Kama]] rivers in northeastern [[European Russia]]. They mostly reside in the [[Komi Republic]], [[Perm Krai]], [[Murmansk Oblast]], [[Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug]], and [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Komi {{!}} Komi Republic, Uralic, Indigenous {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Komi-people |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Name==
-There have been at least three names for the Komis: ''Permyaks'', ''Zyrians'' ({{lang-rus|пермяки, зыряне}}) and ''Komi'', the last being the self-designation of the people.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=25}}
+There have been at least three names for the Komi: ''Permyaks'', ''Zyrians'' ({{lang-rus|пермяки, зыряне}}) and ''Komi''.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=25}}
-The name '''Permyaks''' firstly appeared in the 10th century in Russian sources and came from the ancient name of the land between the [[Mezen River]] and [[Pechora River]] – ''Perm'' or "''[[Great Perm]]''" ({{lang-ru|Пермь Великая}}).{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=17-20}} Several origins of the name have been proposed but the most accepted is from [[Veps language|Veps]] ''<span lang="vep" dir="ltr">Peräma</span>'' "back, outer or far-away land" from Veps ''<span lang="vep" dir="ltr">perä</span>'' "back, extreme" and ''ma'' "land". In [[Old Norse]] and Old English, it was known as ''[[Bjarmaland]]'' and ''<span lang="ang" dir="ltr">Beormas</span>'' respectively{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=19}} but those Germanic names might designate some other place than the Russian ''Perm''.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=20}} Since the 20th century, the name has been applied only to the southern Komi (Komi-Permyaks) in Perm Krai.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=20}} In Russian ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">permyak</span>'' also means "an inhabitant of Perm or Perm Krai" independently from ethnicity.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=20}}
+The name '''Permyaks''' first appeared in Russian sources in the 10th century and came from the ancient name of the land between the [[Mezen River|Mezen]] and [[Pechora River|Pechora]] rivers– ''Perm'' or "''[[Great Perm]]''" ({{langx|ru|Пермь Великая}}).{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=17-20}} Several origins of the name have been proposed but the most accepted is from [[Veps language|Veps]] ''<span lang="vep" dir="ltr">Peräma</span>'' "back, outer or far-away land". In [[Old Norse]] and [[Old English]], it was known as ''[[Bjarmaland]]'' and ''<span lang="ang" dir="ltr">Beormas</span>'' respectively{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=19}} but those Germanic names designate a wider area than the Russian ''Perm'', extending into the [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]]''.''{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=20}}
+Since the 20th century, the name has been applied only to the southern Komi (Komi-Permyaks) in the Perm Krai.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=20}} In Russia, ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">permyak</span>'' also means "an inhabitant of Perm or Perm Krai", regardless of ethnicity.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=20}}
-The name for the northern Komis – '''Zyrians''' – has a more contradictory origin. It exists since the 14th century and it had many different forms in various Russian sources such as ''Seryan, Siryan, Syryan, Suryan'' and  ''Ziryan, Zyryan'' ({{lang-ru|серьяне, сирьяне, сыряне, суряне, зиряне, зыряне}}), but the latter finally became predominant.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=20-25}} Turkin believed that it may come from a small local tribe of the Komis (probably named ''saran'') which first met the Russians, hence the name became default for all the northern Komis.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=24-25}} The neighbouring Uralic-speaking peoples call the Komis with similar names: Khanty ''sərän, sərån, săran, sārån'', Mansi ''sarän'', Nenets ''sānnğr, saran'', Udmurt ''<span lang="udm" dir="ltr">sara-kum</span>''.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=23}}
+The name for the northern Komis – '''Zyryans''' – has a more contradictory origin. It exists since at least the 14th century and has many different forms in various Russian sources such as ''Seryan, Siryan, Syryan, Suryan'' and ''Ziryan, Ziranian, Zyryan'' ({{langx|ru|серьяне, сирьяне, сыряне, суряне, зиряне, зыряне}}), but the latter finally became predominant.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=20-25}} Turkin believed that it may come from a small tribe of the Komi (probably named ''saran'') which was first met by the Russians, who used the name for all northern Komi.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=24-25}} The neighbouring Uralic-speaking peoples use similar names for the Komi: [[Khanty languages|Khanty]] ''sərän, sərån, săran, sārån'', [[Mansi languages|Mansi]] ''sarän'', [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] ''sānnğr, saran'', [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] ''<span lang="udm" dir="ltr">sara-kum</span>''.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|p=23}}
-The name '''Komi''' is the [[Exonym and endonym|endonym]] for all groups of the people. It was first recorded by ethnographers in the 18th century.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=25-26}} It originates from a [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] word meaning "man, human": Komi ''kom'', Udmurt ''kum'', Mansi ''kom, kum'', Khanty ''xum'', Selkup ''qum'', Hungarian ''<span lang="hu" dir="ltr">hím</span>'' "male".{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=25-26}} The origin from the name of the [[Kama River]] is disproved{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=25-26}} though some scholars (like Paula Kokkonen{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|p=301}}) favour this version.
+The name '''Komi''' is the [[Exonym and endonym|endonym]] for all subgroups of the people. It was first recorded by ethnographers in the 18th century.{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=25-26}} It originates from a [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] word meaning "man, human": Komi ''kom'', Udmurt ''kum'', Mansi ''kom, kum'', Khanty ''xum'', [[Selkup language|Selkup]] ''qum'', [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ''<span lang="hu" dir="ltr">hím</span>'' "male".{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=25-26}} The theory that stated the word came from the name of the [[Kama River]] has been disproven,{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=25-26}} though some scholars like Paula Kokkonen{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|p=301}} favour this version.
 == Subgroups and geographic distribution ==
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 {{legend|blue|Komi of the [[Yazva River]]}}
 {{legend|turquoise|Komi of the Upper [[Kama River]] (Zyuzdino or [[Afanasyevsky District|Afanasyevo]]), nearly fully assimilated}}]]
-Komi people are divided into two main groups, which are the Zyryans (northern Komi) & the Permyaks (southern Komi). They are divided into 8 major subgroupings (9 if counting the nearly-assimilated Komi of the Upper Kama), of which they are divided into several even smaller subgroups. The Komi have been traditionally named after the rivers where they live:
+The Komi are divided into two main groups, which are the Zyryans (northern Komi) and the Permyaks (southern Komi). These are divided into 8 subgroupings (9 if counting the almost completely [[Russification|russified]] Komi of the Upper Kama), which are further divided into even smaller subgroups. The Komi have been traditionally named after the rivers where they live:
 *Komi-Zyryans<ref>While the name "Zyrian" is generally considered outdated, some members of the ethnic group prefer it, considering "Komi" to imply greater [[Russification]]; see Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer, ''The Tenacity of Ethnicity: A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective'' ([[Princeton University Press]], 1999; {{ISBN|0-691-00673-3}}), p. 238, n. 8.{{Dubious||reason=A very-very dubious statement, "Komi" has been a self designation|date=July 2015}}</ref>
 **[[Izhma Komi|Komi-Izhma]] of the [[Izhma River]] ([[Komi language|Komi]]: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Изьватас, ''Iźvatas''</span>; [[Nenets languages|Nenets]]: нысма, ''nysma'')
 ***Komi of the [[Kola Peninsula]]
-***Komi of [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
+***Komi of the [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
 ***Komi of the Lower [[Ob River|Ob]] and [[Lyapin River]]s
 **Komi of the [[Vashka River|Vashka]] and [[Mezen River]]s (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Удораса, ''Udorasa''</span>)
 **Komi of the [[Vym River]] (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Емватас, ''Emvatas''</span>)
-**Komi of the Lower [[Ob River]]
 **Komi of the [[Pechora River]] (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Печораса'', Pećorasa''</span>)
 **Komi of the [[Vychegda River]] (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Эжватас, ''Ežvatas''</span>)
@@ Line 64: / Line 63: @@
 **Komi of the [[Letka River|Letka]] and [[Luza River]]s (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Лузса, ''Lusza''</span>)
 *Komi-Permyaks
-**Komi of the [[Yazva|Yazva River]]
+**Komi of the [[Yazva|Yazva River]] (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Ёдзва, ''Yodzva'''</span>; [[Komi-Yazva language|Yazva]]: Пермякйӧз, ''Permyakyöz'')
 **Komi of the Upper Kama River (nearly fully assimilated into Russians)
-The majority of Komi (who numbered 256,000 as of the beginning of the 2000s<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-05 |title=Тысячелетие народа Коми: человек и климат {{!}} Интересный журнал о Республике Коми |url=http://www.inkomi.ru/articles/2006/10/21/human-climat/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205173808/http://www.inkomi.ru/articles/2006/10/21/human-climat/ |archive-date=2009-02-05 }}</ref>) live in the Komi Republic as a separate national-administrative entity of the Russian Federation. Although the majority of the Komi population live in the Komi Republic, they make up only 30% (256,000) of the total population there as a noticeable minority population. About 60% (607 thousand) are Russians, about 6% (62 thousand) are Ukrainians, 1.5% (15.5 thousand) are Tatars, and 1.4% (15 thousand) are Belarusians. Most of the population of the Republic of Komi resides in urban centres, a notable minority continues to live in villages. The Komi population in the countryside tends to be higher than that of Komi in urban areas, where ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population. Like the rest of the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] peoples of Russia, the population continues to steadily decrease - the 2010 census recorded only 228,235 people who indicated their nationality as "Komi", as compared to the 336,309 recorded as Komi in the 1989 census.
+The majority of the Komi live in the Komi Republic as a separate national-administrative entity of the Russian Federation, numbering 256,000 as of the beginning of the 21st century, roughly 30% of the Republic's population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-05 |title=Тысячелетие народа Коми: человек и климат {{!}} Интересный журнал о Республике Коми |url=http://www.inkomi.ru/articles/2006/10/21/human-climat/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205173808/http://www.inkomi.ru/articles/2006/10/21/human-climat/ |archive-date=2009-02-05 }}</ref> About 60% (607,000) are Russians, about 6% (62,000) are Ukrainians, 1.5% (15,500) are Tatars, and 1.4% (15,000) are Belarusians.
+Most of the population of the Komi Republic resides in urban centres but a notable minority continues to live in villages. The Komi population in the countryside tends to be higher than that of Komi in urban areas, where ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population. Like the rest of the [[Finno-Ugric peoples]] of Russia, the population continues to steadily decrease - the 2010 census recorded only 228,235 people who indicated their nationality as "Komi", as compared to the 336,309 recorded as Komi in the 1989 census.
 ==Language==
-[[File:PermPismo.jpg|thumb|Writings in the Old Permian (Anbur) script.|left|227x227px]]
+[[File:PermPismo.jpg|thumb|Writings in the Old Permian (Anbur) script.|227x227px]]
-The [[Komi language]] belongs to the [[Permic languages|Permian branch]] of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic family]]. There is limited mutual intelligibility with [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]].{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|p=310}} There are two main dialects: [[Komi-Zyrian language|Zyrian]] and [[Komi-Permyak language|Permyak]], though Permyak is sometimes considered to be a separate language. Until the 18th century, Komi was written in the [[Old Permic script|Old Permic]] alphabet (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Важ Перым гижӧм, 𐍮𐍐‎𐍕 𐍟‎𐍔‎𐍠𐍨𐍜 𐍒‎𐍣‎𐍕𐍩𐍜‎, ''Važ Perym gižöm''</span>), also known as Anbur in reference in reference to its first 2 letters, which was invented by [[Saint Stephen of Perm]] in the 14th century, seeing use up to the 16th century after which it saw use as a cryptographic writing system for Russian speakers. [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] was used from the 19th century and briefly replaced by the Latin alphabet between 1929 and 1933. The Komi language is currently written in Cyrillic, adding two extra letters - Іі and Ӧӧ - to represent vowel sounds which do not exist in Russian. The first book to be printed in Komi (a vaccination manual) appeared in 1815.{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|p=313}}
+The [[Komi language]] belongs to the [[Permic languages|Permian branch]] of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic family]]. There is limited mutual intelligibility with [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]].{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|p=310}} There are two main dialects: [[Komi-Zyrian language|Zyrian]] in the Komi Republic and [[Komi-Permyak language|Permyak]] in the [[Komi-Permyak Okrug]], which have been traditionally treated as separate languages. They are mutually intelligible, and can also be considered to form a single language with two regional language standards.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/43672 |title=The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages |date=2022-03-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-182151-6 |page=487 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001 |editor-last1=Bakró-Nagy |editor-last2=Laakso |editor-last3=Skribnik |editor-first1=Marianne |editor-first2=Johanna |editor-first3=Elena }}</ref> The two separate standards were created in the early Soviet era partly because of the traditional administrative borders, and partly to hinder pan-Komi nationalistic aspirations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/43672 |title=The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages |date=2022-03-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-182151-6 |page=472 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001 |editor-last1=Bakró-Nagy |editor-last2=Laakso |editor-last3=Skribnik |editor-first1=Marianne |editor-first2=Johanna |editor-first3=Elena }}</ref> Until the 18th century, Komi was written in the [[Old Permic script]] (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Важ Перым гижӧм, 𐍮𐍐‎𐍕 𐍟‎𐍔‎𐍠𐍨𐍜 𐍒‎𐍣‎𐍕𐍩𐍜‎, ''Važ Perym gižöm''</span>), also known as Anbur in reference in reference to its first 2 letters, which was created by [[Saint Stephen of Perm]] in the 14th century, seeing use up to the 16th century after which it saw use as a [[Cryptography|cryptographic]] writing system for Russian speakers.{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|p=313}}
+[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] was used from the 19th century and briefly [[Komi alphabets#Writing after 1932|replaced by the Latin alphabet]] between 1932 and 1936. The Komi language is currently written in Cyrillic, adding two extra letters - Іі and Ӧӧ - to represent vowel sounds which do not exist in Russian. The first book to be printed in Komi (a vaccination manual) appeared in 1815.{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|p=313}}
 ==History==
-Based on [[linguistic reconstruction]], the prehistoric [[Permians]] are assumed to have split into two peoples during the first millennium BC: the Komis and the [[Udmurts]]. By the 16th-17th centuries, the Komis further divided into the Komi-Permyaks (who remained in the [[Kama River]] basin) and the Komi-Zyryans (who migrated north).{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=25-26}}
+Based on [[linguistic reconstruction]], the prehistoric [[Permians]] are assumed to have split into two peoples during the first millennium BC: the Komi and the [[Udmurts]]. By the 16th-17th centuries, the Komi further divided into the Komi-Permyaks (who remained in the [[Kama River]] basin) and the Komi-Zyryans (who migrated north).{{sfn|Туркин|1995|pp=25-26}}
-From the 12th century the Russians began to expand into the Perm region and the Komis came into contact with [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]]. Novgorodian traders travelled to the region in search of furs and animal hides.<ref>''Parlons Komi'' pp.113–114</ref> The Novgorodians referred to the southern Komi region as "the [[Great Perm]]". Komi dukes unified the Great Perm with its centre at the stronghold of [[Cherdyn, Perm Krai|Cherdyn]]. As the Middle Ages progressed, Novgorod gave way to Moscow as the leading Russian power in the region.{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|p=299}} In 1365, [[Dmitry Donskoy]], Prince of Moscow, gave [[Stephen of Perm]] the task of converting the region to Christianity. Stephen's mission led to the creation of the [[eparchy]] of Perm in 1383 and, after his death, Stephen became the patron saint of the Komis. He also devised an [[Old Permic script|alphabet for the Komi language]].<ref>''Parlons Komi'' pp.114–115</ref> Nevertheless, some Komis resisted Christianisation, notably the shaman Pama. The Duke of Perm accepted baptism only in 1470 (he was given the Christian name Mikhail), possibly in an attempt to stave off Russian military pressure in the region. Mikhail's conversion failed to stop an attack by Moscow which seized [[Cherdyn, Perm Krai|Cherdyn]] in 1472. Mikhail was allowed to keep his title of duke but was now a vassal of Moscow. The duchy survived only until 1505 when Mikhail's son Matvei was replaced by a Russian governor and Komi independence came to an end.{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|pp=300-301}}
+From the 12th century the Russians began to expand into the Perm region and the Komi came into contact with [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]]. Novgorodian traders travelled to the region in search of furs and animal hides.<ref>''Parlons Komi'' pp.113–114</ref> The Novgorodians referred to the southern Komi region as "the [[Great Perm]]". Komi dukes unified the Great Perm with its centre at the stronghold of [[Cherdyn, Perm Krai|Cherdyn]]. As the Middle Ages progressed, Novgorod gave way to Moscow as the leading Russian power in the region.{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|p=299}}
+In 1365, [[Dmitry Donskoy]], Prince of Moscow, gave [[Stephen of Perm]] the task of converting the region to Christianity. Stephen's mission led to the creation of the [[eparchy]] of Perm in 1383. After his death, Stephen became the patron saint of the Komi. He also devised an [[Old Permic script|alphabet for the Komi language]].<ref>''Parlons Komi'' pp.114–115</ref>
-In the 1500s, many Russian migrants began to move into the region, beginning a long process of colonisation and attempts at assimilating the Komis. [[Syktyvkar]] (''Ust-Sysolsk'' before 1930) was founded as the chief Russian city in the region in the 18th century. The Russian government established penal settlements in the north for criminals and political prisoners. There were several Komi rebellions in protest against Russian rule and the influx of Slav settlers, especially after large numbers of freed serfs arrived in the region from the 1860s. A national movement to revive Komi culture also emerged.<ref>''Parlons Komi'' p.115</ref>
+Some Komi resisted Christianisation, notably the shaman Pama. The Duke of Perm accepted baptism only in 1470 (he was given the Christian name Mikhail), possibly in an attempt to stave off Russian military pressure in the region. Mikhail's conversion failed to stop an attack by Moscow which seized [[Cherdyn, Perm Krai|Cherdyn]] in 1472. Mikhail was allowed to keep his title of duke but was now a vassal of Moscow. The duchy survived only until 1505 when Mikhail's son Matvei was replaced by a Russian governor and Komi independence came to an end.{{sfn|Taagepera|1999|pp=300-301}}
-Russian rule in the area collapsed after [[World War I]] and the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|revolutions of 1917]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} In the subsequent [[Russian Civil War]], the [[Bolsheviks]] fought the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] for control of the region.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The Allied interventionist forces encouraged the Komi to set up their own independent state with the help of political prisoners freed from the local penal colonies.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} After the Allies withdrew in 1919, the Bolsheviks took over. They promoted Komi culture with the policy of ''[[korenizatsiya]]'', but increased industrialisation damaged the Komis' traditional way of life & the landscape of the republic. [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s purges of the 1930s devastated the Komi intelligentsia, who were accused of "bourgeois nationalism". The remote and inhospitable region was also regarded as an ideal location for the prison camps of the [[Gulag]]. The influx of political prisoners and the rapid industrialisation of the region as a result of [[World War II]] left the Komi a minority in their own lands. Stalin carried out further purges of the Komi intellectual class in the 1940s and 1950s, and Komi language and culture were suppressed. Since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Komi have reasserted their claims to a separate identity.
+In the 1500s, many Russian migrants began to move into the region, beginning a long process of colonisation and attempts at assimilating the Komis. [[Syktyvkar]] (''Ust-Sysolsk'' before 1930) was founded as the chief Russian city in the region in the 18th century. The Russian government established [[Penal colony|penal settlements]] in the north for criminals and political prisoners. There were several Komi rebellions in protest against Russian rule and the influx of Slav settlers, especially after large numbers of [[Emancipation reform of 1861|freed serfs]] started arriving in the region in the 1860s. A national movement to revive Komi culture also emerged.<ref>''Parlons Komi'' p.115</ref>
+Russian rule in the area collapsed after [[World War I]] and the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|revolutions of 1917]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} In the subsequent [[Russian Civil War]], the [[Bolsheviks]] fought the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] for control of the region.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The Allied forces encouraged the Komi to set up their own independent state with the help of political prisoners freed from the local penal colonies.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} After the Allies withdrew in 1919, the Bolsheviks took over. They promoted Komi culture with the policy of ''[[korenizatsiya]]'', but increased industrialisation damaged the Komi traditional way of life and the landscape of the republic. [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s purges of the 1930s devastated the Komi [[intelligentsia]], who were accused of "bourgeois nationalism".
+The remote and inhospitable region was also regarded as an ideal location for [[Gulag|gulags]]. The influx of political prisoners and the rapid industrialisation of the region as a result of [[World War II]] left the Komi a minority in their own lands. Stalin carried out further purges of the Komi intellectual class in the 1940s and 1950s, and Komi language and culture were suppressed. Since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Komi have reasserted their claims to a separate identity.
 == Culture ==
 === Architecture ===
-[[File:Yb etnopark.jpg|thumb|Finno-Ugric Ethnopark, Yb, [[Syktyvdinsky District]]|left]]
+[[File:Yb etnopark.jpg|thumb|A Finno-Ugric Ethnopark, Yb, [[Syktyvdinsky District]]]]
-The Komi settlements were set-up with large, multi-courtyard churchyards & villages, which were typically constructed along or close to a river. Since the Komi people inhabit territories densely covered with forests, the main material for the construction of houses and farm buildings has traditionally been wood. Komi dwellings in many respects resemble [[Izba|North Russian houses]] in their internal structure. 2 major types of house types exist among the Komi; the Sysol house type (Сысольский тип) & the Vym house type (Bымский тип). The Sysol home is in a square-shaped, divided internally between a commercial section & the private section for its residents. The Vym house type is not very easy to distinguish from the Sysol home, its major differences lying in the windows & internal arrangement. The Izhma Komi, living in sparsely-wooded areas live in [[Chum (tent)|chum]] tents.[[File:RU UstVym WV banner.jpg|thumb|332x332px|Monastery with churches dedicated to Michael the Archangel & Stephen of Perm, [[Ust-Vym|Ust Vym]].]]
+The Komi settlements were set-up with large, multi-courtyard churchyards and villages, which were typically constructed along or close to a river. Since the Komi people inhabit territories densely covered with forests, the main material for the construction of houses and farm buildings has traditionally been wood. Komi dwellings in many respects resemble [[Izba|North Russian houses]] in their internal structure.
+major types of house types exist among the Komi, the Sysol house type (Сысольский тип) and the Vym house type (Bымский тип). The Sysol home is in a square-shaped, divided internally between a commercial section and the private section for its residents. The Vym house type is not very easy to distinguish from the Sysol home, its major differences lying in the windows and internal arrangement. The Izhma Komi, living in sparsely-wooded areas live in [[Chum (tent)|chum]] tents.[[File:RU UstVym WV banner.jpg|thumb|332x332px|Monastery with churches dedicated to Michael the Archangel and Stephen of Perm, [[Ust-Vym|Ust Vym]].]]
-The efforts of Stephen of Perm to convert the Komi people to Orthodoxy had allowed the Komi to begin constructing & experimenting with church architecture, creating many churches with the [[Tented roof|tented-roof]] style similarly to the constructions happening in Northern Russia & Pomerania. While most churches in the territory of the republic were constructed with wood, select churches & monasteries featured stone construction. The republic had over 430 churches in 1917, but this number has fallen down to just 130, 31 of which are registered under heritage programs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-07 |title=WHAT THE WALLS TOLD |url=http://rusvera.mrezha.ru/10/39.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407093807/http://rusvera.mrezha.ru/10/39.htm |archive-date=2015-04-07  |access-date=2022-08-29 }}</ref>
+The efforts of Stephen of Perm to convert the Komi people to Orthodoxy had allowed the Komi to begin constructing and experimenting with church architecture, creating many churches with the [[Tented roof|tented-roof]] style similarly to the constructions happening in Northern Russia and Pomerania. While most churches in the territory of the republic were constructed with wood, select churches and monasteries featured stone construction. The republic had over 430 churches in 1917, but this number has fallen down to just 130, 31 of which are registered under heritage programs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-07 |title=WHAT THE WALLS TOLD |url=http://rusvera.mrezha.ru/10/39.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407093807/http://rusvera.mrezha.ru/10/39.htm |archive-date=2015-04-07  |access-date=2022-08-29 }}</ref>
 === Clothing ===
-[[File:Choir in Lovozero cultural centre, Kola Peninsula.jpg|thumb|A Izhma komi & Kildin Sámi choir in [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero, Murmansk Oblast]]. ]]
+[[File:Choir in Lovozero cultural centre, Kola Peninsula.jpg|thumb|A Izhma komi and Kildin Sámi choir in [[Lovozero (rural locality)|Lovozero, Murmansk Oblast]]. ]]
-The national dress of the Komi people is quite diverse and has numerous local variants. While men's clothing had remained mostly similar throughout the territories inhabited by the Komi people (excluding the winter costumes of Komi males), women's clothing has more variety, each region having its own distinct clothing type. These differences lie in the embroidery technique, type of fabrics and ornamentation. In general, the traditional clothing of the southern and central Komi closely resembles that of the Northern Russians & other Finno-Ugric groups, while the costume of the Izhma Komi has many common features with the Nenets.
+The national dress of the Komi people is quite diverse and has numerous local variants. While men's clothing had remained mostly similar throughout the territories inhabited by the Komi people (excluding the winter costumes of Komi males), women's clothing has more variety, each region having its own distinct clothing type. These differences lie in the embroidery technique, type of fabrics and ornamentation. In general, the traditional clothing of the southern and central Komi closely resembles that of the Northern Russians and other Finno-Ugric groups, while the costume of the Izhma Komi has many common features with the [[Nenets]].
 === Cuisine ===
-[[File:Russian Pelmeni (Dumplings), Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|thumb|The dish ''pelmeni'' likely has its origins amongst the Permian Komi & Udmurt people.]]
+[[File:Russian Pelmeni (Dumplings), Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|thumb|The dish ''pelmeni'' likely has its origins amongst the Permian Komi and Udmurt people.]]
-Hunting, gathering and fishing have long been the main source of food for the Komi people, displayed through the dominance of meat, fish, berries & mushrooms in most Komi diets. Meat dishes were more common in the diet of the northern Komi, while dishes utilizing berries were more common in the south. Popular dishes of Komi cuisine are grain pies with fish, various porridges, [[:uk:Суп|Serbanka]], other sour soups, cold soups based on bread, [[kvass]], etc. The popular Russian dumpling dish ''[[pelmeni]]'' likely has its origins in the cuisine of the Komi & Udmurt (Permian) peoples, its name ( пельнянь, ''pel'n'an''') meaning "ear bread" in both languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florian |date=2017-06-24 |title=Pelmeni, Siberian Meat Dumplings {{!}} Food Perestroika |url=https://foodperestroika.com/2017/06/24/pelmeni-siberian-meat-dumplings/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>
+Hunting, gathering and fishing have long been the main source of food for the Komi people, displayed through the dominance of meat, fish, berries and mushrooms in most Komi diets. Meat dishes were more common in the diet of the northern Komi, while dishes utilizing berries were more common in the south. Popular dishes of Komi cuisine are grain pies with fish, various porridges, [[:uk:Суп|Serbanka]], other sour soups, cold soups based on bread, [[kvass]], etc. The popular Russian dumpling dish ''[[pelmeni]]'' likely has its origins in the cuisine of the Komi and Udmurt peoples, its name (пельнянь, ''pel'n'an''') meaning "ear bread" in both languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florian |date=2017-06-24 |title=Pelmeni, Siberian Meat Dumplings {{!}} Food Perestroika |url=https://foodperestroika.com/2017/06/24/pelmeni-siberian-meat-dumplings/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 [[File:Глот.jpg|thumb|Contemporary depiction of a folktale collected from the Komi of [[Udorsky District]].]]
 === Folklore and religion ===
+{{Main article|Komi mythology}}
-Most Komi myths are related to shamanism and paganism. The most widespread myths are about the creation of the world as a result of the struggle of two gods, [[:ru:Ен|Jen]] (Komi: Ен) and [[:ru:Омэль|Omöl']] (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Омöль</span>). These 2 deities are regarded as creator-gods in the Komi mythos, who created all life in the world (though it was En who would vivify them). As the Komi were gradually Christianized, the depictions of En & Omyol began to mirror those of God & Satan, in which Omyol would be depicted as the latter due to his efforts to hamper En's creation process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Komi Religion {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/komi-religion |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Even with the Christianization of the Komi, there are relatively few Christian legends and tales in the folklore of the Komi, but tales of c''hudins'', who are pagans and flee away from the new order to the forests, have become widespread. Some notable characters from Komi mythology include Jirkap (Йиркап) from [[Sindor]], who is thought by the Komi to have invented [[ski]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Йиркап < Герои коми легенд и преданий < Фольклор {{!}} Культурная карта Республики Коми |url=https://cultmap.nbrkomi.ru/ru/page/Folklor.Geroi_komi_legend_i_predanii.Yirkap |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=cultmap.nbrkomi.ru}}</ref> Joma (Ёма) who is regarded to be a Komi equivalent to the [[Baba Yaga]] & Pera (Пера) who is a character from the tales of the Komi-Permyaks known for his courage.
+Most Komi myths are related to shamanism and paganism. The most widespread myths are about the creation of the world as a result of the struggle of two gods, [[:ru:Ен|En]] (Komi: Ен) and [[:ru:Омэль|Omöl']] (Komi: <span lang="kv" dir="ltr">Омöль</span>). These 2 deities are regarded as creator-gods in the Komi mythos, who created all life in the world (though it was En who would vivify them). As the Komi were gradually Christianized, the depictions of En & Omöl began to mirror those of God and Satan, in which Omöl would be depicted as the latter due to his efforts to hamper En's creation process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Komi Religion {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/komi-religion |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
+Even with the Christianization of the Komi, there are relatively few Christian legends and tales in the folklore of the Komi, but tales of c''hudins'', who are pagans and flee away from the new order to the forests, have become widespread. Some notable characters from Komi mythology include Jirkap (Йиркап) from [[Sindor]], who is thought by the Komi to have invented [[ski]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Йиркап < Герои коми легенд и преданий < Фольклор {{!}} Культурная карта Республики Коми |url=https://cultmap.nbrkomi.ru/ru/page/Folklor.Geroi_komi_legend_i_predanii.Yirkap |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=cultmap.nbrkomi.ru}}</ref> Joma (Ёма) who is regarded to be a Komi equivalent to the [[Baba Yaga]] and Pera (Пера) who is a character from the tales of the Komi-Permyaks known for his courage.
-Information regarding the pre-Christian Komi religion is not well researched, with formal research by Russian ethnologists only beginning during the later half of the 19th century. Klavdij Alekseevich Popov (1874), Alexandr Vasilevich Krasov (1896), and {{ill|Kallistrat Faloleevich Zhakov|ru|Жаков, Каллистрат Фалалеевич}} (1901) all made attempts to reconstruct the ancient religion of the Komi-Zyryans, while [[Nikolai Rogov|Nikolai Abramovich Rogov]] (1858, 1860), Nikolai Dobrotvorsky (1883), Ivan Nikolaevich Smirnov (1891), and Vladimir Mikhailovich Yanovich (1903) made reconstructions of the aspects of the Komi religion focusing on the natural world. According to ''The Life of Saint Stefan, the Bishop of Perm'' (1897) by Epiphany the Wise, the Komi ancestors had many deities, whose wooden images stood in dedicated cult sanctuaries for higher-ranking deities, while those of domestic deities were kept in Komi dwellings.
+Information regarding the pre-Christian Komi religion is not well researched, with formal research by Russian ethnologists only beginning during the later half of the 19th century. Klavdij Alekseevich Popov (1874), Alexandr Vasilevich Krasov (1896), and {{ill|Kallistrat Faloleevich Zhakov|ru|Жаков, Каллистрат Фалалеевич}} (1901) all made attempts to reconstruct the ancient religion of the Komi-Zyryans. [[Nikolai Rogov|Nikolai Abramovich Rogov]] (1858, 1860), Nikolai Dobrotvorsky (1883), Ivan Nikolaevich Smirnov (1891), and Vladimir Mikhailovich Yanovich (1903) made reconstructions of the aspects of the Komi religion focusing on the natural world. According to ''The Life of Saint Stefan, the Bishop of Perm'' (1897) by Epiphany the Wise, the Komi ancestors had many deities, whose wooden images stood in dedicated cult sanctuaries for higher-ranking deities, while those of domestic deities were kept in Komi dwellings.
 == Genetics ==
-A study on north-eastern-European populations, published in March 2013, found that Komi-Zyryans form a distinct pole of genetic diversity.<ref name=plosone130307>{{cite journal | title = A Genome-Wide Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe | first = Andrey V. | last = Khrunin | journal = PLOS ONE | date = 7 March 2013 | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = e58552 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0058552 | pmid = 23505534 | pmc = 3591355 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...858552K | doi-access = free }}</ref>
+=== Uniparental lineages ===
+More than half of Komi-Zyryan men have [[Haplogroup N-M231|haplogroup N]], which is typical for the Uralic-speaking peoples. 37% carry its subclade [[Haplogroup N-M231#N1a1a (M178)|N1c]] and 18.5 percent belong to subgroup [[Haplogroup N-M231#N1a2b (P43)|N-P43]]. The second most common Y-haplogroup for Komi is [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]] (27.4%).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Tambets |first1=Kristiina |last2=Yunusbayev |first2=Bayazit |last3=Hudjashov |first3=Georgi |last4=Ilumäe |first4=Anne-Mai |last5=Rootsi |first5=Siiri |last6=Honkola |first6=Terhi |last7=Vesakoski |first7=Outi |last8=Atkinson |first8=Quentin |last9=Skoglund |first9=Pontus |last10=Kushniarevich |first10=Alena |last11=Litvinov |first11=Sergey |last12=Reidla |first12=Maere |last13=Metspalu |first13=Ene |last14=Saag |first14=Lehti |last15=Rantanen |first15=Timo |date=2018-09-21 |title=Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations |journal=Genome Biology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=139 |doi=10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 |doi-access=free |issn=1474-760X |pmc=6151024 |pmid=30241495}}</ref>
+Among the mtDNA haplogroups, the most common is [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]] (33%). About one in four have the haplogroup [[Haplogroup U|U]]. 13.6 % belong to its subgroup [[Haplogroup U#Haplogroup U4|U4]] and 9.9% belong to subgroup [[Haplogroup U#Haplogroup U5|U5]]. Haplogroup [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]] is found with a frequency of 13.3%.<ref name=":0" />
+=== Autosomal DNA ===
+A study on northeastern European populations, published in March 2013, found that Komi-Zyryans form a distinct pole of genetic diversity.<ref name="plosone130307">{{cite journal |last=Khrunin |first=Andrey V. |date=7 March 2013 |title=A Genome-Wide Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=e58552 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...858552K |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058552 |pmc=3591355 |pmid=23505534 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+According to a 2018 study, approximately 19% of Komi autosomal ancestry can be estimated to be [[Nganasan people|Nganasan]]-like. This Siberian-related component is typical for Uralic populations.<ref name=":0" />
 == See also ==
@@ Line 118: / Line 141: @@
 *{{cite book|last1=Minahan|first1=James|chapter=Permyaks|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations|volume=III (L–R)|date=2002b|publisher=Greenwood|pages=1505–1509|isbn=9780313321115|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9Lq_8Ozf5cC&pg=PA1505}}
 *{{cite book|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|title=The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State|date=1999|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.}}
-*{{cite journal|last1=Туркин|first1=А. И.|title=Происхождение названий коми народа|journal=Linguistica Uralica|date=1995|volume=XXXI|issue=1|pages=17–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIFSklAIPeUC&pg=PA17|trans-title=Turkin, Adolf. The origin of the names for Komi people|language=Russian|issn=0868-4731}}
+*{{cite journal|last1=Туркин|first1=А. И.|title=Происхождение названий коми народа|journal=Linguistica Uralica|date=1995|volume=XXXI|issue=1|pages=17–28|doi=10.3176/lu.1995.1.03 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIFSklAIPeUC&pg=PA17|trans-title=Turkin, Adolf. The origin of the names for Komi people|language=Russian|issn=0868-4731}}
 ==Further reading==
+{{refbegin}}
 * {{Cite journal |last=Tsypanov |first=Evgenii |date=March 2001 |title=Language and ethnic mobilization among the Komi in the post-Soviet period |journal=[[Nationalities Papers]] |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1080/00905990120036402 |s2cid=154436659}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Istomin |first1=Kirill V. |first2=Yuri P. |last2=Shabaev |title=Izhma Komi and Komi-Permiak: Linguistic Barriers to Geographic and Ethnic Identity |journal=Region |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=2016 |pages=53–74 |jstor=24896614}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Istomin |first1=Kirill V. |first2=Yuri P. |last2=Shabaev |title=Izhma Komi and Komi-Permiak: Linguistic Barriers to Geographic and Ethnic Identity |journal=Region |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=2016 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.1353/reg.2016.0000 |jstor=24896614|s2cid=147432795 }}
 ;Folktale compilations:
+* {{cite journal |last1=Kecskeméti |first1=István |first2=Heikki |last2=Paunonen |date=1974 |title=Die Märchentypen in den Publikationen der Finnisch-ugrischen Gesellschaft |journal=Journal de la Société Finno-ougrienne |volume=73 |pages=205–265 |lang=DE |issn=0355-0214}} (study on the folktale corpus collected from the Komi)
 * {{ill|Kallistrat F. Zhakov|ru|Жаков, Каллистрат Фалалеевич}}. "[https://www.booksite.ru/jiv/1908_2.pdf Зыряношя Сказки]". In: "{{ill|Живая старина|ru|Живая старина}}". Vol. 17, 1908, Tome 2. pp. 232-242.
+* {{Cite book |last=Fokos |first=Dávid |date=1916 |title=Zürjén szövegek |series=Ugor füzetek |volume=19 |publisher=Magyar Tudományos Akadémia |location=Budapest |url=https://real-eod.mtak.hu/8139/ |lang=KV, HU}}
-* {{ill|Wichmann, Yrjö|fi|Yrjö Wichmann}}. ''Syrjänische Volksdichtung''. Helsinki: Société finno-ougrienne, 1916.
-* {{cite book |last=Fokos-Fuchs |first=Dávid Rafael |date=1951 |title=Volksdichtung der Komi (Syrjanen) |location=Budapest |publisher=[[Akademiai Kiadó]]}}
+* {{cite book |author-link=Yrjö Wichmann |last=Wichmann |first=Yrjö |url=https://fennougrica.kansalliskirjasto.fi/handle/10024/89868 |title=Syrjänische Volksdichtung |location=Helsinki |publisher=Société finno-ougrienne |date=1916 |lang=KV, DE}}
+* {{cite book |editor=И. И. Новиков |title=Фольклор народа Коми |trans-title=Folklore of the Komi People |volume=1: Предания и сказки [Legends and Fairy Tales] |publisher=Архоблгиз |date=1938 |lang=RU}}
+* {{cite book |last=Fokos-Fuchs |first=Dávid Rafael |date=1951 |title=Volksdichtung der Komi (Syrjanen) |location=Budapest |publisher=[[Akadémiai Kiadó]]}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Rédei |first=Károly |date=1978 |title=Zyrian folklore texts |series=Bibliotheca Uralica |volume=3 |publisher=[[Akadémiai Kiadó]] |location=Budapest|isbn=963-05-1506-7}}
 * "Коми народные сказки" [Komi Folk Tales]. Составитель [Compiler]: {{ill|Федор Плесовский|ru|Плесовский, Фёдор Васильевич}} [Fëdor Plesovsky]. Сыктывкар: Коми книжное издательство, 1975.
+{{refend}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 135: / Line 165: @@
 ===English===
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045350/http://www.infoe.de/home/Weltbank/Russia+-++Komi-Izhemtsy+against++World+Bank/ Komi-Izhemtsy against World Bank]
-* [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Qcln7I1oiyUJ:adoptaenrusia2.iespana.es/regiones/--komi-permiak-kudymar/--mas%2520informacion%2520de%2520komi.doc+Komi-Izhemtsy&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=7&client=firefox-a Komi]
+* [http://adoptaenrusia2.iespana.es/regiones/--komi-permiak-kudymar/--mas%2520informacion%2520de%2520komi.doc Komi]{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}
 * [http://www.suri.ee/inf/pekoi.html Komi Permyak]
 *[http://finugor.ru/en/ Finno-Ugric media centre]

v t e Peoples speaking Uralic languages
Baltic Finns	Bjarmians † Estonians Setos Võros Finns Forest Finns Ingrian Finns Kvens Tornedalians Izhorians Karelians Tver Karelians Livonians † Vepsians Votes Kreevins † Chuds † Volkhov Chudes †
Sámi	Inari Sámi Kildin Sámi Lule Sámi Northern Sámi Pite Sámi Skolt Sámi Southern Sámi Ter Sámi Ume Sámi
Volga Finns	Mari Meadow Hill Eastern Mordvins Erzyas Mokshas Meryans † Meshchera † Muroma †
Permians	Komi Izhma Komi Udmurts Besermans
Ob-Ugrians	Khanty Mansi
Hungarians	Csángós Székelys Magyarabs
Samoyeds	Nenets Enets Nganasans Selkups Kamasins † Yurats † Mators [ru] †