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| grandparent_authority = [[R.T.Moore]] (1980)
| grandparent_authority = [[R.T.Moore]] (1980)
| parent_authority = Denchev & R.T.Moore (2009)
| parent_authority = Denchev & R.T.Moore (2009)
| display_parents = 4
| taxon = Malassezia
| taxon = Malassezia
| authority = [[Baill.]] (1889)<ref name="Baillon 1889"/>
| authority = [[Baill.]] (1889)<ref name="Baillon 1889"/>
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}}
}}


'''''Malassezia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] (specifically, a [[yeast]]).
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'''''Malassezia''''' (formerly known as '''''Pityrosporum''''') is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]]. It is the sole genus in [[family (biology)|family]] '''Malasseziaceae''', which is the only family in [[order (biology)|order]] '''Malasseziales''', itself the single member of [[class (biology)|class]] '''Malasseziomycetes'''.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> ''Malassezia'' species are naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals, including humans. In occasional [[opportunistic infection]]s, some species can cause [[hypopigmentation]] or [[hyperpigmentation]] on the trunk and other locations in humans. [[Allergy test]]s for these fungi are available.

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Some species of ''Malassezia'' are found on the skin of animals, including humans. Because malassezia requires [[fat]] to grow,<ref name="pmid8836432" /> it is most common in areas with many [[sebaceous gland]]s{{--}}on the scalp,<ref name="cracked">{{cite news |date=2007-11-06 |title=Genetic code of dandruff cracked |no-pp=y |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm |access-date=2008-12-10 |archive-date=2008-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222110658/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> face, and upper part of the body.

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== Role in human diseases ==

''Malassezia'' infections of human skin can cause or aggravate a variety of conditions, including dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and acne.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://dermnetnz.org/topics/malassezia-infections |title= Skin conditions associated with malassezia}}</ref>

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=== Dermatitis and dandruff ===

When ''Malassezia'' grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed, and dandruff can appear with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria).

⚫
Identification of ''Malassezia'' on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA-based techniques. These investigations show that the ''M. globosa'' is the species that causes most skin disease in humans, and that it is the most common cause of [[dandruff]] and [[seborrhoeic dermatitis]] (though ''M. restricta'' is also involved).<ref name="pmid17460728"/>

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There can be as many as ten million ''M. globosa'' organisms on a human head.<ref name="cracked" />

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A project in 2007 sequenced the genome of dandruff-causing ''Malassezia globosa'' and found it to have 4,285 genes.<ref name="pmid18000048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P, etal |title=Dandruff-associated ''Malassezia'' genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18730–5 |date=November 2007 |pmid=18000048 |pmc=2141845 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0706756104 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10418730X |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scientists Complete Genome Sequence Of Fungus Responsible For Dandruff, Skin Disorders|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071106101200.htm|access-date=5 February 2023|date=21 November 2007|website=ScienceDaily|author=Spectrum Science Public Relations|language=en|archive-date=28 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228034311/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071106101200.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''M. globosa'' uses eight different types of [[lipase]], along with three [[phospholipases]], to break down the oils on the scalp. Any of these 11 proteins would be a suitable target for dandruff medications.

Prescription and over-the-counter shampoos containing [[ketoconazole]] are commonly used to treat dandruff caused by Malassezia.

⚫
''M. globosa'' has been predicted to have the ability to reproduce sexually,<ref name="pmid18693563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E |title=The genus ''Malassezia'': old facts and new concepts |journal=Parassitologia |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=77–9 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18693563}}</ref> but this has not been observed.

===Skin pigmentation disorders===
In occasional [[opportunistic infection]]s of the trunk and other locations on humans, some species of Malassezia can cause [[hypopigmentation]] or [[hyperpigmentation]]. [[Allergy test]]s for these fungi are available.

The skin rash of [[tinea versicolor]] (''pityriasis versicolor'') is also caused by an infection of this fungus.<ref name="Saunte et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Saunte |first1=Ditte M.L. |last2=Gaitanis |first2=George |last3=Hay |first3=Roderick James |title=''Malassezia''-associated skin diseases, the use of diagnostics and treatment |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=10 |year=2020 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.00112 |doi-access=free |pages=1–11|pmid=32266163 |pmc=7098993 }}</ref>

=== Cancer ===

Translocation of ''Malassezia'' species from the intestines into pancreatic neoplasms has been associated with [[pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma]], and the fungi may promote tumor progression through activation of host [[complement cascade|complement]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Aykut B, Pushalkar S, Chen R, Li Q, Abengozar R, Kim JI, Shadaloey SA, Wu D, Preiss P, Verma N, Guo Y, Saxena A, Vardhan M, Diskin B, Wang W, Leinwand J, Kurz E, Kochen Rossi JA, Hundeyin M, Zambrinis C, Li X, Saxena D, Miller G|title=The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via activation of MBL|journal=Nature|year=2019|volume=574|issue=7777|pages=264–267|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1608-2|pmid=31578522|pmc=6858566|bibcode=2019Natur.574..264A |display-authors=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Loker|first1=Eric S.|last2=Hofkin|first2=Bruce V.|title=Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach|edition=Second|page=54|isbn=9780429277405|lccn=2021045732|doi=10.1201/9780429277405|year=2023|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|s2cid=250473493 }}</ref>

===Crohn's and inflammatory bowel disease===

''M. restricta'', which is normally found in the skin, is linked to disorders like [[Crohn's disease]] and [[inflammatory bowel disease]] when found in the gut. This is especially true for organism with the N12 [[CARD9]] allele, which provokes a stronger inflammatory response.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Limon |first1=Jose J. |last2=Tang |first2=Jie |last3=Li |first3=Dalin |last4=Wolf |first4=Andrea J. |last5=Michelsen |first5=Kathrin S. |last6=Funari |first6=Vince |last7=Gargus |first7=Matthew |last8=Nguyen |first8=Christopher |last9=Sharma |first9=Purnima |last10=Maymi |first10=Viviana I. |last11=Iliev |first11=Iliyan D. |last12=Skalski |first12=Joseph H. |last13=Brown |first13=Jordan |last14=Landers |first14=Carol |last15=Borneman |first15=James |last16=Braun |first16=Jonathan |last17=Targan |first17=Stephan R. |last18=McGovern |first18=Dermot P.B. |last19=Underhill |first19=David M. |title=Malassezia Is Associated with Crohn's Disease and Exacerbates Colitis in Mouse Models |journal=Cell Host & Microbe |date=March 2019 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=377–388.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.007 |pmid=30850233 |pmc=6417942 }}</ref>

===Malassezia folliculitis===


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==Systematics==
[[File:Pityrosporum folliculitis 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A 25-year-old man with [[pityrosporum folliculitis]] and electron micrograph of his skin, showing ''Malassezia'' spores.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.5772/61850 |isbn=978-953-51-2252-4 |chapter=Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy |author=Ran Yuping |title=Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences |editor=Janecek, Milos |editor2=Kral, Robert |publisher=InTech |year=2016|s2cid=53472683 }}</ref><!-- This is content from a predatory publisher (intechopen.com); recommend finding an alternative source for a comparable image, but I hesitate to remove the image at this time. -->]]
[[File:Pityrosporum folliculitis 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A 25-year-old man with [[pityrosporum folliculitis]] and electron micrograph of his skin, showing ''Malassezia'' spores.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.5772/61850 |isbn=978-953-51-2252-4 |chapter=Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy |author=Ran Yuping |title=Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences |editor=Janecek, Milos |editor2=Kral, Robert |publisher=InTech |year=2016|s2cid=53472683 }}</ref><!-- This is content from a predatory publisher (intechopen.com); recommend finding an alternative source for a comparable image, but I hesitate to remove the image at this time. -->]]
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Due to progressive changes in their nomenclature, some confusion exists about the naming and classification of ''Malassezia'' yeast species. Work on these yeasts has been complicated because they require specific [[growth media]] and grow very slowly in [[microbiological culture|laboratory culture]].<ref name="Theelen et al. 2018"/>


''[[Malassezia folliculitis]]'' (also called ''pityrosporum folliculitis''),<ref name="Bolognia">{{cite book |author=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 }}</ref> is caused by infection with Malassezia.<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |author=James, William D. |author2=Berger, Timothy G.|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |year=2006 |isbn=0-7216-2921-0 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
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''Malassezia'' were originally identified by the French scientist [[Louis-Charles Malassez]] in the late nineteenth century. [[Raymond Sabouraud]] identified a [[dandruff]]-causing organism in 1904 and called it ''Pityrosporum malassez'', honoring Malassez, but at the species level as opposed to the genus level. When it was determined that the organisms were the same, the term "Malassezia" was judged to possess [[Principle of Priority|priority]].<ref name="pmid17642908">{{cite journal |vauthors=Inamadar AC, Palit A |title=The genus ''Malassezia'' and human disease |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=265–70 |year=2003 |pmid=17642908 |url=http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2003;volume=69;issue=4;spage=265;epage=270;aulast=Inamadar}}</ref>
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==Systematics==

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Malassezia is the sole genus in [[family (biology)|family]] '''Malasseziaceae''', which is the only family in [[order (biology)|order]] '''Malasseziales''', itself the single member of [[class (biology)|class]] '''Malasseziomycetes'''.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>

⚫
Due to progressive changes in their nomenclature, some confusion exists about the naming and classification of ''Malassezia'' [[yeast]] species. Work on these yeasts has been complicated because they require specific [[growth media]] and sometimes grow very slowly in [[microbiological culture|laboratory culture]].<ref name="Theelen et al. 2018"/>

⚫
''Malassezia'' was originally identified by the French scientist [[Louis-Charles Malassez]] in the late nineteenth century;<ref name="Malassez 1874"/> he associated it with the condition [[seborrhoeic dermatitis]].<ref name="Dawson 2019"/> [[Raymond Sabouraud]] identified a [[dandruff]]-causing organism in 1904 and called it ''Pityrosporum Malassezii'',<ref name="Sabouraud 1904"/> honoring Malassez, but at the species level as opposed to the genus level. When it was determined that the organisms were the same, the term "Malassezia" was judged to possess [[Principle of priority|priority]].<ref name="pmid17642908">{{cite journal |vauthors=Inamadar AC, Palit A |title=The genus ''Malassezia'' and human disease |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=265–70 |year=2003 |pmid=17642908 |url=https://ijdvl.com/the-genus-malassezia-and-human-disease/ }}</ref>


In the mid-twentieth century, it was reclassified into two species:
In the mid-twentieth century, it was reclassified into two species:
* ''Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale'', which is [[lipid]]-dependent and found only on humans. ''P. ovale'' was later divided into two species, ''P. ovale'' and ''P. orbiculare'', but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus, with ''M. furfur'' the preferred name.<ref name="isbn0-07-138067-1">{{Fitzpatrick 6||pages=1187}}</ref>
* ''Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale'', which is [[lipid]]-dependent and found only on humans. ''P. ovale'' was later divided into two species, ''P. ovale'' and ''P. orbiculare'', but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus, with ''M. furfur'' the preferred name.<ref name="isbn0-07-138067-1">{{Fitzpatrick 6||pages=1187}}</ref>
* ''Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis'', which is lipophilic but not lipid-dependent. It is found on the skin of most animals.
* ''Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis'', which is lipophilic but not lipid-dependent. It is found on the skin of most animals.
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In the mid-1990s, scientists at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris, France, discovered additional species.<ref name="pmid8836432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J |title=The genus ''Malassezia'' with description of four new species |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=337–355 |date=May 1996 |pmid=8836432 |doi= 10.1007/BF00399623|s2cid=31791799 }}</ref>


''Malassezia'' is the sole genus in the family Malasseziaceae, which was validated by Cvetomir Denchev and [[Royall T. Moore]] in 2009.<ref name="Denchev & Moore 2009"/> The order Malasseziales had been previously proposed by Moore in 1980,<ref name="Moore 2009"/> and later emended by Begerow and colleagues in 2000. At this time the order was classified as a member of [[incertae sedis|unknown]] class placement in the subdivision [[Ustilaginomycotina]].<ref name="Begerow et al. 2000"/> In 2014, Cvetomir and Teodor Denchev [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] the class Malasseziomycetes to contain the group.<ref name="Denchev & Denchev 2014"/>
''Malassezia'' is the sole genus in the family Malasseziaceae, which was validated by Cvetomir Denchev and [[Royall T. Moore]] in 2009.<ref name="Denchev & Moore 2009"/> The order Malasseziales had been previously proposed by Moore in 1980,<ref name="Moore 2009"/> and later emended by Begerow and colleagues in 2000. At this time the order was classified as a member of [[incertae sedis|unknown]] class placement in the subdivision [[Ustilaginomycotina]].<ref name="Begerow et al. 2000"/> In 2014, Cvetomir and Teodor Denchev [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] the class Malasseziomycetes to contain the group.<ref name="Denchev & Denchev 2014"/>

==Description==
''Malassezia'' grows rapidly, typically maturing within 5 days when incubated at temperatures ranging from {{convert|30|–|35|C|F}}. Growth is slower at {{convert|25|C|F}}, and certain species struggle at {{convert|37|C|F}}. These organisms can proliferate on media infused with [[cycloheximide]]. An essential factor for the growth of ''Malassezia'' is the presence of [[long-chain fatty acid]]s, with ''M.&nbsp;pachydermatis'' being an exception. The most conventional cultivation method involves overlaying solid media with a layer of [[olive oil]]. However, for nurturing some clinically relevant species, such as the challenging-to-cultivate ''M.&nbsp;restricta'', more intricate culture media may be required. For the most efficient recovery of ''Malassezia'', it has been recommended to collect blood through a lipid infusion [[catheter]] and subsequently use lysis-centrifugation—a recommendation backed by multiple comparative studies.<ref name="Larone 2011"/>

The yeast-like cells of ''Malassezia'', measuring between 1.5–4.5&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]] by 3–7&nbsp;μm, are characterised as [[phialide]]s featuring tiny collarettes (a small, collar-like flange or lip at the mouth of a phialide from which spores or conidia are produced and released). These collarettes are challenging to identify using standard [[light microscope]]s. A defining characteristic of cells from this genus is their [[morphology (biology)|morphology]]: one end is round, while the other has a distinctly blunt termination. This latter end is where singular, broad-based bud-like structures emerge, although in certain species, these structures might be narrower. To effectively visualise the organism's shape, a [[staining]] technique involving [[safranin]] is recommended, followed by observation under [[oil immersion]]. Furthermore, [[Calcofluor-white]] staining provides an enhanced clarity of the cell wall and its unique contour. While ''Malassezia'' typically lacks [[hypha]]l elements, rudimentary forms can sporadically be present.<ref name="Larone 2011"/>


==Species==
==Species==
[[Species Fungorum]] accepts 22 species of ''Malassezia''.<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/> The following list gives the name of the fungus, the [[Author citation (botany)|taxonomic authority]] (those who first described the fungus, or who transferred it into ''Malassezia'' from another genus; standardized [[Author citation (botany)#Abbreviation|author abbreviations]] are used), and the name of the organism from which the fungus was isolated, if not human.
The ''[[Index Fungorum]]'' lists 22 species of ''Malassezia''.<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/> The following list gives the name, the [[Author citation (botany)|taxonomic authority]] (those who first described the fungus, or who transferred it into ''Malassezia'' from another genus; standardized [[Author citation (botany)#Abbreviation|author abbreviations]] are used), and the name of the organism from which the fungus was isolated, if not human.

⚫
In the mid-1990s, scientists at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris, France, discovered additional species.<ref name="pmid8836432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J |title=The genus ''Malassezia'' with description of four new species |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=337–355 |date=May 1996 |pmid=8836432 |doi= 10.1007/BF00399623|s2cid=31791799 }}</ref>


*''[[Malassezia arunalokei]]'' {{small|Honnavar, Rudramurthy, G.S.Prasad & Chakrabarti}}<ref name="Honnavar et al. 2016"/>
*''[[Malassezia arunalokei]]'' {{small|Honnavar, Rudramurthy, G.S.Prasad & Chakrabarti}}<ref name="Honnavar et al. 2016"/>
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*''[[Malassezia vespertilionis]]'' {{small|J.M.Lorch & Vanderwolf}}<ref name="Lorch et al. 2018"/> – from [[vesper bats]] in subfamily [[Myotinae]]
*''[[Malassezia vespertilionis]]'' {{small|J.M.Lorch & Vanderwolf}}<ref name="Lorch et al. 2018"/> – from [[vesper bats]] in subfamily [[Myotinae]]
*''[[Malassezia yamatoensis]]'' {{small|Sugita, M.Takash., Tajima, Tsuboi & A.Nishikawa}}<ref name="pmid15322337"/>
*''[[Malassezia yamatoensis]]'' {{small|Sugita, M.Takash., Tajima, Tsuboi & A.Nishikawa}}<ref name="pmid15322337"/>

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== Role in human diseases ==

⚫
=== Dermatitis and dandruff ===
⚫
Identification of ''Malassezia'' on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA-based techniques. These investigations show that the ''Malassezia'' species causing most skin disease in humans, including the most common cause of [[dandruff]] and [[seborrhoeic dermatitis]], is ''M. globosa'' (though ''M. restricta'' is also involved).<ref name="pmid17460728"/> The skin rash of [[tinea versicolor]] (''pityriasis versicolor'') is also due to infection by this fungus.

⚫
As the fungus requires [[fat]] to grow,<ref name="pmid8836432" /> it is most common in areas with many [[sebaceous gland]]s: on the scalp,<ref name="cracked">{{cite news |date=2007-11-06 |title=Genetic code of dandruff cracked |no-pp=y |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm |access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref> face, and upper part of the body. When the fungus grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed, and dandruff appears with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria).

⚫
A project in 2007 has sequenced the genome of dandruff-causing ''Malassezia globosa'' and found it to have 4,285 genes.<ref name="pmid18000048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P, etal |title=Dandruff-associated ''Malassezia'' genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18730–5 |date=November 2007 |pmid=18000048 |pmc=2141845 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0706756104 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10418730X |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scientists Complete Genome Sequence Of Fungus Responsible For Dandruff, Skin Disorders|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071106101200.htm|access-date=2021-03-22|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}</ref> ''M. globosa'' uses eight different types of [[lipase]], along with three [[phospholipases]], to break down the oils on the scalp. Any of these 11 proteins would be a suitable target for dandruff medications.

⚫
The number of specimens of ''M. globosa'' on a human head can be up to ten million.<ref name="cracked" />

⚫
''M. globosa'' has been predicted to have the ability to reproduce sexually,<ref name="pmid18693563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E |title=The genus ''Malassezia'': old facts and new concepts |journal=Parassitologia |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=77–9 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18693563}}</ref> but this has not been observed.

== Research ==
''Malassezia'' is among the many [[mycobiota]] undergoing laboratory research to investigate whether it is associated with types of disease.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu X, Xia Y, He F, Zhu C, Ren W |title=Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities |journal=Microbiome |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=60 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33715629 |pmc=7958491 |doi=10.1186/s40168-021-01024-x }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=


<ref name="Baillon 1889">{{cite journal |last1=Baillon |year=1889 |first1=Henri Ernest |title=Traité de botanique médicale cryptogamique |trans-title=Treatise on cryptogamic medical botany |publisher=Octave Doin |location=Paris |language=fr |page=234 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4328778 |oclc=2139870 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.5409}}</ref>
<ref name="Baillon 1889">{{cite book |last1=Baillon |first1=H. |title=Traité de botanique médicale cryptogamique, suivi du tableau du droguier de la Faculté de médecine de Paris, par H. Baillon. Avec 370 figures dans le texte, dessins de A. Faguet |trans-title=Treatise on cryptogamic medical botany, followed by the druggist's table from the Faculty of Medicine of Paris |language=fr |date=1889 |page=234 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.5409 |oclc=2139870 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25476 }}</ref>


<ref name="Begerow et al. 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Begerow |first1=Dominik |last2=Bauer |first2=Robert |last3=Boekhout |first3=Teun |title=Phylogenetic placements of ustilaginomycetous anamorphs as deduced from nuclear LSU rDNA sequences |journal=Mycological Research |volume=104 |issue=1 |year=2000 |doi=10.1017/s0953756299001161 |pages=53–60}}</ref>
<ref name="Begerow et al. 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Begerow |first1=Dominik |last2=Bauer |first2=Robert |last3=Boekhout |first3=Teun |title=Phylogenetic placements of ustilaginomycetous anamorphs as deduced from nuclear LSU rDNA sequences |journal=Mycological Research |volume=104 |issue=1 |year=2000 |doi=10.1017/s0953756299001161 |pages=53–60}}</ref>


<ref name="Cabañes et al., 2007">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cabañes, FJ, Theelen, B, Castella, G, Boukhout, T |title=Two new lipid-dependent ''Malassezia'' species from domestic animals |journal=FEMS Yeast Research |volume=7 |issue=6 |year=2007 |pages=1064–1076 |issn=1567-1356 | doi=10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00217.x |pmid=17367513 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Cabañes et al., 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Cabañes |first1=F. Javier |last2=Theelen |first2=Bart |last3=Castellá |first3=Gemma |last4=Boekhout |first4=Teun |title=Two new lipid-dependent Malassezia species from domestic animals |journal=FEMS Yeast Research |date=September 2007 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1064–1076 |doi=10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00217.x |pmid=17367513 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name="Cabañes et al., 2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cabañes FJ, Vega S, Castellá G|title=''Malassezia cuniculi'' sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=49 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=40–48 |doi=10.3109/13693786.2010.493562 |pmid=20560865 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Cabañes et al., 2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cabañes FJ, Vega S, Castellá G|title=''Malassezia cuniculi'' sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=49 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=40–48 |doi=10.3109/13693786.2010.493562 |pmid=20560865 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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<ref name="Cabañes et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Cabañes |first1=F.J. |last2=Coutinho |first2=S.D.A. |last3=Puig |first3=L. |last4=Bragulat |first4=M.R. |last5=Castellá |first5=G. |year=2016 |title=New lipid-dependent ''Malassezia'' species from parrots |journal=Revista Iberoamericana de Micología |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=92–99 |doi=10.1016/j.riam.2016.03.003 |pmid=27184440}}</ref>
<ref name="Cabañes et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Cabañes |first1=F.J. |last2=Coutinho |first2=S.D.A. |last3=Puig |first3=L. |last4=Bragulat |first4=M.R. |last5=Castellá |first5=G. |year=2016 |title=New lipid-dependent ''Malassezia'' species from parrots |journal=Revista Iberoamericana de Micología |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=92–99 |doi=10.1016/j.riam.2016.03.003 |pmid=27184440}}</ref>


<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum">{{cite web |title=Malassezia |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5KG9 |author=[[Species Fungorum]] |work=[[Catalog of Life]] |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum">{{cite web |title=Malassezia |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5KG9 |author=[[Species Fungorum]] |work=[[Catalog of Life]] |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103143931/https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5KG9 |url-status=live }}</ref>


<ref name="Denchev & Moore 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Denchev |first1=C.M. |last2=Moore |first2=R.T. |year=2009 |title=Validation of Malasseziaceae and Ceraceosoraceae (Exobasidiomycetes) |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=110 |pages=379–382 |doi=10.5248/110.379 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233626547}}</ref>
<ref name="Dawson 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Thomas L. |title=Malassezia: The Forbidden Kingdom Opens |journal=Cell Host Microbe |volume=25 |issue=3 |year=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.010 |pages=345–347 |pmid=30870616 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name="Denchev & Denchev 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Denchev |first1=C.M. |last2=Denchev |first2=T.T. |year=2014 |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |volume=145 |page=1 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.145.pdf |issn=2049-2375}}</ref>
<ref name="Denchev & Moore 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Denchev |first1=C.M. |last2=Moore |first2=R.T. |year=2009 |title=Validation of Malasseziaceae and Ceraceosoraceae (Exobasidiomycetes) |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=110 |pages=379–382 |doi=10.5248/110.379 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233626547|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Denchev & Denchev 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Denchev |first1=C.M. |last2=Denchev |first2=T.T. |year=2014 |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |volume=145 |page=1 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.145.pdf |access-date=2021-12-06 |archive-date=2015-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206175518/http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.145.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


<ref name="Guého et al. 1996">{{cite journal |last1=Guého |first1=E. |last2=Midgley |first2=G. |last3=Guillot |first3=J. |year=1996 |title=The genus ''Malassezia'' with description of four new species |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=337–355|doi=10.1007/BF00399623 |pmid=8836432 |s2cid=31791799 }}</ref>
<ref name="Guého et al. 1996">{{cite journal |last1=Guého |first1=E. |last2=Midgley |first2=G. |last3=Guillot |first3=J. |year=1996 |title=The genus ''Malassezia'' with description of four new species |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=337–355|doi=10.1007/BF00399623 |pmid=8836432 |s2cid=31791799 }}</ref>


<ref name="Honnavar et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Honnavar |first1=P. |last2=Prasad |first2=G.S. |last3=Ghosh |first3=A. |last4=Dogra |first4=S. |last5=Handa |first5=S. |last6=Rudramurthy |first6=S.M. |year=2016 |title=''Malassezia arunalokei'' sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from seborrhoeic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals from India |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=1826–1834 |pmid=27147721 |pmc=4922115 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00683-16}}</ref>
<ref name="Honnavar et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Honnavar |first1=P. |last2=Prasad |first2=G.S. |last3=Ghosh |first3=A. |last4=Dogra |first4=S. |last5=Handa |first5=S. |last6=Rudramurthy |first6=S.M. |year=2016 |title=''Malassezia arunalokei'' sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from seborrhoeic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals from India |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=1826–1834 |pmid=27147721 |pmc=4922115 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00683-16}}</ref>

<ref name="Larone 2011">{{cite book |last1=Larone |first1=Davise Honig |title=Medically Important Fungi |edition=5th |publisher=ASM press |publication-place=Washington (D.C.) |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-55581-660-5 |page=146}}</ref>


<ref name="Lorch et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Lorch |first1=J.M. |last2=Palmer |first2=J.M. |last3=Vanderwolf |first3=K.J. |last4=Schmidt |first4=K.Z. |last5=Verant |first5=M.L. |last6=Weller |first6=T.J. |last7=Blehert |first7=D.S. |title=''Malassezia vespertilionis'' sp. nov.: a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats |journal=Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi |volume=41 |issue=1 |year=2018 |pages=56–70 |doi=10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04 |pmid=30728599 |pmc=6344816 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Lorch et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Lorch |first1=J.M. |last2=Palmer |first2=J.M. |last3=Vanderwolf |first3=K.J. |last4=Schmidt |first4=K.Z. |last5=Verant |first5=M.L. |last6=Weller |first6=T.J. |last7=Blehert |first7=D.S. |title=''Malassezia vespertilionis'' sp. nov.: a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats |journal=Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi |volume=41 |issue=1 |year=2018 |pages=56–70 |doi=10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04 |pmid=30728599 |pmc=6344816 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name="Maecke 1941">{{cite journal |last1=Maecke |first1=Margarita |year=1941 |title=Descripción de una nueva especie de ''Malassezia'': ''Malassezia ochoterenai'', agente causal de Pytiriasis (Tinea) vesicolor y posición sistemática del género ''Malassezia'' |journal=Anales del Instituto de Biología |volume=12 |pages=511–546 |language=es}}</ref>
<ref name="Maecke 1941">{{cite journal |last1=Maecke |first1=Margarita |year=1941 |title=Descripción de una nueva especie de ''Malassezia'': ''Malassezia ochoterenai'', agente causal de Pytiriasis (Tinea) vesicolor y posición sistemática del género ''Malassezia'' |journal=Anales del Instituto de Biología |volume=12 |pages=511–546 |language=es}}</ref>

<ref name="Malassez 1874">{{cite journal |last1=Malassez |first1=L. |year=1874 |title=Note sur le champignon du pityriasis simple |trans-title=Note on the fungus of simple pityriasis |journal=Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry |volume=2 |pages=451–464 |language=fr}}</ref>


<ref name="Moore 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=R.T. |year=1980 |title=Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts |journal=Botanica Marina |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=361–373}}</ref>
<ref name="Moore 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=R.T. |year=1980 |title=Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts |journal=Botanica Marina |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=361–373}}</ref>
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<ref name="pmid11923357">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, etal |title=New Yeast Species, ''Malassezia dermatis'', Isolated from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=40|issue=4 |pages=1363–7 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11923357 |pmc=140359 |doi= 10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid11923357">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, etal |title=New Yeast Species, ''Malassezia dermatis'', Isolated from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=40|issue=4 |pages=1363–7 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11923357 |pmc=140359 |doi= 10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002}}</ref>


<ref name="pmid17845623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL |title=''Malassezia slooffiae''-associated dermatitis in a goat |journal=Veterinary Dermatology |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=348–52 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17845623 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x }}</ref>
<ref name="pmid17845623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL |title=''Malassezia slooffiae''-associated dermatitis in a goat |journal=Veterinary Dermatology |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=348–52 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17845623 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name="pmid30728599">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lorch JM, Palmer JM, Vanderwolf KJ, etal |title=''Malassezia vespertilionis'' sp. nov. :a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats |journal=Persoonia |volume= 41 |pages=56–70 |year=2018 |pmid=30728599 |pmc=6344816 |doi=10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/654583 }}</ref>
<ref name="pmid30728599">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lorch JM, Palmer JM, Vanderwolf KJ, etal |title=''Malassezia vespertilionis'' sp. nov. :a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats |journal=Persoonia |volume=41 |pages=56–70 |year=2018 |pmid=30728599 |pmc=6344816 |doi=10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/654583 |access-date=2019-09-18 |archive-date=2018-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719223740/http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/654583 |url-status=live }}</ref>


<ref name="pmid9722730">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A |title=Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by ''Malassezia sympodialis''?|journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=134 |issue=8 |pages=995–8 |date=August 1998 |pmid=9722730 |doi= 10.1001/archderm.134.8.995|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="pmid9722730">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A |title=Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by ''Malassezia sympodialis''?|journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=134 |issue=8 |pages=995–8 |date=August 1998 |pmid=9722730 |doi= 10.1001/archderm.134.8.995|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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<ref name="pmid15322337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M, etal |title=A new yeast, ''Malassezia yamatoensis'', isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects |journal=Microbiol. Immunol. |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=579–83 |year=2004 |pmid=15322337 |doi= 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03554.x|s2cid=34281815 }}</ref>
<ref name="pmid15322337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M, etal |title=A new yeast, ''Malassezia yamatoensis'', isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects |journal=Microbiol. Immunol. |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=579–83 |year=2004 |pmid=15322337 |doi= 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03554.x|s2cid=34281815 }}</ref>


<ref name="Sabouraud 1904">{{cite book |last1= Sabouraud |first1=R. |year=1904 |title=Maladies du cuir chevelu: II. Les maladies desquamatives |trans-title=Scalp conditions: II. Desquamative disorders |location=Paris |publisher=Masson et Cie |page=646 |language=fr |url=https://archive.org/details/willan-71517/page/646/mode/2up}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Malassezia'' Baill., Traité Bot. Méd. Crypt.: 234 (1889) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=8831 |publisher=[[Species Fungorum]] |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Malassezia'' Baill., Traité Bot. Méd. Crypt.: 234 (1889) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=8831 |publisher=[[Species Fungorum]] |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716082919/http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=8831 |url-status=live }}</ref>


<ref name=Sugita>{{cite journal|last=Sugita|first=Takashi |author2=Masako Takashima |author3=Minako Kodama |author4=Ryoji Tsuboi |author5=Akemi Nishikawa|title=Description of a New Yeast Species, ''Malassezia japonica'', and Its Detection in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects|journal=J. Clin. Microbiol.|date=October 2003|volume=41|issue=10|pages=4695–4699|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.10.4695-4699.2003|pmid=14532205 |pmc=254348}}</ref>
<ref name=Sugita>{{cite journal|last=Sugita|first=Takashi |author2=Masako Takashima |author3=Minako Kodama |author4=Ryoji Tsuboi |author5=Akemi Nishikawa|title=Description of a New Yeast Species, ''Malassezia japonica'', and Its Detection in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects|journal=J. Clin. Microbiol.|date=October 2003|volume=41|issue=10|pages=4695–4699|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.10.4695-4699.2003|pmid=14532205 |pmc=254348}}</ref>


<ref name="Theelen et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Theelen |first1=Bart |last2=Cafarchia |first2=Claudia |last3=Gaitanis |first3=Georgios |last4=Bassukas |first4=Ioannis Dimitrios |last5=Boekhout |first5=Teun |last6=Dawson |first6=Thomas L. |title=''Malassezia'' ecology, pathophysiology, and treatment |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=56 |issue=suppl 1 |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/mmy/myx134 |pages=S10–S25 |pmid=29538738|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Theelen et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Theelen |first1=Bart |last2=Cafarchia |first2=Claudia |last3=Gaitanis |first3=Georgios |last4=Bassukas |first4=Ioannis Dimitrios |last5=Boekhout |first5=Teun |last6=Dawson |first6=Thomas L. |title=''Malassezia'' ecology, pathophysiology, and treatment |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=56 |issue=suppl 1 |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/mmy/myx134 |pages=S10–S25 |pmid=29538738|doi-access=free |hdl=11586/215288 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name="White et al. 2006">{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=S.D. |last2=Vandenabeele |first2=S.I.J. |last3=Drazenovich |first3=N.L. |last4=Foley |first4=J.E. |title=''Malassezia'' species isolated from the intermammary and preputial fossa areas of horses |journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |volume=20 |issue=2 |year=2006 |pages=395–398 |doi=10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[395:MSIFTI]2.0.CO;2|pmid=16594600 }}</ref>
<ref name="White et al. 2006">{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=S.D. |last2=Vandenabeele |first2=S.I.J. |last3=Drazenovich |first3=N.L. |last4=Foley |first4=J.E. |title=''Malassezia'' Species Isolated from the Intermammary and Preputial Fossa Areas of Horses |journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |date=March 2006 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=395–398 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02874.x |pmid=16594600 }}</ref>


<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


}}
}}
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[[Category:Taxa described in 1889]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1889]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Henri Ernest Baillon]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Henri Ernest Baillon]]
[[Category:Basidiomycota genera]]

Latest revision as of 20:42, 11 November 2024

Malassezia
Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Subdivision: Ustilaginomycotina
Class: Malasseziomycetes
Denchev & T.Denchev (2014)
Order: Malasseziales
R.T.Moore (1980)
Family: Malasseziaceae
Denchev & R.T.Moore (2009)
Genus: Malassezia
Baill. (1889)[1]
Type species
Malassezia furfur
(C.P.Robin) Baill. (1889)
Synonyms[2]

Malassezia is a genus of fungi (specifically, a yeast).

Some species of Malassezia are found on the skin of animals, including humans. Because malassezia requires fat to grow,[3] it is most common in areas with many sebaceous glands—on the scalp,[4] face, and upper part of the body.

Role in human diseases

[edit]

Malassezia infections of human skin can cause or aggravate a variety of conditions, including dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and acne.[5]

Dermatitis and dandruff

[edit]

When Malassezia grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed, and dandruff can appear with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria).

Identification of Malassezia on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA-based techniques. These investigations show that the M. globosa is the species that causes most skin disease in humans, and that it is the most common cause of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis (though M. restricta is also involved).[6]

There can be as many as ten million M. globosa organisms on a human head.[4]

A project in 2007 sequenced the genome of dandruff-causing Malassezia globosa and found it to have 4,285 genes.[7][8] M. globosa uses eight different types of lipase, along with three phospholipases, to break down the oils on the scalp. Any of these 11 proteins would be a suitable target for dandruff medications.

Prescription and over-the-counter shampoos containing ketoconazole are commonly used to treat dandruff caused by Malassezia.

M. globosa has been predicted to have the ability to reproduce sexually,[9] but this has not been observed.

Skin pigmentation disorders

[edit]

In occasional opportunistic infections of the trunk and other locations on humans, some species of Malassezia can cause hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation. Allergy tests for these fungi are available.

The skin rash of tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is also caused by an infection of this fungus.[10]

Cancer

[edit]

Translocation of Malassezia species from the intestines into pancreatic neoplasms has been associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and the fungi may promote tumor progression through activation of host complement.[11][12]

Crohn's and inflammatory bowel disease

[edit]

M. restricta, which is normally found in the skin, is linked to disorders like Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease when found in the gut. This is especially true for organism with the N12 CARD9 allele, which provokes a stronger inflammatory response.[13]

Malassezia folliculitis

[edit]
A 25-year-old man with pityrosporum folliculitis and electron micrograph of his skin, showing Malassezia spores.[14]

Malassezia folliculitis (also called pityrosporum folliculitis),[15] is caused by infection with Malassezia.[16]

Systematics

[edit]

Malassezia is the sole genus in family Malasseziaceae, which is the only family in order Malasseziales, itself the single member of class Malasseziomycetes.[17]

Due to progressive changes in their nomenclature, some confusion exists about the naming and classification of Malassezia yeast species. Work on these yeasts has been complicated because they require specific growth media and sometimes grow very slowly in laboratory culture.[18]

Malassezia was originally identified by the French scientist Louis-Charles Malassez in the late nineteenth century;[19] he associated it with the condition seborrhoeic dermatitis.[20] Raymond Sabouraud identified a dandruff-causing organism in 1904 and called it Pityrosporum Malassezii,[21] honoring Malassez, but at the species level as opposed to the genus level. When it was determined that the organisms were the same, the term "Malassezia" was judged to possess priority.[22]

In the mid-twentieth century, it was reclassified into two species:

  • Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale, which is lipid-dependent and found only on humans. P. ovale was later divided into two species, P. ovale and P. orbiculare, but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus, with M. furfur the preferred name.[23]
  • Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis, which is lipophilic but not lipid-dependent. It is found on the skin of most animals.

Malassezia is the sole genus in the family Malasseziaceae, which was validated by Cvetomir Denchev and Royall T. Moore in 2009.[24] The order Malasseziales had been previously proposed by Moore in 1980,[25] and later emended by Begerow and colleagues in 2000. At this time the order was classified as a member of unknown class placement in the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina.[26] In 2014, Cvetomir and Teodor Denchev circumscribed the class Malasseziomycetes to contain the group.[27]

Description

[edit]

Malassezia grows rapidly, typically maturing within 5 days when incubated at temperatures ranging from 30–35 °C (86–95 °F). Growth is slower at 25 °C (77 °F), and certain species struggle at 37 °C (99 °F). These organisms can proliferate on media infused with cycloheximide. An essential factor for the growth of Malassezia is the presence of long-chain fatty acids, with M. pachydermatis being an exception. The most conventional cultivation method involves overlaying solid media with a layer of olive oil. However, for nurturing some clinically relevant species, such as the challenging-to-cultivate M. restricta, more intricate culture media may be required. For the most efficient recovery of Malassezia, it has been recommended to collect blood through a lipid infusion catheter and subsequently use lysis-centrifugation—a recommendation backed by multiple comparative studies.[28]

The yeast-like cells of Malassezia, measuring between 1.5–4.5 μm by 3–7 μm, are characterised as phialides featuring tiny collarettes (a small, collar-like flange or lip at the mouth of a phialide from which spores or conidia are produced and released). These collarettes are challenging to identify using standard light microscopes. A defining characteristic of cells from this genus is their morphology: one end is round, while the other has a distinctly blunt termination. This latter end is where singular, broad-based bud-like structures emerge, although in certain species, these structures might be narrower. To effectively visualise the organism's shape, a staining technique involving safranin is recommended, followed by observation under oil immersion. Furthermore, Calcofluor-white staining provides an enhanced clarity of the cell wall and its unique contour. While Malassezia typically lacks hyphal elements, rudimentary forms can sporadically be present.[28]

Species

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The Index Fungorum lists 22 species of Malassezia.[29] The following list gives the name, the taxonomic authority (those who first described the fungus, or who transferred it into Malassezia from another genus; standardized author abbreviations are used), and the name of the organism from which the fungus was isolated, if not human.

In the mid-1990s, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, discovered additional species.[3]

References

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Further reading

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malassezia&oldid=1256839484"