John Armfield: Difference between revisions
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| occupation = Slave trader |
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'''John Armfield''' ( |
'''John Armfield''' (1797–1871) was an American [[slave trader]]. He was the co-founder of [[Franklin & Armfield]], "the largest slave trading firm" in the United States.<ref name="thetroubledlegacy"/> He was also the developer of [[Beersheba Springs]], [[Tennessee]], and a co-founder of [[Sewanee: The University of the South]]. |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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==Career== |
==Career== |
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{{Main|Franklin and Armfield Office}} |
{{Main|Franklin and Armfield Office}} |
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Armfield took up slave trading in the 1820s, more than a decade after the Atlantic slave trade had been prohibited by the United States. The domestic slave trade had been growing rapidly. Armfield sold a slave in [[Natchez, Mississippi]], in 1827.<ref name="howelljohnarmfield"/> |
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| ⚫ | In 1828, Armfield and his uncle by marriage, [[Isaac Franklin]], formed the partnership of Franklin & Armfield to buy slaves in the Upper South: the mid-Atlantic states (Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia), where agriculture was changing and many planters had surplus slaves, and sell them in the newly opened territories of the [[Deep South]].<ref name="thetroubledlegacy">{{cite journal|last1=Gudmestad|first1=Robert H.|title=The Troubled Legacy of Isaac Franklin: The Enterprise of Slave Trading|journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly|date=Fall 2003|volume=62|issue=3|pages=193–217|jstor=42627764}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Armfield settled [[Gruetli-Laager, Tennessee|Gruetli]], a Swiss settlement in [[Grundy County, Tennessee]].<ref name="tennesseanthelatecolonel">{{cite news|title=The Late Colonel John Armfield.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/121802509/?terms=%22John%2BArmfield%22|access-date=November 3, 2017|work=The Tennessean|date=October 13, 1871|page=3|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|url-access=registration }}</ref> In 1855, he |
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In this period, many whites were moving into the Southeast and the federal government began [[Indian Removal]]. The cotton gin had made short-staple cotton profitable and there was strong demand for enslaved African Americans in the domestic slave trade as workers for clearing and development of new plantations throughout this territory. |
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They were enormously successful and became two of the wealthiest men in the country. Franklin and Armfield were abusive to enslaved African Americans, joking with each other in letters in coded language about the young enslaved women they were raping.<ref name=wapo>{{cite news |
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|first=Hannah |
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|last=Natanson |
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|title= They were once America's cruelest, richest slave traders. Why does no one know their names?|newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |
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|date= 14 Sep 2019 |
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|url= https://beta.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/09/14/they-were-once-americas-cruelest-richest-slave-traders-why-does-no-one-know-their-names/ |
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|access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> Having gained enormous wealth, the two men dissolved the partnership in 1835 and sold the business to one of their agents, [[George Kephart]]. |
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Armfield retired to [[Middle Tennessee]] in 1835.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Franklin had also bought plantations in that area, establishing [[Isaac Franklin Plantation|Fairvue Plantation]] in [[Gallatin, Tennessee]], and additional lands in Louisiana and Texas. |
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| ⚫ | Armfield settled [[Gruetli-Laager, Tennessee|Gruetli]], a Swiss settlement in [[Grundy County, Tennessee]].<ref name="tennesseanthelatecolonel">{{cite news|title=The Late Colonel John Armfield.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/121802509/?terms=%22John%2BArmfield%22|access-date=November 3, 2017|work=The Tennessean|date=October 13, 1871|page=3|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|url-access=registration }}</ref> In 1855, he developed the resort of [[Beersheba Springs]] in [[Grundy County, Tennessee]], which attracted wealthy patrons. It still is operating.<ref name="tennesseanthelatecolonel"/> Additionally, he was the biggest single donor involved in the founding of [[Sewanee: The University of the South]].<ref name="howelljohnarmfield"/><ref name="tennesseanthelatecolonel"/> |
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==Personal life and death== |
==Personal life and death== |
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Armfield married Martha Franklin, Isaac Franklin's niece |
In 1831 Armfield married Martha Franklin, Isaac Franklin's niece.<ref name="howelljohnarmfield"/> Armfield joined the Episcopal Church, and his wife converted from the Presbyterian faith and became an Episcopalian for him.<ref name="howelljohnarmfield"/> The family attended [[Christ Church Cathedral (Nashville, Tennessee)|Christ Church Cathedral]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], as did Bishop [[Leonidas Polk]], with whom Armfield was a close friend.<ref name="howelljohnarmfield"/> Another of Armfield's close friends was [[John M. Bass]], mayor of Nashville.<ref name="howelljohnarmfield"/> |
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Armfield died of old age on September 20, 1871 in Beersheba Springs.<ref name="tennesseanthelatecolonel"/> |
Armfield died of old age on September 20, 1871, in Beersheba Springs.<ref name="tennesseanthelatecolonel"/> |
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Armfield and his wife had no children. He fathered at least one child with an enslaved Black woman; he sold both her and the child. Rodney G. Williams has established his descent by [[DNA testing]].<ref>{{cite book |
Armfield and his wife had no children. He is known to have fathered at least one child with an enslaved Black woman; he sold both her and the child. Rodney G. Williams, who is African American, has established his descent from Armfield by [[DNA testing]].<ref>{{cite book |
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|title=Slavery's Descendants: Shared Legacies of Race and Reconciliation |
|title=Slavery's Descendants: Shared Legacies of Race and Reconciliation |
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|editor-first=Jill |
|editor-first=Jill |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[ |
*[[Slave trade in the United States]] |
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*[[List of American slave traders]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Slavery in Virginia}} |
{{Slavery in Virginia}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Armfield, John}} |
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[[Category:1871 deaths]] |
[[Category:1871 deaths]] |
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[[Category:American people of English descent]] |
[[Category:American people of English descent]] |
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[[Category:American slave traders]] |
[[Category:19th-century American slave traders]] |
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[[Category:People from North Carolina]] |
[[Category:People from North Carolina]] |
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[[Category:People from Grundy County, Tennessee]] |
[[Category:People from Grundy County, Tennessee]] |
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[[Category:Sewanee: The University of the South people]] |
[[Category:Sewanee: The University of the South people]] |
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[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]] |
[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]] |
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[[Category:American slave owners]] |
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[[Category:Franklin & Armfield]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:34, 12 November 2024
John Armfield | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1797 North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | September 20, 1871 (aged 73–74) |
| Occupation | Slave trader |
| Spouse |
Martha Franklin (m. 1831) |
John Armfield (1797–1871) was an American slave trader. He was the co-founder of Franklin & Armfield, "the largest slave trading firm" in the United States.[1] He was also the developer of Beersheba Springs, Tennessee, and a co-founder of Sewanee: The University of the South.
Early life
[edit]John Armfield was born in 1797 in North Carolina to Quaker parents.[2] He was of English descent.[2]
Career
[edit]Armfield took up slave trading in the 1820s, more than a decade after the Atlantic slave trade had been prohibited by the United States. The domestic slave trade had been growing rapidly. Armfield sold a slave in Natchez, Mississippi, in 1827.[2]
In 1828, Armfield and his uncle by marriage, Isaac Franklin, formed the partnership of Franklin & Armfield to buy slaves in the Upper South: the mid-Atlantic states (Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia), where agriculture was changing and many planters had surplus slaves, and sell them in the newly opened territories of the Deep South.[1]
In this period, many whites were moving into the Southeast and the federal government began Indian Removal. The cotton gin had made short-staple cotton profitable and there was strong demand for enslaved African Americans in the domestic slave trade as workers for clearing and development of new plantations throughout this territory.
They were enormously successful and became two of the wealthiest men in the country. Franklin and Armfield were abusive to enslaved African Americans, joking with each other in letters in coded language about the young enslaved women they were raping.[3] Having gained enormous wealth, the two men dissolved the partnership in 1835 and sold the business to one of their agents, George Kephart.
Armfield retired to Middle Tennessee in 1835.[citation needed] Franklin had also bought plantations in that area, establishing Fairvue Plantation in Gallatin, Tennessee, and additional lands in Louisiana and Texas.
Armfield settled Gruetli, a Swiss settlement in Grundy County, Tennessee.[4] In 1855, he developed the resort of Beersheba Springs in Grundy County, Tennessee, which attracted wealthy patrons. It still is operating.[4] Additionally, he was the biggest single donor involved in the founding of Sewanee: The University of the South.[2][4]
Personal life and death
[edit]In 1831 Armfield married Martha Franklin, Isaac Franklin's niece.[2] Armfield joined the Episcopal Church, and his wife converted from the Presbyterian faith and became an Episcopalian for him.[2] The family attended Christ Church Cathedral in Nashville, Tennessee, as did Bishop Leonidas Polk, with whom Armfield was a close friend.[2] Another of Armfield's close friends was John M. Bass, mayor of Nashville.[2]
Armfield died of old age on September 20, 1871, in Beersheba Springs.[4]
Armfield and his wife had no children. He is known to have fathered at least one child with an enslaved Black woman; he sold both her and the child. Rodney G. Williams, who is African American, has established his descent from Armfield by DNA testing.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Gudmestad, Robert H. (Fall 2003). "The Troubled Legacy of Isaac Franklin: The Enterprise of Slave Trading". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 62 (3): 193–217. JSTOR 42627764.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Howell, Isabel (March 1943). "John Armfield, Slave-trader". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 2 (1): 3–29. JSTOR 42620772.
- ^ Natanson, Hannah (September 14, 2019). "They were once America's cruelest, richest slave traders. Why does no one know their names?". Washington Post. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
- ^ a b c d "The Late Colonel John Armfield". The Tennessean. October 13, 1871. p. 3. Retrieved November 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Williams, Rodney G. (2019). "Seed of the fancy maid". In Strauss, Jill (ed.). Slavery's Descendants: Shared Legacies of Race and Reconciliation. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-1978800762.
Further reading
[edit]- Gower, Herschel (October 8, 2017). "John Armfield". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Tennessee Historical Society.
- Ball, Edward (November 2015). "Retracing Slavery's Trail of Tears". Smithsonian.
- Natanson, Hannah (September 14, 2019). "They were once America's cruelest, richest slave traders. Why does no one know their names?". The Washington Post.
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