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Transport in India consists of transport by land, water and air. Road transport is the primary mode of transport for most Indian citizens, and India's road transport systems are among the most heavily used in the world.

India's road network is the second-largest, after the United States and one of the busiest in the world, transporting 8.225 billion passengers and over 980 million tonnes of cargo annually, as of 2015.^[1] India's rail network is the fourth largest and second busiest in the world, transporting 8.09 billion passengers and 1.20 billion tonnes of freight annually, as of 2020.^[update]^[2] Aviation in India is broadly divided into military and civil aviation which is the fastest-growing aviation market in the world (IATA data).^[3] India's waterways network, in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks, is the ninth largest waterway network in the world. Freight transport by waterways is highly under utilised in India with the total cargo moved (in tonne kilometres) by inland waterways being 0.1 percent of the total inland traffic in India.^[4] In total, about 21 percent of households have two wheelers whereas 4.70 percent of households in India have cars or vans as per the 2011 census of India.^[5]^[6] The automobile industry in India is currently growing rapidly with an annual production of over 4.6 million vehicles,^[7] with an annual growth rate of 10.5%^[5] and vehicle volume is expected to rise greatly in the future.^[8]

Traditional means of transport

Walking

Walking was a major transport form in ancient times. People used to cover long distances on foot or bull carts. For instance, Adi Sankaracharya travelled all over India from Kalady near Kochi.^[9] Walking still constitutes an important mode of transport in rural areas.^[10] In the city of Mumbai, to further improve the transit conditions for pedestrians, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, has commenced the construction of more than 50 skywalks,^[11]^[12] as part of the Mumbai Skywalk project, which is very helpful as walk enthusiasts take part in reducing traffic. The Dakshineswar Skywalk has also come up in West Bengal.

Palanquins

Palanquins, also known as palkis, were one of the luxurious methods used by the rich and noblemen for travelling and also to carry a deity (idol) of a god. Many temples have sculptures of a god being carried in palkis.^[13] Modern use of the palanquin is limited to Indian weddings, pilgrimage and carrying idols of gods.^[14]^[15]

Bullock carts

Bullock carts used to be a way of transportation in India, but it is seldom seen today due to the slow speed and advent of motorised vehicles. It is still prevalent in deep within the rural areas for the transport of goods.

Bicycles

Bicycles or cycles, have ownership rates ranging from around 30% to 75% at the state level.^[6] Along with walking, cycling accounts for 50% to 80% of the commuter trips for those in the informal sector in urban areas.^[10] However, recent developments suggest that bicycle riding is quickly becoming popular in Indian cities. In smaller Indian cities, non-motorized transport, which includes cycling, accounts for close to 50% of the total trips by the working-class population. In larger cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Delhi, non-motorized transport accounts for 35%-37% of the total trips.^[16] In recent years, government development authorities all over India encourages the setup and use of separate bicycle lanes alongside the roads to combat pollution and ease traffic congestion.^[17]

Human-rickshaws

Human-pulled rickshaws are nowadays rarely available in various cities and villages in the country. Many local governments have proposed a ban on these rickshaws describing them as "inhuman". The Government of West Bengal proposed a ban on these rickshaws in 2005.^[18] Though a bill aiming to address this issue, termed as Calcutta Hackney Carriage Bill, was passed by the West Bengal Assembly in 2006, it has not yet been implemented.^[19] The Government of West Bengal is working on an amendment to this bill to avoid the loopholes that were exposed when the Hand-pulled Rickshaw Owners' Association filed a petition against the bill.^[19]

Cycle rickshaw

Cycle rickshaws were introduced in India in the 1940s.^[20] They are bigger than a tricycle where two people sit on an elevated seat at the back and a person pedals from the front. In the late 2000s, they were banned in several cities for causing traffic congestion.^[21]^[22]^[23] The Delhi Police recently submitted an affidavit against plying of cycle rickshaws to ease traffic congestion in the city but it was dismissed by the Delhi High Court.^[24] In addition, environmentalists have supported the retention of cycle rickshaws as a non-polluting mode of transport.^[25]

Road

As per 2024 estimates, the total road length in India is 6,700,000 km (4,200,000 mi); making the Indian road network the second largest road network in the world after the United States. At 0.66 km of highway per square kilometre of land the density of India's highway network is higher than that of the United States (0.65) and far higher than that of China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20).^[1]

India has a network of National Highways connecting all the major cities and state capitals, forming the economic backbone of the country. As of 2013, India has a total of 161,350 km (100,258 mi) of National Highways, of which 5,930 km (3,685 mi) are classified as expressways.^[26] Although India has large network of four or more lane highways of international quality standards, but without access control (entry/exit control), they are not called as expressways but simply highways.

As per the National Highways Authority of India, about 66% of freight and 82% passenger traffic is carried by the roads. The National Highways carry about 40% of total road traffic, though only about 2% of the road network is covered by these roads.^[26] Average growth of the number of vehicles has been around 10.16% per annum over recent years.^[26]

India also has many bridges and flyovers in major cities to reduce traffic congestion. Some notable projects include Bandra - Worli Sea link in Mumbai and Kathipara Cloverleaf Interchange in Chennai. India's metropolitan intra-city average traffic vehicle speed in Delhi was 25 km/h (16 mph), in Mumbai 20.7 km/h (12.9 mph), in Chennai 18.9 km/h (11.7 mph) and in Kolkata 19.2 km/h (11.9 mph), as per a study by Ola Cabs in 2017.

Under National Highways Development Project (NHDP), work is under progress to equip national highways with at least four lanes; there is also a plan to convert some stretches of these roads to six lanes.^[27] In recent years construction has commenced on a nationwide system of multi-lane highways, including the Golden Quadrilateral connecting four important metropolitan cities of India (Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai) and North-South and East-West Corridors which link the largest cities in India.

In 2000, around 40% of villages in India lacked access to all-weather roads and remained isolated during the monsoon season.^[1]^[28] To improve rural connectivity, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (Prime Minister's Rural Road Program), a project funded by the Central Government with the help of the World Bank, was launched in 2000 to build all-weather roads to connect all habitations with a population of 500 or above (250 or above for hilly areas).^[28]^[29]

Type of road	Length
Expressways	5,930 km (3,680 mi) as of 2024
National Highways	161,350 km (100,260 mi)
State Highways	186,528 km (115,903 mi)
District and rural roads	5,167,665 km (3,211,038 mi)
Total Length	6,700,000 km (4,200,000 mi) (Approx)

The Trans Harbour bridge is the longest sea bridge in India. It was inaugurated on 12 January 2024, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It connects Mumbai with Navi Mumbai. ^[30]^[31]

Bus

Mumbai's B.E.S.T. is India's oldest operating transport body

Buses are an important means of public transport in India. Due to this social significance, urban bus transport is often owned and operated by public agencies, and most state governments operate bus services through a state road transport corporation.^[32] These corporations have proven extremely useful in connecting villages and towns across the country.^[33] Alongside the public companies there are many private bus fleets: As of 2012, there were 131,800 publicly owned buses in India, but 1,544,700 buses owned by private companies.^[34]

However, the share of buses is negligible in most Indian cities as compared to personalised vehicles, and two-wheelers and cars account for more than 80 percent of the vehicle population in most large cities.^[33]

Bus rapid transit systems

Bus rapid transit systems (BRTS), exist in several cities.^[35] Buses take up over 90% of public transport in Indian cities,^[36] and serve as an important mode of transport. Services are mostly run by state government owned transport corporations.^[33] In 1990s, all government state transport corporations have introduced various facilities like low-floor buses for the disabled and air-conditioned buses to attract private car owners to help decongest roads.^[37]^[38]

In 2010, the Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System won the prestigious Sustainable Transport Award from the Transportation Research Board in Washington.^[39] Rainbow BRTS in Pune is the first BRTS system in the country. Mumbai introduced air conditioned buses in 1998.^[40] Bangalore was the first city in India to introduce Volvo B7RLE intra-city buses in India in January 2005.^[41]^[42]^[43] Bangalore is the first Indian city to have an air-conditioned bus stop, located near Cubbon Park. It was built by Airtel.^[44] The city of Chennai houses one of Asia's largest bus terminus, the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus.^[45]

Motor vehicles

Two-wheelers

Motorised two-wheeler vehicles like scooters, motorcycles and mopeds are very popular due to their fuel efficiency and ease of use in congested roads or streets. The number of two-wheelers sold is several times to that of cars. There were 47.5 million powered two-wheelers in India in 2003 compared with just 8.6 million cars.^[46]

Manufacture of motorcycles in India started when Royal Enfield began assembly in its plant in Chennai in 1948. Royal Enfield, an iconic brand name in the country, manufactures different variants of the British Bullet motorcycle which is a classic motorcycle that is still in production.^[47] Hero MotoCorp (formerly Hero Honda), Honda, Bajaj Auto, Yamaha, TVS Motors and Mahindra 2 Wheelers are the largest two-wheeler companies in terms of market-share.^[48]

Manufacture of scooters in India started when Automobile Products of India (API) set up at Mumbai and incorporated in 1949. They began assembling Innocenti-built Lambretta scooters in India.^[49] They eventually acquired a licence for the Li150 series model, of which they began full-fledged production from the early 1960s onwards.^{[citation needed]} In 1972, Scooters India Limited (SIL), a state-run enterprise based in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, bought the entire manufacturing rights of the last Innocenti Lambretta model. API has infrastructural facilities at Mumbai, Aurangabad, and Chennai, but has been non-operational since 2002. ^{[citation needed]} SIL stopped producing scooters in 1998.^{[citation needed]}

Motorcycles and scooters can be rented in many cities, Wicked Ride, Metro Bikes and many other companies are working with state governments to solve last-mile connectivity problems with mass-transit.^[50] Wearing protective headgear is mandatory for both the rider and the pillion-rider in most cities.^[51]

Automobiles

Private automobiles account for 30% of the total transport demand in urban areas of India. An average of 963 new private vehicles are registered every day in Delhi alone.^[52] The number of automobiles produced in India rose from 6.3 million in 2002–2003 to 11 million (11.2 million) in 2008–2009.^[53] There is substantial variation among cities and states in terms of dependence on private cars: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi and Kolkata have 185, 127, 157 and 140 cars per 1,000 people respectively, which is much lower compared to developed countries.^[54] This reflects different levels of urban density and varied qualities of public transport infrastructure. Nationwide, India still has a very low rate of car ownership. When comparing car ownership between BRICS developing countries, it is on a par with China,^[55] and exceeded by Brazil and Russia.^[55]

Hyundai's manufacturing plant at Sriperumbudur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Compact cars, especially hatchbacks predominate due to affordability, fuel efficiency, congestion, and lack of parking space in most cities. Chennai is known as the "Detroit of India" for its automobile industry.^[56]

Maruti, Hyundai, Mahindra and Tata Motors are the most popular brands in the order of their market share. The Ambassador once had a monopoly, but is now an icon of pre-liberalisation India, and is still used by taxi companies. The Maruti 800 launched in 1984, created the first revolution in the Indian auto sector because of its low price and high quality. It had the highest market share until 2004, when it was overtaken by other low-cost models from Maruti such as the Alto and the Wagon R, the Indica from Tata Motors and the Santro from Hyundai. Over the 20 years since its introduction, about 2.4 million Maruti 800s have been sold.^[57] However, with the launch of the Tata Nano, the least expensive production car in the world, the Maruti 800 lost its popularity.^[58]^{[citation needed]} India is also known for a variety of indigenous vehicles made in villages out of simple motors and vehicle spare parts. A few of these innovations are the jugaad, maruta, chhakda, and the peter rehra.^[59]

In the city of Bangalore, Radio One and the Bangalore Traffic Police, launched a carpooling drive which has involved celebrities such as Robin Uthappa, and Rahul Dravid encouraging the public to carpool.^[60]^[61]^[62] The initiative got a good response, and by the end of May 2009, 10,000 people are said to have carpooled in the city.^[63] There have been efforts to improve the energy efficiency of transport systems in Indian cities, including by introducing performance standards for private automobiles or by banning particularly polluting older cars. The city of Kolkata, for example, passed a law in 2009/10 phasing out vehicles over 15 years old with the purpose of reducing air pollution.^[64] However, the effects were mixed. On the one hand, poorer urban residents are more likely to see public health improvements from better air quality, since they are more likely to live in polluted areas and work outdoors than richer urban residents.^[65] On the other hand, drivers of such vehicles suffered from losing their livelihoods as a result of this environmental regulation.^[66]

Utility vehicles

The first utility vehicle in India was manufactured by Mahindra. It was a copy of the original Jeep and was manufactured under licence.^[67] The vehicle was an instant hit and made Mahindra one of the top companies in India. The Indian Army and police extensively use Mahindra vehicles along with Maruti Gypsys for transporting personnel and equipment. Tata Motors, the automobile manufacturing arm of the Tata Group, launched its first utility vehicle, the Tata Sumo, in 1994.^[68]^[69] The Sumo, owing to its then-modern design, captured a 31% share of the market within two years.^[70] The Tempo Trax from Force Motors until recently was ruling the rural areas. Sports utility vehicles now form a sizeable part of the passenger vehicle market.^[71] Models from Tata, Honda, Hyundai, Toyota and other brands are available.^[72]

Taxis

Taxi in Kolkata

Taxi in Mumbai

Most of the taxicabs in Mumbai and Kolkata are either Premier Padmini or Hindustan Ambassador cars.^[73] In all other cities, taxi fleets comprise more modern cars. However, with foreign-developed app-based taxi services like Uber as well as an Indian-developed app-based taxi services like Ola coming to the fore, taxicabs now include sedans,^[74] SUVs ^[75] and even motorcycle taxis.^[76] Depending on the city/state, taxis can either be hailed or hired from taxi-stands. In cities such as Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad, taxis need to be hired over phone,^[77] whereas in cities like Kolkata and Mumbai, taxis can also be hailed on the street. According to Government of India regulations, all taxis are required to have a fare-meter installed.^[78] There are additional surcharges for luggage, late-night rides and toll taxes are to be paid by the passenger. Since year 2006, radio taxis have become increasingly popular with the public due to reasons of safety and convenience.^[79]

In cities and localities where taxis are expensive or do not charge as per the government or municipal regulated fares, people use share taxis. These are normal taxis which carry one or more passengers travelling to destinations either on one route to the final destination, or near the final destination. ^{[citation needed]} The passengers are charged according to the number of people with different destinations. ^{[citation needed]} The city of Mumbai will soon be the first city in India to have an "in-taxi" magazine, titled MumBaee, which will be issued to taxis which are part of the Mumbai Taximen's Union. The magazine debuted on 13 July 2009.^[80] In Kolkata, there are many no refusal taxis available with white and blue in colour.^[81]

Auto

An auto is a three-wheeler vehicle for hire that does not have doors and is generally characterised by a small cabin for the driver in the front and a seat for passengers in the rear.^[82] Generally it is painted in yellow, green or black and has a black, yellow or green canopy on the top, but designs vary considerably from place to place. The colour of the auto rickshaw is also determined by the fuel that it is powered by, for example Agartala, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Pune and Delhi have green or black autos indicating the use of compressed natural gas, whereas the autos of Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad have green autos indicating the use of LPG.^{[citation needed]}

In Mumbai and other metropolitan cities, 'autos' or 'rickshaws', as they are popularly known, usually have regulated metered fares. A recent law prohibits auto rickshaw drivers from charging more than the specified fare, or charging night-fare before midnight, and also prohibits the driver from refusing to go to a particular location. Mumbai and Kolkata are also the only two cities, which prohibit auto rickshaws from entering a certain part of the city, in these cases being South Mumbai and certain parts of Downtown Kolkata.^[83] However, in cities like Chennai and other areas, some autorickshaw drivers demand more than the specified fare and refuse to use the fare meter.^[84]

Airports and railway stations at many cities such as Howrah, Chennai and Bengaluru provide a facility of prepaid auto booths, which requires a fixed payment, with a base fare of Rs. 30 and a rate of Rs.14.20 per kilometre after 1.5 kilometres of travel, set by the authorities as of May, 2022. On this basis, the fare is calculated and is to be paid by the passenger.^[85]

Electric rickshaw is a new popular means of transport, rapidly growing in number in India, due to low running and initial cost, other economic and environmental benefits, these vehicles are becoming popular in India.^[86] E-Rickshaws are made in fiberglass or metal body, powered by a BLDC Electric Motor with max power 2000W and speed 25 km/h. They are usually painted white though some E-autos use the normal color scheme as well.

Rail

Country-wide rail services in India are provided by the state-run Indian Railways (IR) under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways. IR is divided into eighteen zones including the Kolkata Metro Railway.^[87] The IR are further sub-divided into sixty seven divisions, each having a divisional headquarters.^[88]^[89]

The railway network travels across the country, covering more than 7,325 stations over a total route length of more than 68,080 km (42,300 mi) and track length of about 132,310 km (82,210 mi) as of March 2021.^[90] About 45,000 km (28,000 mi) or 71% of the route-kilometre was electrified as in March 2019.^[90]^[91] IR provides an important mode of transport in India, transporting 23.1 million passengers and 3.3 million tons of freight daily as of March 2019.^[90] IR is the world's eighth-largest employer, it had 1.227 million employees as of March 2019.^[90] As to rolling stock, IR owns over 289,185 (freight) wagons, 74,003 coaches and 12,147 locomotives as of March 2019.^[90] It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities. It operates both long distance and suburban rail systems.

The IR runs a number of special types of services which are given higher priority. The fastest train at present is the Vande Bharat Express with design speeds of up to 180 km/h, though the fastest service is Gatiman Express with an operational speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and average speed of 100 km/h (62 mph), since the Vande Bharat Express is capped at 130 km/h for safety reasons.^[92]^[93]^[94]^[95] The Rajdhani trains introduced in 1969 provides connectivity between the national capital, Delhi and capitals of the states. On the other hand, Shatabdi Express provides connectivity between centres of tourism, pilgrimage or business. The Shatabdi Express trains run over short to medium distances and do not have sleepers while the Rajdhani Expresses run over longer distances and have only sleeping accommodation. Both series of trains have a maximum permissible speed of 110 to 140 km/h (68 to 87 mph) but average speed of less than 100 km/h.^{[citation needed]}.The Duronto Express trains provide connectivity between large cities. Besides, the IR also operates a number of luxury trains which cater to various tourist circuits. For instance, the Palace on Wheels serves the Rajasthan circuit and The Golden Chariot serves the Karnataka and Goa circuits.^{[citation needed]} There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on IR, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus^[96] and the Mountain railways of India.^[97] The latter consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a 610 mm (2 ft) narrow gauge railway in Lesser Himalayas in West Bengal, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge rack railway in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu and the Kalka-Shimla Railway, a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills in Himachal Pradesh.^[97]

In the freight segment, IR ferries various commodities and fuels in industrial, consumer, and agricultural segments across the length and breadth of India. IR has historically subsidised the passenger segment with income from the freight business. As a result, freight services are unable to compete with other modes of transport on both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous erosion of market share.^[98] To counter this downward trend, IR has started new initiatives in freight segments including upgrading of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build multi-commodity multi-modal logistics terminals, changing container sizes, operating time-tabled freight trains, and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix.^[99]

In 1999, the Konkan Railway Corporation introduced the Roll on Roll off (RORO) service, a unique road-rail synergy system, on the section between Kolad in Maharashtra and Verna in Goa,^[100] which was extended up to Surathkal in Karnataka in 2004.^[101]^[102] The RORO service, the first of its kind in India, allowed trucks to be transported on flatbed trailers. It was highly popular,^[103] carrying about 110,000 trucks and bringing in about ₹ 740 million worth of earnings to the corporation until 2007.^[104]

Perhaps the game-changer for IR in the freight segment are the new dedicated freight corridors that are expected to be completed by 2020. When fully implemented, the new corridors, spanning around 3300 km, could support hauling of trains up to 1.5 km in length with 32.5-ton axle-load at speeds of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). Also, they will free-up capacity on dense passenger routes and will allow IR to run more trains at higher speeds. Additional corridors are being planned to augment the freight infrastructure in the country.

Commuter rail transport

In many Indian metropolitan regions, rail is the more efficient and affordable mode of public transport for daily commute. Examples of types of services include long-established local or suburban rail services in cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, the century-old tram service in Kolkata, the more recent metro service in Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai and Monorail feeder service in Mumbai.

Suburban rail

The Mumbai Suburban Railway was the first rail system in India, which began its services in Mumbai in 1853, transporting 6.3 million passengers daily and has the highest passenger density in the world.^[105] The Kolkata Suburban Railway was established in 1854,^[106] and the Chennai Suburban Railway in 1931.^[107] The operational suburban rail systems in India are in Mumbai Suburban Railway, Kolkata Suburban Railway, Chennai Suburban Railway, Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railway, Delhi Suburban Railway, Pune Suburban Railway, Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System, Barabanki-Lucknow Suburban Railway and Karwar railway division.^[33] Other planned systems are Bengaluru Commuter Rail, Ahmedabad Suburban Railway and Coimbatore Suburban Railway.

Mass rapid transit system

The Chennai MRTS, which began services in 1995, remains the country's first and only mass rapid transit rail. Although distinct from the Chennai Suburban Railway, the MRTS remains integrated in a wider urban rail network.^[108]

Metro

The first modern rapid transit in India is the Kolkata Metro which started its operations in 1984 as the 17th Zone of the Indian Railways.^[109] The Delhi Metro in New Delhi is India's second conventional metro and began operations in 2002. The Namma Metro in Bengaluru is India's third operational rapid transit and began operations in 2011. ^{[citation needed]}^[110]

The operational systems are Kolkata Metro, Delhi Metro, Bengaluru Metro, Gurgaon Metro, Mumbai Metro, Jaipur Metro, Chennai Metro, Kochi Metro, Lucknow Metro, Nagpur Metro, Noida Metro, Hyderabad Metro, Kanpur Metro, Ahmedabad Metro, Pune Metro, Navi Mumbai Metro, Agra Metro.^[111]

The under implementation systems are Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad, Varanasi Metro, Madurai Metro, Vijayawada Metro, Patna Metro, Meerut Metro, Guwahati Metro, Chandigarh Metro, Bhopal Metro, Kozhikode Light Metro, Indore Metro, Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro, Coimbatore Metro, Visakhapatnam Metro, Surat Metro, Jammu Metro, Srinagar Metro, Greater Gwalior Metro, Jabalpur Metro and Greater Nashik Metro. ^{[citation needed]} Currently, 34 km of rapid transit system is operational and rest is under construction or in planning in several major cities of India and will be opened shortly.

Monorail

Monorail is generally considered as feeder system for the metro trains in India. In 2004, monorail was first proposed for Kolkata. But, later the idea was put on hold due to lack of funds and infeasibility.^[112] The Mumbai Monorail, which started in 2014, is the first operational monorail network in India^[113] (excluding the Skybus Metro) since the Patiala State Monorail Trainways closed in 1927.

Other planned systems are Chennai Monorail, Kolkata Monorail, Allahabad Monorail, Bengaluru Monorail, Delhi Monorail, Indore Monorail, Kanpur Monorail, Navi Mumbai Monorail, Patna Monorail, Pune Monorail, Ahmedabad Monorail, Aizawl Monorail, Bhubaneswar Monorail, Jodhpur Monorail, Kota Monorail, Nagpur Monorail and Nashik Monorail.

Tram

In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The trams in Kolkata is currently the only tram system in the country.

International links

Rail links between India and neighbouring countries are not well-developed.Bangladesh is connected by a biweekly train, the Maitree Express that runs from Kolkata to Dhaka and a weekly train, the Bandhan Express that runs from Kolkata to Khulna. Two rail links to Nepal exist—passenger services between Jaynagar and Bijalpura, and freight services between Raxaul and Birganj.^[114]

No rail link exists with Myanmar but a railway line is to be built through from Jiribam (in Manipur) to Tamu through Imphal and Moreh.^[115] The construction of this missing link, as per the feasibility study conducted by the Ministry of External Affairs through RITES Ltd, is estimated to cost ₹29.41 billion (US$350 million).^{[citation needed]} An 18 km railway link with Bhutan is being constructed from Hashimara in West Bengal to Toribari in Bhutan. No rail link exists with either China or Sri Lanka.^[116]

High-speed rail

India does not have any railways classified as high-speed rail (HSR), which have operational speeds in excess of 200 km/h (120 mph).^[117]

Prior to the 2014 general election, the major national party (Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party) pledged to introduce high-speed rail. The INC pledged to connect "all of India's million-plus cities by high-speed rail."^[118] Later, the BJP, which won the election, promised to build the Diamond Quadrilateral project, which would connect the cities of Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai via high-speed rail.^[119] This project was approved as a priority for the new government in the incoming prime minister's speech.^[120] Construction of one kilometer of high speed railway track will cost ₹1 billion (US$12 million) – ₹1.4 billion (US$17 million), which is 10–14 times higher than the construction of standard railway.^[121] Indian government approved the choice of Japan to build India's first high-speed railway. The planned rail would run some 500 km (310 mi) between Mumbai and the western city of Ahmedabad, at a top speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).^[122]^[123] Under the proposal, construction is expected to begin in 2017 and be completed in 2023. It would cost about ₹980 billion (US$12 billion) and be financed by a low-interest loan from Japan.^[124] India will use the wheel-based 300 km/h HSR technology, instead of new maglev 600 km/h technology of Japan used in Chūō Shinkansen. India is expected to have its HSR line operational from 2025 onwards, once the safety checks are completed.

Light rail

Like monorail, light rail is also considered as a feeder system for the metro systems. The planned systems are Kolkata Light Rail Transit and Delhi Light Rail Transit.

Airways

Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the national regulatory body for the aviation industry. It is controlled by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The ministry also controls aviation related autonomous organisations like the Airports Authority of India (AAI), Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi and Public Sector Undertakings including Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.^[125]

Air India is India's national flag carrier, having merged with Indian Airlines in 2011^[126] and plays a major role in connecting India with the rest of the world.^[127] IndiGo, Air India, Vistara, Air India Express, Akasa and Spicejet are the major carriers in order of their market share.^[128] These airlines connect more than 80 cities across India and also operate overseas routes after the liberalisation of Indian aviation. Several other foreign airlines connect Indian cities with other major cities across the globe. However, a large section of country's air transport potential remains untapped, even though the Mumbai-Delhi air corridor was ranked the world's tenth busiest route by Amadeus in 2012.^[129]^[130]

Airports

While there are 346^[131] civilian airfields in India – 253 with paved runways and 93 with unpaved runways, only 132 were classified as "airports" as of November 2014.^[132] Of these, Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi is the busiest in the country.^[133]^[134]^[135] The operations of the major airports in India have been privatised over the past five years and this has resulted in better equipped and cleaner airports. The terminals have either been refurbished or expanded.

India also has 33 "ghost airports," which were built in an effort to make air travel more accessible for those in remote regions but are now non-operational due to a lack of demand. The Jaisalmer Airport in Rajasthan, for example, was completed in 2013 and was expected to host 300,000 passengers a year but has yet to see any commercial flights take off. Despite the number of non-operational airports, India is currently planning on constructing another 200 "low-cost" airports over the next 20 years.^[136]

Length of runways	Airports with paved runways^[131]	Airports with unpaved runways^[131]
3,047 m (9,997 ft) or more	21	1
2,438 to 3,047 m (7,999 to 9,997 ft)	59	3
1,524 to 2,438 m (5,000 to 7,999 ft)	76	6
914 to 1,524 m (2,999 to 5,000 ft)	82	38
Under 914 m (2,999 ft)	14	45
Total	253	93

Heliports

As of 2021, there are 45 heliports in India.^[131] India also has the world's highest helipad at the Siachen Glacier at a height of 6,400 m (21,000 ft) above mean sea level.^[137] Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited is a public sector company that provides helicopter services to ONGC to its off-shore locations, and also to various State Governments in India, particularly in North-east India.^[138]

Water

India has a coastline of 7,517 km (4,671 mi),^[139] and thus ports are the main centres of trade. India also has an extensive network of inland waterways.

Ports and shipping

In India, about 96% of the foreign trade by quantity and 70% by value takes place through the ports.^[141] Mumbai Port & JNPT(Navi Mumbai) handles 70% of maritime trade in India.^[142] There are twelve major ports: Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Chennai, Ennore, Thoothukudi, Kochi, Kolkata (including Haldia), Paradip, Visakhapatnam, New Mangaluru, Mormugao and Kandla.^[143] Other than these, there are 187 minor and intermediate ports, 43 of which handle cargo.^[143]

Maritime transportation in India is managed by the Shipping Corporation of India, a government-owned company that also manages offshore and other marine transport infrastructure in the country. It owns and operates about 35% of Indian tonnage and operates in practically all areas of shipping business servicing both national and international trades. The only Indian state with three ports is Tamil Nadu, they are Ennore, Chennai and Tuticorin.^[144]

It has a fleet of 79 ships of 2,750,000 GT (4.8 million DWT) and also manages 53 research, survey and support vessels of 120,000 GT (060,000 DWT) on behalf of various government departments and other organisations.^[145] Personnel are trained at the Maritime Training Institute in Mumbai, a branch of the World Maritime University, which was set up in 1987.^[146] The corporation also operates in Malta and Iran through joint ventures.^[145]

The distinction between major and minor ports is not based on the amount of cargo handled. The major ports are managed by port trusts which are regulated by the central government.^[147] They come under the purview of the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.^[148]^{[citation needed]} The minor ports are regulated by the respective state governments and many of these ports are private ports or captive ports.^[148]^{[citation needed]} The total amount of traffic handled at the major ports in 2005–2006 was 382.33 Mt.^[143]

Inland Waterways

India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. The total navigable length is 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi), out of which about 5,200 km (3,231 mi) of river and 485 km (301 mi) of canals can be used by mechanised crafts.^[149] Freight transport by waterways is highly underutilised in India compared to other large countries. The total cargo moved by inland waterways is just 0.15% of the total inland traffic in India, compared to the corresponding figures of 20% for Germany and 32% for Bangladesh.^[150]

Cargo that is transported in an organised manner is confined to a few waterways in Goa, West Bengal, Assam and Kerala.^[151]^{[citation needed]} The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. It does the function of building the necessary infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration and regulation.^[152]^{[citation needed]} The following waterways have been declared as National Waterways:

National Waterway 1: Prayagraj–Haldia stretch of the Ganga – Bhagirathi – Hooghly River system with a total length of 1,620 kilometres (1,010 mi) on 27 October 1986.^[153]
National Waterway 2: Saidiya–Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra River system with a total length of 891 kilometres (554 mi) in 26 Oct 1988.^[153]
National Waterway 3: Kollam–Kottappuram stretch of the West Coast Canal along with Champakara and Udyogmandal canals, with a total length of 205 kilometres (127 mi) in 1 Feb 1991.^[153]
National Waterway 4: Bhadrachalam–Rajahmundry and Wazirabad–Vijaywada stretch of the Krishna–Godavari river system along with the Kakinada–Puducherry canal network, with a total length of 1,095 km (680 mi) in 24 Nov 2008.^[154]^[155]
National Waterway 5: Mangalgadi–Paradeep and Talcher–Dhamara stretch of the Mahanadi–Brahmani river system along with the East Coast Canal, with a total length of 623 km (387 mi) in 24 Nov 2008.^[154]^[155]

Seaplane

Pipelines

Oil and gas industry in India imports 82% of its oil needs and aims to bring that down to 67% by 2022 by replacing it with local exploration, renewable energy and indigenous ethanol fuel (c. Jan 2018).^[156]

Length of pipelines for crude oil is 20,000 km (12,427 mi).
Length of Petroleum products pipeline is 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi).

Cable

Cable transport, commonly known as Ropeways in India, are mostly located in mountainous areas such as in Kashmir. Some of them are also located in amusement parks such Nicco Park and Science City in Kolkata.

Logistics

Logistics in India ranking moved up to 35th place in 2016 from 54th in 2014 on World Bank's Global Logistics Performance Index.^[157] Government strategy aims to raise the share of global trade in India's GDP (US$2.7 trillion in FY 2017–18)^[158] to 40%, including half of it (20% of GDP) from exports (c. Jan 2019).^[159] Cost of logistics in India is 14% of GDP, which is higher than the developed nations, and government reforms aim to bring it down to 10% of GDP by 2022 (c. Jan 2018).^[157] Ministry of Commerce and Industry has created a new dedicated centralised Logistics division in collaboration with Singapore and Japan to handle the logistics which was earlier handled by several different ministries, such as railways, roads, shipping and aviation.^[160] To boot exports, each state will have exports and logistic policy and Nodal officers will be appointed at district level (c. Jan 2018).^[159] There are 64 transactions and 37 government agencies in the end-to-end production-to-export process. To further improve the ranking, improve speed of logistics, ease of doing business and reduce the cost of logistics, India is creating a "common online integrated logistics e-marketplace portal" that will cover all transactions in production and export, connect buyers with logistics service providers and government agencies such as the customs department Icegate system, Port Community Systems, Sea and Air Port terminals, Shipping lines, Railways, etc. (c. Jan 2018).^[157]

As part of the US$125 billion port-led development project Sagarmala, the government will define the regulatory framework for the Indian logistics operational standards by India's 300 dry ports logistics parks (inland container depots or ICDs) to the top 10 logistics international best practices nations to boost exports, remove supply chain bottlenecks, reduce transaction costs, optimise logistics mix, set up new hub-and-spoke dry ports (c. January 2018).^[161] To reduce the logistics costs by 10% and CO₂ emissions by 12%, the government is also developing 35 new "Multimodal Logistics Parks" (MMLPs) on 36 ring roads, which will facilitate 50% of the freight moved in India. Land has been earmarked and pre-feasibility studies are underway for six of these MMLPs (c. May 2017).^[162]

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and government will organise an annual national logistics convention.^[157] Major shippers include Container Corporation of India and Transport Corporation of India, and Logistics Management magazine is one of the industry publications.

Modernisation

In 1998, the Supreme Court of India published a directive that specified the date of April 2001 as deadline to replace or convert all buses, three-wheelers and taxis in Delhi to compressed natural gas.^[163]

The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation was the first state transport undertaking in India to utilise bio-fuels and ethanol-blended fuels.^[164] KSRTC took an initiative to do research in alternative fuel forms by experimenting with various alternatives — blending diesel with biofuels such as honge, palm, sunflower, groundnut, coconut and sesame.^[165] In 2009, the corporation decided to promote the use of biofuel buses.^[166]

In 2017, the government announced that by 2030, only electric vehicles would be sold in the country.^[167] It also announced that by 2022 all trains would be electric.^[168]

In March 2020, the Government of India temporarily suspended all passenger rail, metro and bus services due to COVID-19^[169]

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@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 == Traditional means of transport==
 === Walking ===
-[[Walking]] was a major transport form in ancient times. People used to cover long distances on foot or bullock carts. For instance, [[Adi Shankara|Adi Sankaracharya]] travelled all over India from Kalady near [[Kochi]].<ref name="Sankaracharya">{{Cite book |title=Sankara-Dig-Vijaya: The Traditional Life of Sri Sankaracharya by Madhava-Vidyaranya |last=Tapasyananda |first=Swami |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7120-434-2 |location=India}}</ref> Walking still constitutes an important mode of transport in rural areas.<ref name="Tiwari">{{Cite web |url=http://www.urban-age.net/0_downloads/archive/_mumbai/Newspaper-essays_Tiwari.pdf |title=Urban Transport in Indian Cities |last=Tiwari |first=Geetam |publisher=London School of Economics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713060350/http://www.urban-age.net/0_downloads/archive/_mumbai/Newspaper-essays_Tiwari.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2010 |access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> In the city of [[Mumbai]], to further improve the transit conditions for [[pedestrians]], the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], has commenced the construction of more than 50 [[skywalk]]s,<ref name="mmrdaskywalk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/skywalk.htm |title=MMRDA&nbsp;– Projects&nbsp;– Skywalk |publisher=[[MMRDA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314125705/http://mmrdamumbai.org/skywalk.htm |archive-date=14 March 2009 |access-date=24 March 2009 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="hindubandrakurla">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2008/11/23/stories/2008112350761700.htm |title=Mumbai pedestrians can walk safe in the sky |first=S. |last=Shanker |date=23 November 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] Business Line |access-date=24 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210153810/http://thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2008/11/23/stories/2008112350761700.htm |archive-date=10 February 2009 |page=1}}</ref> as part of the [[Mumbai Skywalk]] project, which is very helpful as walk enthusiasts take part in reducing traffic. The Dakshineswar Skywalk has also come up in West Bengal.
+[[Walking]] was a major transport form in ancient times. People used to cover long distances on foot or bull carts. For instance, [[Adi Shankara|Adi Sankaracharya]] travelled all over India from Kalady near [[Kochi]].<ref name="Sankaracharya">{{Cite book |title=Sankara-Dig-Vijaya: The Traditional Life of Sri Sankaracharya by Madhava-Vidyaranya |last=Tapasyananda |first=Swami |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7120-434-2 |location=India}}</ref> Walking still constitutes an important mode of transport in rural areas.<ref name="Tiwari">{{Cite web |url=http://www.urban-age.net/0_downloads/archive/_mumbai/Newspaper-essays_Tiwari.pdf |title=Urban Transport in Indian Cities |last=Tiwari |first=Geetam |publisher=London School of Economics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713060350/http://www.urban-age.net/0_downloads/archive/_mumbai/Newspaper-essays_Tiwari.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2010 |access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> In the city of [[Mumbai]], to further improve the transit conditions for [[pedestrians]], the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], has commenced the construction of more than 50 [[skywalk]]s,<ref name="mmrdaskywalk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/skywalk.htm |title=MMRDA&nbsp;– Projects&nbsp;– Skywalk |publisher=[[MMRDA]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314125705/http://mmrdamumbai.org/skywalk.htm |archive-date=14 March 2009 |access-date=24 March 2009 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="hindubandrakurla">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2008/11/23/stories/2008112350761700.htm |title=Mumbai pedestrians can walk safe in the sky|date=23 November 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] Business Line |access-date=24 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210153810/http://thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2008/11/23/stories/2008112350761700.htm |archive-date=10 February 2009 |page=1}}</ref> as part of the [[Mumbai Skywalk]] project, which is very helpful as walk enthusiasts take part in reducing traffic. The Dakshineswar Skywalk has also come up in West Bengal.
 === Palanquins ===
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 === Bullock carts ===
 [[File:Girl on bullock cart, Umaria district, MP, India.jpg| thumb|A bullock cart]]
-Bullock carts were used to be ways of transportation in India, but it can't be seen today due to low speed and safety.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
+Bullock carts used to be a way of transportation in India, but it is seldom seen today due to the slow speed and advent of motorised vehicles. It is still prevalent in deep within the rural areas for the transport of goods.
-Many years ago, the government banned bullock carts.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
 == Bicycles ==
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 === Cycle rickshaw ===
-[[Cycle rickshaw]]s were introduced in India in the 1940s.<ref name="TED-Taj">{{Cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/taj.htm |title=The Taj Mahal: Pollution and Tourism |last=Farrell |first=Sean |publisher=Trade and Environment Database (TED)(American University) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926060455/http://www1.american.edu/TED/taj.htm |archive-date=26 September 2009 |access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref> They are bigger than a tricycle where two people sit on an elevated seat at the back and a person pedals from the front. In the late 2000s, they were banned in several cities for causing traffic congestion.<ref name="CRBanTOI">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-09/delhi/27984451_1_cycle-rickshaws-chandni-chowk-church-mission-road |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105185410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-09/delhi/27984451_1_cycle-rickshaws-chandni-chowk-church-mission-road |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2011 |title=Rickshaw ban from today |date=9 June 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="CRbanTT">{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060930/asp/guwahati/story_6811101.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927064532/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060930/asp/guwahati/story_6811101.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2011 |title=Ban on slow vehicles in select areas likely |date=30 September 2006 |work=Online edition of The Telegraph, dated 2006-09-29 |access-date=18 June 2009 |location=Calcutta, India }}</ref><ref name="Chennaiban">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/10/16/stories/2002101609010300.htm |title=Ban on fish-carts extended |website=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 2002-10-15 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306001710/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/10/16/stories/2002101609010300.htm |archive-date=6 March 2005 |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> The [[Delhi Police]] recently submitted an affidavit against plying of cycle rickshaws to ease traffic congestion in the city but it was dismissed by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/09/stories/2009120957670400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214110421/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/09/stories/2009120957670400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2009 |title=New Delhi News : Police opinion on plying of cycle-rickshaws irks Court |date=9 December 2009 |access-date=5 April 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In addition, environmentalists have supported the retention of cycle rickshaws as a non-polluting mode of transport.<ref name="CSEBulletin">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cseindia.org/campaign/apc/pdf/smog-2006-oct-3-rickshaw.pdf |title=Cycle rickshaws: Victims of car mania |publisher=[[Centre for Science and Environment]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717090721/http://www.cseindia.org/campaign/apc/pdf/smog-2006-oct-3-rickshaw.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2007 |access-date=18 June 2009}}</ref>
+[[Cycle rickshaw]]s were introduced in India in the 1940s.<ref name="TED-Taj">{{Cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/taj.htm |title=The Taj Mahal: Pollution and Tourism |last=Farrell |first=Sean |publisher=Trade and Environment Database (TED)(American University) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926060455/http://www1.american.edu/TED/taj.htm |archive-date=26 September 2009 |access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref> They are bigger than a tricycle where two people sit on an elevated seat at the back and a person pedals from the front. In the late 2000s, they were banned in several cities for causing traffic congestion.<ref name="CRBanTOI">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Rickshaw-ban-from-today/articleshow/2110773.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105185410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-09/delhi/27984451_1_cycle-rickshaws-chandni-chowk-church-mission-road |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2011 |title=Rickshaw ban from today |date=9 June 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="CRbanTT">{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060930/asp/guwahati/story_6811101.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927064532/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060930/asp/guwahati/story_6811101.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2011 |title=Ban on slow vehicles in select areas likely |date=30 September 2006 |work=Online edition of The Telegraph, dated 2006-09-29 |access-date=18 June 2009 |location=Calcutta, India }}</ref><ref name="Chennaiban">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/10/16/stories/2002101609010300.htm |title=Ban on fish-carts extended |website=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 2002-10-15 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306001710/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/10/16/stories/2002101609010300.htm |archive-date=6 March 2005 |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> The [[Delhi Police]] recently submitted an affidavit against plying of cycle rickshaws to ease traffic congestion in the city but it was dismissed by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/09/stories/2009120957670400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214110421/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/09/stories/2009120957670400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2009 |title=New Delhi News : Police opinion on plying of cycle-rickshaws irks Court |date=9 December 2009 |access-date=5 April 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In addition, environmentalists have supported the retention of cycle rickshaws as a non-polluting mode of transport.<ref name="CSEBulletin">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cseindia.org/campaign/apc/pdf/smog-2006-oct-3-rickshaw.pdf |title=Cycle rickshaws: Victims of car mania |publisher=[[Centre for Science and Environment]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717090721/http://www.cseindia.org/campaign/apc/pdf/smog-2006-oct-3-rickshaw.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2007 |access-date=18 June 2009}}</ref>
 [[File:Public buses near Howrah Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Public buses near [[Howrah Station|Howrah Railway Station]] in [[Kolkata Book Fair|Kolkata]], West Bengal]]
-[[File:Delhi–Meerut Expressway.jpg|thumb|EMp Bypass with 10 Lanes, kolkataressway with 14 lanes.]]
+[[File:Delhi–Meerut Expressway.jpg|thumb|[[Delhi–Meerut Expressway]] is India's widest expressway with 14 lanes.]]
 == Road ==
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 [[File:Mumbai India Bridge.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bandra-Worli Bridge in Mumbai]]
-As per 2017 estimates, the total road length in India is {{convert|5603293|km|mi|abbr=on}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|title=The World Factbook|date=16 November 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historytv18.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607144852/http://historytv18.com/ |archive-date=7 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> making the Indian road network [[List of countries by road network size|the second largest road network]] in the world after the United States. At 0.66&nbsp;km of highway per square kilometre of land the density of India's highway network is higher than that of the United States (0.65) and far higher than that of China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20).<ref name="wbtransport" />
+As per 2024 estimates, the total road length in India is {{convert|67,00,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}; making the Indian road network [[List of countries by road network size|the second largest road network]] in the world after the United States. At 0.66&nbsp;km of highway per square kilometre of land the density of India's highway network is higher than that of the United States (0.65) and far higher than that of China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20).<ref name="wbtransport" />
-India has a network of [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] connecting all the major cities and state capitals, forming the economic backbone of the country. As of 2013, India has a total of {{convert|66,754|km|0|abbr=on}} of National Highways, of which {{convert|1205|km|0|abbr=on}} are classified as [[Expressways in India|expressways]].<ref name="roadlengthref">{{Cite web |url=http://prakashdwivediofficial.com |title=Indian Road Network |publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162100/http://prakashdwivediofficial.com/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=31 March 2009}}</ref> Although India has large network of four or more lane highways of international quality standards, but without access control (entry/exit control), they are not called as expressways but simply highways.
+India has a network of [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] connecting all the major cities and state capitals, forming the economic backbone of the country. As of 2013, India has a total of {{convert|1,61,350|km|0|abbr=on}} of National Highways, of which {{convert|5,930|km|0|abbr=on}} are classified as [[Expressways in India|expressways]].<ref name="roadlengthref">{{Cite web |url=http://prakashdwivediofficial.com |title=Indian Road Network |publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162100/http://prakashdwivediofficial.com/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=31 March 2009}}</ref> Although India has large network of four or more lane highways of international quality standards, but without access control (entry/exit control), they are not called as expressways but simply highways.
 As per the [[National Highways Authority of India]], about 66% of freight and 82% passenger traffic is carried by the roads. The National Highways carry about 40% of total road traffic, though only about 2% of the road network is covered by these roads.<ref name="roadlengthref" /> Average growth of the number of vehicles has been around 10.16% per annum over recent years.<ref name="roadlengthref" />
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 |- align=center
 | [[Expressways in India|Expressways]]
-| {{convert|4027.719|km|mi|abbr=on}} as of 2023
+| {{convert|5,930|km|mi|abbr=on}} as of 2024
 |- align=center
 | [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]]
-| {{convert|151019|km|mi|abbr=on}}
+| {{convert|1,61,350|km|mi|abbr=on}}
 |- align=center
 | [[State highways in India|State Highways]]
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 |- align=center
 ! Total Length
-! {{convert|6215797|km|mi|abbr=on}} (Approx)
+! {{convert|67,00,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} (Approx)
 |}
-The Trans Harbour bridge is the longest bridge in India. It was inaugrated on 12 January 2024, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It connects Mumbai with Navi Mumbai. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-photos-videos-cost-mthl-traffic-rules-mumbai-police-2487221-2024-01-11 | title=Speed limit 100 km/Hr, no bikes and autos: All about India's longest sea bridge | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112071751/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-photos-videos-cost-mthl-traffic-rules-mumbai-police-2487221-2024-01-11 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-setu-indias-longest-bridge-news-pm-modi-inaugurate-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mthl-today-11705023137497.html | title=Atal Setu news: PM Modi to inaugurate Mumbai Trans Harbour Link today | date=12 January 2024 | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112071719/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-setu-indias-longest-bridge-news-pm-modi-inaugurate-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mthl-today-11705023137497.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
+The Trans Harbour bridge is the longest sea bridge in India. It was inaugurated on 12 January 2024, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It connects Mumbai with Navi Mumbai. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-photos-videos-cost-mthl-traffic-rules-mumbai-police-2487221-2024-01-11 | title=Speed limit 100 km/Hr, no bikes and autos: All about India's longest sea bridge | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112071751/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-photos-videos-cost-mthl-traffic-rules-mumbai-police-2487221-2024-01-11 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-setu-indias-longest-bridge-news-pm-modi-inaugurate-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mthl-today-11705023137497.html | title=Atal Setu news: PM Modi to inaugurate Mumbai Trans Harbour Link today | date=12 January 2024 | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112071719/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-setu-indias-longest-bridge-news-pm-modi-inaugurate-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mthl-today-11705023137497.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Bus ===
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 [[Compact car]]s, especially [[hatchback]]s predominate due to affordability, fuel efficiency, congestion, and lack of parking space in most cities. [[Chennai]] is known as the "Detroit of India" for its automobile industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/why-chennai-turned-into-detroit-of-india/1233254 |title=Why Chennai turned into 'Detroit of India' |first=Car |last=Dekho |website=The Financial Express |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113081659/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/why-chennai-turned-into-detroit-of-india/1233254 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-[[Maruti Udyog|Maruti]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] and [[Tata Motors]] are the most popular brands in the order of their market share. The [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] once had a monopoly, but is now an icon of pre-[[Economic history of India|liberalisation]] India, and is still used by taxi companies. The [[Maruti 800]] launched in 1984, created the first revolution in the Indian auto sector because of its low price and high quality. It had the highest market share until 2004, when it was overtaken by other low-cost models from Maruti such as the Alto and the Wagon R, the Indica from [[Tata Motors]] and the Santro from [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]. Over the 20 years since its introduction, about 2.4&nbsp;million Maruti 800s have been sold.<ref name="m800salestats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2005/02/13/stories/2005021300431500.htm |title=New face to good old Maruti 800 |first=S. |last=Muralidhar |date=13 February 2005 |website=[[Business Line]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219014552/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2005/02/13/stories/2005021300431500.htm |archive-date=19 December 2008 |access-date=13 April 2009}}</ref> However, with the launch of the [[Tata Nano]], the least expensive [[production car]] in the world, the Maruti 800 lost its popularity.<ref name="driving.timesonline.co.uk">{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/article3164205.ece |title=Tata Nano&nbsp;– world's cheapest new car is unveiled in India |last=O'Connor |first=Ashling |date=11 January 2008 |work=driving.timesonline.co.uk |access-date=21 January 2008 |location=London |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830073930/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/article3164205.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2012|reason=Proof needed, when Maruti looses its popularity? Nano is least expensive, but still a flop in selling.}} India is also known for a variety of [[wikt:innate#Adjective|indigenous]] vehicles made in villages out of simple motors and vehicle spare parts. A few of these [[innovation]]s are the [[jugaad]], maruta, chhakda, and the [[peter rehra]].<ref name="homemadenano">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-29/special-report/28026171_1_jugaad-chhakda-innovators |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084555/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-29/special-report/28026171_1_jugaad-chhakda-innovators |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Homemade Nano |last=Kurup |first=Saira |date=29 March 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>
+[[Maruti Udyog|Maruti]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] and [[Tata Motors]] are the most popular brands in the order of their market share. The [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] once had a monopoly, but is now an icon of pre-[[Economic history of India|liberalisation]] India, and is still used by taxi companies. The [[Maruti 800]] launched in 1984, created the first revolution in the Indian auto sector because of its low price and high quality. It had the highest market share until 2004, when it was overtaken by other low-cost models from Maruti such as the Alto and the Wagon R, the Indica from [[Tata Motors]] and the Santro from [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]. Over the 20 years since its introduction, about 2.4&nbsp;million Maruti 800s have been sold.<ref name="m800salestats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2005/02/13/stories/2005021300431500.htm |title=New face to good old Maruti 800 |first=S. |last=Muralidhar |date=13 February 2005 |website=[[Business Line]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219014552/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2005/02/13/stories/2005021300431500.htm |archive-date=19 December 2008 |access-date=13 April 2009}}</ref> However, with the launch of the [[Tata Nano]], the least expensive [[production car]] in the world, the Maruti 800 lost its popularity.<ref name="driving.timesonline.co.uk">{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/article3164205.ece |title=Tata Nano&nbsp;– world's cheapest new car is unveiled in India |last=O'Connor |first=Ashling |date=11 January 2008 |work=[[The Times]] |access-date=21 January 2008 |location=London |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830073930/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/article3164205.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2012|reason=Proof needed, when Maruti looses its popularity? Nano is least expensive, but still a flop in selling.}} India is also known for a variety of [[wikt:innate#Adjective|indigenous]] vehicles made in villages out of simple motors and vehicle spare parts. A few of these [[innovation]]s are the [[jugaad]], maruta, chhakda, and the [[peter rehra]].<ref name="homemadenano">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Homemade-Nano/articleshow/4328878.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084555/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-29/special-report/28026171_1_jugaad-chhakda-innovators |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Homemade Nano |last=Kurup |first=Saira |date=29 March 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>
-In the city of [[Bangalore]], [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] and the Bangalore Traffic Police, launched a [[carpooling]] drive which has involved celebrities such as [[Robin Uthappa]], and [[Rahul Dravid]] encouraging the public to carpool.<ref name="blrcarpoolceleb">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangalores-car-pooling-venture-ropes-in-celebrities_100128752.html |title=Bangalore's car pooling venture ropes in celebrities |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614064044/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangalores-car-pooling-venture-ropes-in-celebrities_100128752.html |archive-date=14 June 2010 |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref name="radioonecarpoooling">{{Cite news |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/radio/radionews.asp?section_id=7&news_id=33267&tag=28213 |title=Radio One, CommuteEasy partner to promote car pooling in Bangalore |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720205258/http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/radio/radionews.asp?section_id=7&news_id=33267&tag=28213 |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="btpcarpool">{{Cite web |url=http://bangaloretrafficpolice.gov.in/pressroom/pdf/pdf52.pdf |title=Car pooling kicks off in City |publisher=Bangalore Traffic Police |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155418/http://bangaloretrafficpolice.gov.in/pressroom/pdf/pdf52.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=28 May 2009}}</ref> The initiative got a good response, and by the end of May 2009, 10,000 people are said to have carpooled in the city.<ref name="car10000pool">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1257983 |title=10,000 plunge into car pool |last=Shwetha S. |access-date=28 May 2009 |publisher=Online edition of DNA, dated 22 May 2009}}</ref> There have been efforts to improve the energy efficiency of transport systems in Indian cities, including by introducing performance standards for private automobiles or by banning particularly polluting older cars. The city of Kolkata, for example, passed a law in 2009/10 phasing out vehicles over 15 years old with the purpose of reducing air pollution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kolkata-breathes-easy-sans-its-old-vehicles/articleshow/4981790.cms |title=Kolkata breathes easy sans its old vehicles |last=Sengupta |first=Atmadip Ray & Tamal |date=7 September 2009 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2018-04-10 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411031159/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kolkata-breathes-easy-sans-its-old-vehicles/articleshow/4981790.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the effects were mixed. On the one hand, poorer urban residents are more likely to see public health improvements from better air quality, since they are more likely to live in polluted areas and work outdoors than richer urban residents.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Colenbrander S, Gouldson A, Roy J, Kerr N, Sarkar S, Hall S, Sudmant A, Ghatak A, Chakravarty D, Ganguly D, Mcanulla F |date=2017 |title=Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105982/8/0956247816677775.pdf |journal=Environment & Urbanization |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=139–158 |doi=10.1177/0956247816677775 |s2cid=62880332 |doi-access=free |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725074641/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105982/8/0956247816677775.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, drivers of such vehicles suffered from losing their livelihoods as a result of this environmental regulation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=P |last2=Somanathan |first2=R |date=2013 |title=Improving Urban Air Quality in India: Lessons from the Kolkata Clean Air Regulations of 2009 |url=http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Ghosh-Somanathan-2013-Working-Paper1.pdf |journal=International Growth Centre |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810005919/http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Ghosh-Somanathan-2013-Working-Paper1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In the city of [[Bangalore]], [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] and the Bangalore Traffic Police, launched a [[carpooling]] drive which has involved celebrities such as [[Robin Uthappa]], and [[Rahul Dravid]] encouraging the public to carpool.<ref name="blrcarpoolceleb">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangalores-car-pooling-venture-ropes-in-celebrities_100128752.html |title=Bangalore's car pooling venture ropes in celebrities |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614064044/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangalores-car-pooling-venture-ropes-in-celebrities_100128752.html |archive-date=14 June 2010 |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref name="radioonecarpoooling">{{Cite news |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/radio/radionews.asp?section_id=7&news_id=33267&tag=28213 |title=Radio One, CommuteEasy partner to promote car pooling in Bangalore |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720205258/http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/radio/radionews.asp?section_id=7&news_id=33267&tag=28213 |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="btpcarpool">{{Cite web |url=http://bangaloretrafficpolice.gov.in/pressroom/pdf/pdf52.pdf |title=Car pooling kicks off in City |publisher=Bangalore Traffic Police |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155418/http://bangaloretrafficpolice.gov.in/pressroom/pdf/pdf52.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=28 May 2009}}</ref> The initiative got a good response, and by the end of May 2009, 10,000 people are said to have carpooled in the city.<ref name="car10000pool">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1257983 |title=10,000 plunge into car pool |last=Shwetha S. |access-date=28 May 2009 |publisher=Online edition of DNA, dated 22 May 2009}}</ref> There have been efforts to improve the energy efficiency of transport systems in Indian cities, including by introducing performance standards for private automobiles or by banning particularly polluting older cars. The city of Kolkata, for example, passed a law in 2009/10 phasing out vehicles over 15 years old with the purpose of reducing air pollution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kolkata-breathes-easy-sans-its-old-vehicles/articleshow/4981790.cms |title=Kolkata breathes easy sans its old vehicles |last=Sengupta |first=Atmadip Ray & Tamal |date=7 September 2009 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2018-04-10 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411031159/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kolkata-breathes-easy-sans-its-old-vehicles/articleshow/4981790.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the effects were mixed. On the one hand, poorer urban residents are more likely to see public health improvements from better air quality, since they are more likely to live in polluted areas and work outdoors than richer urban residents.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Colenbrander S, Gouldson A, Roy J, Kerr N, Sarkar S, Hall S, Sudmant A, Ghatak A, Chakravarty D, Ganguly D, Mcanulla F |date=2017 |title=Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105982/8/0956247816677775.pdf |journal=Environment & Urbanization |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=139–158 |doi=10.1177/0956247816677775 |s2cid=62880332 |doi-access=free |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725074641/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105982/8/0956247816677775.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, drivers of such vehicles suffered from losing their livelihoods as a result of this environmental regulation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=P |last2=Somanathan |first2=R|author2-link=Rohini Somanathan |date=2013 |title=Improving Urban Air Quality in India: Lessons from the Kolkata Clean Air Regulations of 2009 |url=http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Ghosh-Somanathan-2013-Working-Paper1.pdf |journal=International Growth Centre |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810005919/http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Ghosh-Somanathan-2013-Working-Paper1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==== Utility vehicles ====
-The first [[utility vehicle]] in India was manufactured by [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra]]. It was a copy of the original [[Jeep]] and was manufactured under licence.<ref name="mahindrajeep">{{Cite web |url=http://www.film.queensu.ca/Cj3b/World/India.html |title=Mahindra Jeeps on The CJ3B Page |date=31 January 2007 |publisher=Film.queensu.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990421062345/http://www.film.queensu.ca/CJ3B/World/India.html |archive-date=21 April 1999 |access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> The vehicle was an instant hit and made Mahindra one of the top companies in India. The [[Indian Army]] and police extensively use Mahindra vehicles along with [[Maruti Gypsy]]s for transporting personnel and equipment. [[Tata Motors]], the automobile manufacturing arm of the [[Tata Group]], launched its first utility vehicle, the [[Tata Sumo]], in 1994.<ref name="Sumo1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tata.com/company/profile.aspx?sectid=a4Nd8IHyrqI=#ab |title=Company Profile: Tata Motors |website=Official webpage of the Tata Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123025134/http://tata.com/company/profile.aspx?sectid=a4Nd8IHyrqI=#ab |archive-date=23 January 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="Sumo2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/20slde7-from-trucks-to-nano-the-tata-motors-journey.htm |title=The historic Tata Motors journey |date=20 March 2009 |publisher=Rediff News |access-date=23 June 2009 |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026064846/http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/20slde7-from-trucks-to-nano-the-tata-motors-journey.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sumo, owing to its then-modern design, captured a 31% share of the market within two years.<ref name="Sumo3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/19970528/14855013.html |title=Telco net spurts 44%, to pay Rs 8 a share |website=Online edition of The Financial Express, dated 1997-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515022208/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/19970528/14855013.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> The Tempo Trax from [[Force Motors]] until recently was ruling the rural areas. [[Sports utility vehicle]]s now form a sizeable part of the passenger vehicle market.<ref name="SUV1">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/SUVs_still_ruling_the_roads_in_India/rssarticleshow/3561336.cms |title=SUVs still ruling the roads in India |last=Sarkar |first=John |work=Online edition of the Economic Times, dated 2008-10-05 |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-date=9 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109115559/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/SUVs_still_ruling_the_roads_in_India/rssarticleshow/3561336.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Models from Tata, Honda, Hyundai, Ford and other brands are available.<ref name="SUV2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/bline/2003/03/13/stories/2003031302520100.htm |title=SUVs set to blaze new trail |first=N. |last=Ramakrishnan |website=Online edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2003-03-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708091901/http://www.blonnet.com/bline/2003/03/13/stories/2003031302520100.htm |archive-date=8 July 2004 |access-date=7 June 2009}}</ref>
+The first [[utility vehicle]] in India was manufactured by [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra]]. It was a copy of the original [[Jeep]] and was manufactured under licence.<ref name="mahindrajeep">{{Cite web |url=http://www.film.queensu.ca/Cj3b/World/India.html |title=Mahindra Jeeps on The CJ3B Page |date=31 January 2007 |publisher=Film.queensu.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990421062345/http://www.film.queensu.ca/CJ3B/World/India.html |archive-date=21 April 1999 |access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> The vehicle was an instant hit and made Mahindra one of the top companies in India. The [[Indian Army]] and police extensively use Mahindra vehicles along with [[Maruti Gypsy]]s for transporting personnel and equipment. [[Tata Motors]], the automobile manufacturing arm of the [[Tata Group]], launched its first utility vehicle, the [[Tata Sumo]], in 1994.<ref name="Sumo1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tata.com/company/profile.aspx?sectid=a4Nd8IHyrqI=#ab |title=Company Profile: Tata Motors |website=Official webpage of the Tata Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123025134/http://tata.com/company/profile.aspx?sectid=a4Nd8IHyrqI=#ab |archive-date=23 January 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="Sumo2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/20slde7-from-trucks-to-nano-the-tata-motors-journey.htm |title=The historic Tata Motors journey |date=20 March 2009 |publisher=Rediff News |access-date=23 June 2009 |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026064846/http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/20slde7-from-trucks-to-nano-the-tata-motors-journey.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sumo, owing to its then-modern design, captured a 31% share of the market within two years.<ref name="Sumo3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/19970528/14855013.html |title=Telco net spurts 44%, to pay Rs 8 a share |website=Online edition of The Financial Express, dated 1997-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515022208/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/19970528/14855013.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> The Tempo Trax from [[Force Motors]] until recently was ruling the rural areas. [[Sports utility vehicle]]s now form a sizeable part of the passenger vehicle market.<ref name="SUV1">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/SUVs_still_ruling_the_roads_in_India/rssarticleshow/3561336.cms |title=SUVs still ruling the roads in India |last=Sarkar |first=John |work=Online edition of the Economic Times, dated 2008-10-05 |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-date=9 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109115559/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/SUVs_still_ruling_the_roads_in_India/rssarticleshow/3561336.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Models from Tata, Honda, Hyundai, Toyota and other brands are available.<ref name="SUV2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/bline/2003/03/13/stories/2003031302520100.htm |title=SUVs set to blaze new trail |first=N. |last=Ramakrishnan |website=Online edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2003-03-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708091901/http://www.blonnet.com/bline/2003/03/13/stories/2003031302520100.htm |archive-date=8 July 2004 |access-date=7 June 2009}}</ref>
 === Taxis ===
 {{Main|Taxis in India}}
 {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=TaxiKolkata.JPG|caption1=Taxi in [[Kolkata]]|image2=PremierPadminiTaxi DavidWilmot.jpg|caption2=Taxi in [[Mumbai]]}}
-Most of the [[taxicab]]s in Mumbai and Kolkata are either [[Premier Padmini]] or [[Hindustan Ambassador]] cars.<ref name="amby">{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/indias-amby-notches-up-half-century-411855.html |title=India's 'Amby' notches up half century |last=Duggan |first=Chris |date=15 August 2006 |work=The Independent |access-date=23 June 2009 |location=London, UK |archive-date=24 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124074804/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/indias-amby-notches-up-half-century-411855.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In all other cities, taxi fleets comprise more modern cars. However, foreign-developed app-based taxi services like [[Uber]] as well as an Indian-developed app-based taxi services like [[Ola Cabs|Ola]] coming to the fore, taxicabs now include sedans,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/chennai/your-premier-ride-is-arriving-now-2/ |title=Your Premier ride is arriving now |date=5 February 2018 |work=Uber Blog |access-date=2018-02-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205435/https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/chennai/your-premier-ride-is-arriving-now-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> SUVs <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/uberxl/ |title=uberXL: more room with more seats |date=27 December 2016 |work=Uber Blog |access-date=2018-02-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205413/https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/uberxl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and even [[Motorcycle taxi|motorcycle taxis]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/new-delhi/noida-hop-onto-a-moto-during-early-morning-and-late-night-hours/ |title=Hop onto a MOTO during early morning and late night hours {{!}} Uber Blog |date=19 February 2018 |work=Uber Blog |access-date=2018-02-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031173808/https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/new-delhi/noida-hop-onto-a-moto-during-early-morning-and-late-night-hours/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Depending on the city/state, taxis can either be hailed or hired from taxi-stands. In cities such as [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Ahmedabad]], taxis need to be hired over phone,<ref name="hiring">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/12/stories/2006041200610100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920104604/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/12/stories/2006041200610100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2006 |title=When did you last call a taxi? |last=Sankar |first=Anand |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=23 June 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> whereas in cities like [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]], taxis can also be hailed on the street. According to Government of India regulations, all taxis are required to have a fare-meter installed.<ref>Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 : s. 74(2)(viii)</ref> There are additional surcharges for luggage, late-night rides and toll taxes are to be paid by the passenger. Since year 2006, radio taxis have become increasingly popular with the public due to reasons of safety and convenience.<ref name="Radiotaxi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/radio-taxis-in-india-to-go-up-to-174-000/233342/ |title=Radio Taxis in India to go up to 174,000 |website=Online edition of The Financial Express, dated 2007-10-28 |date=28 October 2007 |access-date=24 June 2009 |archive-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714153945/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/radio-taxis-in-india-to-go-up-to-174-000/233342 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Most of the [[taxicab]]s in Mumbai and Kolkata are either [[Premier Padmini]] or [[Hindustan Ambassador]] cars.<ref name="amby">{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/indias-amby-notches-up-half-century-411855.html |title=India's 'Amby' notches up half century |last=Duggan |first=Chris |date=15 August 2006 |work=The Independent |access-date=23 June 2009 |location=London, UK |archive-date=24 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124074804/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/indias-amby-notches-up-half-century-411855.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In all other cities, taxi fleets comprise more modern cars. However, with foreign-developed app-based taxi services like [[Uber]] as well as an Indian-developed app-based taxi services like [[Ola Cabs|Ola]] coming to the fore, taxicabs now include sedans,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/chennai/your-premier-ride-is-arriving-now-2/ |title=Your Premier ride is arriving now |date=5 February 2018 |work=Uber Blog |access-date=2018-02-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205435/https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/chennai/your-premier-ride-is-arriving-now-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> SUVs <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/uberxl/ |title=uberXL: more room with more seats |date=27 December 2016 |work=Uber Blog |access-date=2018-02-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205413/https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/uberxl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and even [[Motorcycle taxi|motorcycle taxis]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/new-delhi/noida-hop-onto-a-moto-during-early-morning-and-late-night-hours/ |title=Hop onto a MOTO during early morning and late night hours {{!}} Uber Blog |date=19 February 2018 |work=Uber Blog |access-date=2018-02-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031173808/https://www.uber.com/en-IN/blog/new-delhi/noida-hop-onto-a-moto-during-early-morning-and-late-night-hours/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Depending on the city/state, taxis can either be hailed or hired from taxi-stands. In cities such as [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Ahmedabad]], taxis need to be hired over phone,<ref name="hiring">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/12/stories/2006041200610100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920104604/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/12/stories/2006041200610100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2006 |title=When did you last call a taxi? |last=Sankar |first=Anand |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=23 June 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> whereas in cities like [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]], taxis can also be hailed on the street. According to Government of India regulations, all taxis are required to have a fare-meter installed.<ref>Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 : s. 74(2)(viii)</ref> There are additional surcharges for luggage, late-night rides and toll taxes are to be paid by the passenger. Since year 2006, radio taxis have become increasingly popular with the public due to reasons of safety and convenience.<ref name="Radiotaxi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/radio-taxis-in-india-to-go-up-to-174-000/233342/ |title=Radio Taxis in India to go up to 174,000 |website=Online edition of The Financial Express, dated 2007-10-28 |date=28 October 2007 |access-date=24 June 2009 |archive-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714153945/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/radio-taxis-in-india-to-go-up-to-174-000/233342 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 In cities and localities where taxis are expensive or do not charge as per the government or municipal regulated fares, people use [[share taxi]]s. These are normal taxis which carry one or more passengers travelling to destinations either on one route to the final destination, or near the final destination. {{citation needed|date=July 2012}} The passengers are charged according to the number of people with different destinations. {{citation needed|date=July 2012}} The city of Mumbai will soon be the first city in India to have an "in-taxi" magazine, titled ''[[MumBaee]]'', which will be issued to taxis which are part of the Mumbai Taximen's Union. The magazine debuted on 13 July 2009.<ref name="chennaivisionref1">{{Cite news |url=http://news.chennaivision.com/index.php/2009/05/taxis-to-introduce-in-taxi-magazines-from-july/ |title=Taxis to introduce 'in-Taxi' magazines from July |access-date=21 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923231843/http://news.chennaivision.com/index.php/2009/05/taxis-to-introduce-in-taxi-magazines-from-july |archive-date=23 September 2009 |publisher=[[ChennaiVision]] |page=1}}</ref> In [[Kolkata]], there are many ''no refusal taxis'' available with white and blue in colour.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-gets-100-more-no-refusal-taxis/articleshow/27668358.cms |title=Kolkata gets 100 more no-refusal taxis – The Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-date=22 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222164758/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-gets-100-more-no-refusal-taxis/articleshow/27668358.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
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 In [[Mumbai]] and other metropolitan cities, 'autos' or 'rickshaws', as they are popularly known, usually have regulated metered fares. A recent law prohibits auto rickshaw drivers from charging more than the specified fare, or charging night-fare before midnight, and also prohibits the driver from refusing to go to a particular location. [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] are also the only two cities, which prohibit auto rickshaws from entering a certain part of the city, in these cases being [[South Mumbai]] and certain parts of [[Kolkata|Downtown Kolkata]].<ref name="iguide">{{Cite web |url=http://iguide.travel/Mumbai/Getting_Around/By_auto-rickshaw |title=Getting around Mumbai |publisher=iGuide |access-date=12 March 2009 |archive-date=11 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211063746/http://iguide.travel/Mumbai/Getting_Around/By_auto-rickshaw |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in cities like [[Chennai]] and other areas, some autorickshaw drivers demand more than the specified fare and refuse to use the fare meter.<ref name="Chennai auto meter">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/11/stories/2006061115400300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613165018/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/11/stories/2006061115400300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2006 |title=Auto fares must be based on meter readings |date=30 March 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 July 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
-Airports and railway stations at many cities such as [[Howrah]], [[Chennai]] and [[Bengaluru]] provide a facility of [[Prepayment for service|prepaid]] auto booths, which requires a fixed payment, with a base fare of Rs. 30 and a rate of Rs.14.20 per kilometre after 1.5 kilometres of travel, set by the authorities as of May, 2022. On this basis, the fare is calculated and is to be paid by the passenger.<ref name="prepaidauto">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-18/bangalore/27874804_1_railway-station-auto-fares-autorickshaw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084549/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-18/bangalore/27874804_1_railway-station-auto-fares-autorickshaw |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Vroom... enjoy a pre-paid auto ride |date=18 March 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>
+Airports and railway stations at many cities such as [[Howrah]], [[Chennai]] and [[Bengaluru]] provide a facility of [[Prepayment for service|prepaid]] auto booths, which requires a fixed payment, with a base fare of Rs. 30 and a rate of Rs.14.20 per kilometre after 1.5 kilometres of travel, set by the authorities as of May, 2022. On this basis, the fare is calculated and is to be paid by the passenger.<ref name="prepaidauto">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Vroom-enjoy-a-pre-paid-auto-ride/articleshow/1775578.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084549/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-18/bangalore/27874804_1_railway-station-auto-fares-autorickshaw |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Vroom... enjoy a pre-paid auto ride |date=18 March 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>
 [[Electric rickshaw]] is a new popular means of transport, rapidly growing in number in India, due to low running and initial cost, other economic and environmental benefits, these vehicles are becoming popular in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=EV sales in India to breach the 9 mn mark by 2027: IVCA-EY-IndusLaw report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/auto/story/ev-sales-in-india-to-breach-the-9-mn-mark-by-2027-ivca-ey-induslaw-report-342864-2022-07-27 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803212928/https://www.businesstoday.in/auto/story/ev-sales-in-india-to-breach-the-9-mn-mark-by-2027-ivca-ey-induslaw-report-342864-2022-07-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>  E-Rickshaws are made in fiberglass or metal body, powered by a BLDC Electric Motor with max power 2000W and speed 25&nbsp;km/h. They are usually painted white though some E-autos use the normal color scheme as well.
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 Country-wide rail services in India are provided by the state-run [[Indian Railways]] (IR) under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways. IR is divided into eighteen zones including the [[Kolkata Metro]] Railway.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kolkata-Metro-is-now-the-17th-zone-of-Indian-Railways/articleshow/7186301.cms |title=Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways |website=The Times of India |date=29 December 2010 |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620155254/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kolkata-Metro-is-now-the-17th-zone-of-Indian-Railways/articleshow/7186301.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The IR are further sub-divided into sixty seven divisions, each having a divisional headquarters.<ref name="Bhandari_Chap7">{{Cite book |title=Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years |first=R.R. |last=Bhandari |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-230-1254-4 |pages=44–52}}</ref><ref name="IRFCA_zones">{{Cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html |title=Geography: Railway zones |publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club |access-date=23 December 2008 |archive-date=19 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819043943/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The railway network travels across the country, covering more than 7,321 stations over a total route length of more than {{convert|67415|km|mi|abbr=on}} and track length of about {{convert|123542|km|abbr=on}} as of March 2021.<ref name="IRYearBook">{{cite web|title=Indian Railways Year Book 2018-19|url=https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Year%20Book%202018-19-English.pdf|access-date=27 June 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127144409/https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Year%20Book%202018-19-English.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> About {{convert|45000|km|abbr=on}} or 71% of the route-kilometre was electrified as in March 2019.<ref name="IRYearBook"/> IR provides an important mode of transport in India, transporting 23.1 million passengers and 3.3&nbsp;million tons of [[cargo|freight]] daily as of March 2019.<ref name="IRYearBook"/> IR is the world's [[List of companies by employees|eighth-largest employer]], it had 1.227&nbsp;million employees as of March 2019.<ref name="IRYearBook" /> As to [[rolling stock]], IR owns over 289,185 (freight) wagons, 74,003 coaches and 12,147 locomotives as of March 2019.<ref name="IRYearBook"/> It also owns [[locomotive]] and [[coach (rail)|coach]] production facilities. It operates both long distance and suburban rail systems.
+The railway network travels across the country, covering more than 7,325 stations over a total route length of more than {{convert|68080|km|mi|abbr=on}} and track length of about {{convert|132310|km|abbr=on}} as of March 2021.<ref name="IRYearBook">{{cite web|title=Indian Railways Year Book 2018-19|url=https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Year%20Book%202018-19-English.pdf|access-date=27 June 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127144409/https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Year%20Book%202018-19-English.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> About {{convert|45000|km|abbr=on}} or 71% of the route-kilometre was electrified as in March 2019.<ref name="IRYearBook"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Request Rejected |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/2024/Year%20Book%202022-23%20English.pdf |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> IR provides an important mode of transport in India, transporting 23.1 million passengers and 3.3&nbsp;million tons of [[cargo|freight]] daily as of March 2019.<ref name="IRYearBook"/> IR is the world's [[List of companies by employees|eighth-largest employer]], it had 1.227&nbsp;million employees as of March 2019.<ref name="IRYearBook" /> As to [[rolling stock]], IR owns over 289,185 (freight) wagons, 74,003 coaches and 12,147 locomotives as of March 2019.<ref name="IRYearBook"/> It also owns [[locomotive]] and [[coach (rail)|coach]] production facilities. It operates both long distance and suburban rail systems.
 [[File:Nilgiri Mountain Railway on Bridge, May 2010.JPG|thumb|A steam locomotive operated by [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Nilgiris Mountain Railways]] between [[Coonoor]] and [[Ooty]] in the [[Nilgiris district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].]]
-The IR runs a number of special types of services which are given higher priority. The fastest train at present is the [[Vande Bharat Express]] with operation speeds of up to 180&nbsp;km/h, though the fastest service is [[Gatimaan Express]] with an operational speed of {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}} and average speed of {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}}, since the Vande Bharat Express is capped at 120&nbsp;km/h for safety reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/28626|title=12050/Gatiman Express - Hazrat Nizamuddin to Virangana Lakshmibai NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry|access-date=27 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622085936/https://indiarailinfo.com/train/28626|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/gatimaan-express-12049-agc-to-nzm/28625/450/748 |title=Gatimaan Express/12049 Time Table/Schedule: Agra Cantt./AGC to Hazrat Nizamuddin/NZM NR/Northern Zone – Railways Enquiry |website=indiarailinfo.com |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820193904/http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/gatimaan-express-12049-agc-to-nzm/28625/450/748 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-fastest-train-completes-final-test-run-in-record-time/articleshow/47534278.cms |title=India's fastest train completes final test run in record time – Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=21 April 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312120639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-fastest-train-completes-final-test-run-in-record-time/articleshow/47534278.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/india-launches-first-160-kmh-semi-high-speed-train.html |title=India launches first 160&nbsp;km/h 'semi high speed' train |website=railwaygazette.com |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507144248/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/india-launches-first-160-kmh-semi-high-speed-train.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]] trains introduced in 1969 provides connectivity between the national capital, Delhi and capitals of the states. On the other hand, [[Shatabdi Express]] provides connectivity between centres of tourism, pilgrimage or business. The [[Shatabdi Express]] trains run over short to medium distances and do not have sleepers while the [[Rajdhani Express]]es run over longer distances and have only sleeping accommodation. Both series of trains have a maximum permissible speed of {{convert|110|to|140|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} but average speed of less than 100&nbsp;km/h.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}.The [[Duronto Express]] trains provide connectivity between large cities.
+The IR runs a number of special types of services which are given higher priority. The fastest train at present is the [[Vande Bharat Express]] with design speeds of up to 180&nbsp;km/h, though the fastest service is [[Gatiman Express]] with an operational speed of {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}} and average speed of {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}}, since the Vande Bharat Express is capped at 130&nbsp;km/h for safety reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/28626|title=12050/Gatiman Express - Hazrat Nizamuddin to Virangana Lakshmibai NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry|access-date=27 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622085936/https://indiarailinfo.com/train/28626|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/gatimaan-express-12049-agc-to-nzm/28625/450/748 |title=Gatimaan Express/12049 Time Table/Schedule: Agra Cantt./AGC to Hazrat Nizamuddin/NZM NR/Northern Zone – Railways Enquiry |website=indiarailinfo.com |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820193904/http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/gatimaan-express-12049-agc-to-nzm/28625/450/748 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-fastest-train-completes-final-test-run-in-record-time/articleshow/47534278.cms |title=India's fastest train completes final test run in record time – Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=21 April 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312120639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-fastest-train-completes-final-test-run-in-record-time/articleshow/47534278.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/india-launches-first-160-kmh-semi-high-speed-train.html |title=India launches first 160&nbsp;km/h 'semi high speed' train |website=railwaygazette.com |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507144248/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/india-launches-first-160-kmh-semi-high-speed-train.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]] trains introduced in 1969 provides connectivity between the national capital, Delhi and capitals of the states. On the other hand, [[Shatabdi Express]] provides connectivity between centres of tourism, pilgrimage or business. The [[Shatabdi Express]] trains run over short to medium distances and do not have sleepers while the [[Rajdhani Express]]es run over longer distances and have only sleeping accommodation. Both series of trains have a maximum permissible speed of {{convert|110|to|140|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} but average speed of less than 100&nbsp;km/h.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}.The [[Duronto Express]] trains provide connectivity between large cities.
 Besides, the IR also operates a number of luxury trains which cater to various tourist circuits. For instance, the [[Palace on Wheels]] serves the Rajasthan circuit and [[The Golden Chariot]] serves the Karnataka and Goa circuits.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} There are two UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s on IR, the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945 |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |year=2004 |website=World Heritage List |publisher=[[World Heritage Committee]] |access-date=5 January 2009 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127020843/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Mountain railways of India]].<ref name="Mountain Railways of India">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |title=Mountain Railways of India |year=1999 |website=World Heritage List |publisher=[[World Heritage Committee]] |access-date=5 January 2009 |archive-date=19 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The latter consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India, the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], a {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge railway]] in [[Lesser Himalayas]] in West Bengal, the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], a {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} [[rack railway]] in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] in Tamil Nadu and the [[Kalka-Shimla Railway]], a {{RailGauge|762mm|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge railway]] in the [[Siwalik Hills]] in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="Mountain Railways of India" />
@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 In 1999, the [[Konkan Railway Corporation]] introduced the [[Konkan Railway Corporation#RORO|Roll on Roll off]] (RORO) service, a unique [[Rolling Highway|road-rail synergy system]], on the section between [[Kolad]] in Maharashtra and [[Verna, Goa|Verna]] in Goa,<ref name="pibroro">{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949 |title=Road-Rail Synergy System |website=Press release, Press Information Bureau, dated 2004-20-05 |access-date=22 December 2008 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605172834/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=949 |url-status=live }}</ref> which was extended up to [[Surathkal]] in Karnataka in 2004.<ref name="busistdroro">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=186663 |title=New Konkan Rly service begins |newspaper=Business Standard India |access-date=22 December 2008 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607140440/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=186663 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hinduroro">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/06/12/stories/2004061200931900.htm |title=RORO service again on Konkan Railway |website=Online edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2004-06-11 |access-date=22 December 2008 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810204914/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/06/12/stories/2004061200931900.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The RORO service, the first of its kind in India, allowed trucks to be transported on [[flatbed truck|flatbed]] trailers. It was highly popular,<ref name="rorohindupopular">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/11/14/stories/2003111402032000.htm |title=Convergence on the Konkan Railway |first=S. |last=Vydhianathan |website=The Hindu |date=2003-11-14 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627121821/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/11/14/stories/2003111402032000.htm |archive-date=27 June 2006 |access-date=22 December 2008}}</ref> carrying about {{formatnum:110000}} trucks and bringing in about {{INR}} 740&nbsp;million worth of earnings to the corporation until 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/tender/ro-ro.pdf |title=Roll On–Roll Off (Roro) Service on Konkan Railway |website=Konkan Railway Corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090304113259/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/tender/ro-ro.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 |access-date=22 December 2008}}</ref>
-Perhaps the game-changer for IR in the freight segment are the new [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|dedicated freight corridors]] that are expected to be completed by 2020. When fully implemented, the new corridors, spanning around 3300&nbsp;km, could support hauling of trains up to 1.5&nbsp;km in length with 32.5-ton axle-load at speeds of {{convert|100|km/h}}. Also, they will free-up capacity on dense passenger routes and will allow IR to run more trains at higher speeds. Additional corridors are being planned to augment the freight infrastructure in the country.
+Perhaps the game-changer for IR in the freight segment are the new [[Dedicated freight corridors in India|dedicated freight corridors]] that are expected to be completed by 2020. When fully implemented, the new corridors, spanning around 3300&nbsp;km, could support hauling of trains up to 1.5&nbsp;km in length with 32.5-ton axle-load at speeds of {{convert|100|km/h}}. Also, they will free-up capacity on dense passenger routes and will allow IR to run more trains at higher speeds. Additional corridors are being planned to augment the freight infrastructure in the country.
 ===Commuter rail transport===
@@ Line 171: / Line 171: @@
 {{Main|Urban rail transit in India}}
-The first modern [[rapid transit]] in India is the [[Kolkata Metro]] which started its operations in 1984 as the 17th Zone of the Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28264643_1_metro-railway-kolkata-metro-foundation-stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28264643_1_metro-railway-kolkata-metro-foundation-stone |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-04 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways }}</ref> The [[Delhi Metro]] in New Delhi is India's second conventional metro and began operations in 2002. The [[Namma Metro]] in Bengaluru is India's third operational rapid transit and began operations in 2011. {{citation needed|date=July 2012}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditi |first=Anwesha |date=August 2019 |title=Mass Transit in India: A Need for Change |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335004369 }}</ref>
+The first modern [[rapid transit]] in India is the [[Kolkata Metro]] which started its operations in 1984 as the 17th Zone of the Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kolkata-Metro-is-now-the-17th-zone-of-Indian-Railways/articleshow/7186301.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28264643_1_metro-railway-kolkata-metro-foundation-stone |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-04 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways }}</ref> The [[Delhi Metro]] in New Delhi is India's second conventional metro and began operations in 2002. The [[Namma Metro]] in Bengaluru is India's third operational rapid transit and began operations in 2011. {{citation needed|date=July 2012}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditi |first=Anwesha |date=August 2019 |title=Mass Transit in India: A Need for Change |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335004369 }}</ref>
 The operational systems are [[Kolkata Metro]], [[Delhi Metro]], [[Namma Metro|Bengaluru Metro]], [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]], [[Mumbai Metro]], [[Jaipur Metro]], [[Chennai Metro]], [[Kochi Metro]], [[Lucknow Metro]], [[Nagpur Metro]], [[Noida Metro]], [[Hyderabad Metro]], [[Kanpur Metro]], [[Ahmedabad Metro]], [[Pune Metro]], [[Navi Mumbai Metro]], [[Agra Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Metro Rail Networks: Quick Guide, Routes Map, Start Date |url=https://www.fabhotels.com/blog/indian-metro-rail-networks/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=FabHotels Travel Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627130249/https://www.fabhotels.com/blog/indian-metro-rail-networks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The under implementation systems are [[Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad]], [[Varanasi Metro]], [[Bareilly Metro]], [[Vijayawada Metro]], [[Patna Metro]], [[Meerut Metro]], [[Guwahati Metro]], [[Chandigarh Metro]], [[Bhopal Metro]], [[Kozhikode Light Metro]], [[Indore Metro]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro]], [[Coimbatore Metro]], [[Visakhapatnam Metro]], [[Surat Metro]], [[Jammu Metro]], [[Srinagar Metro]], Greater Gwalior Metro, [[Jabalpur Metro]] and [[Greater Nashik Metro]]. {{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Currently, 34 km of rapid transit system is operational and rest is under construction or in planning in several major cities of India and will be opened shortly.
+The under implementation systems are [[Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad]], [[Varanasi Metro]], [[Madurai Metro]], Vijayawada Metro, [[Patna Metro]], [[Meerut Metro]], [[Guwahati Metro]], [[Chandigarh Metro]], [[Bhopal Metro]], [[Kozhikode Light Metro]], [[Indore Metro]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro]], [[Coimbatore Metro]], Visakhapatnam Metro, [[Surat Metro]], [[Jammu Metro]], [[Srinagar Metro]], Greater Gwalior Metro, [[Jabalpur Metro]] and [[Greater Nashik Metro]]. {{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Currently, 34 km of rapid transit system is operational and rest is under construction or in planning in several major cities of India and will be opened shortly.
 ==== Monorail ====
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 {{main|Urban rail transit in India}}
-[[Monorail]] is generally considered as feeder system for the metro trains in India. In 2004, monorail was first proposed for Kolkata. But, later the idea was put on hold due to lack of funds and infeasibility.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Light at end of tunnel for Kolkata's monorail project {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Light-at-end-of-tunnel-for-Kolkatas-monorail-project/articleshow/54575036.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05|date=29 September 2016|archive-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003005035/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Light-at-end-of-tunnel-for-Kolkatas-monorail-project/articleshow/54575036.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Monorail]], which started in 2014, is the first operational [[monorail]] network in India<ref name="times">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-29/mumbai/27981519_1_mumbai-monorail-jacob-circle-mmrda-joint-commissioner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811120003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-29/mumbai/27981519_1_mumbai-monorail-jacob-circle-mmrda-joint-commissioner |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Mumbai monorail to run in two years |date=27 September 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 March 2009}}</ref> (excluding the [[Skybus Metro]]) since the [[Patiala State Monorail Trainways]] closed in 1927.
+[[Monorail]] is generally considered as feeder system for the metro trains in India. In 2004, monorail was first proposed for Kolkata. But, later the idea was put on hold due to lack of funds and infeasibility.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Light at end of tunnel for Kolkata's monorail project {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Light-at-end-of-tunnel-for-Kolkatas-monorail-project/articleshow/54575036.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05|date=29 September 2016|archive-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003005035/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Light-at-end-of-tunnel-for-Kolkatas-monorail-project/articleshow/54575036.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Monorail]], which started in 2014, is the first operational [[monorail]] network in India<ref name="times">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-monorail-to-run-in-two-years/articleshow/2413046.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811120003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-29/mumbai/27981519_1_mumbai-monorail-jacob-circle-mmrda-joint-commissioner |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Mumbai monorail to run in two years |date=27 September 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 March 2009}}</ref> (excluding the [[Skybus Metro]]) since the [[Patiala State Monorail Trainways]] closed in 1927.
 Other planned systems are [[Chennai Monorail]], [[Kolkata Monorail]], Allahabad Monorail, [[Bengaluru Monorail]], [[Delhi Monorail]], [[Indore Monorail]], [[Kanpur Monorail]], [[Navi Mumbai Monorail]], [[Patna Monorail]], [[Pune Monorail]], [[Ahmedabad Monorail]], [[Aizawl Monorail]], [[Bhubaneswar Monorail]], Jodhpur Monorail, Kota Monorail, Nagpur Monorail and Nashik Monorail.
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 {{Main|List of airports in India}}
-While there are 346<ref name="refciafactbook" /> civilian airfields in India – 253 with paved runways and 93 with unpaved runways, only 132 were classified as "airports" as of November 2014.<ref>India has a total of 34 operational International Airports.[http://civilaviation.gov.in/cs/groups/public/documents/newsandupdates/moca_003368.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227100618/http://civilaviation.gov.in/cs/groups/public/documents/newsandupdates/moca_003368.pdf|date=27 December 2014}}</ref> Of these, [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in Delhi is the busiest in the country.<ref name="delhibeatsmumbai">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-10/india/27923943_1_flights-airport-load-factors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-10/india/27923943_1_flights-airport-load-factors |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Delhi beats Mumbai to become busiest airport |last=Sinha |first=Saurabh |date=10 July 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="igiedgecsi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/airports/20080901_csia.html |title=Delhi's IGIA edges ahead of Mumbai's CSIA as country's busiest airport |date=1 September 2008 |publisher=Domain-b.com |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105040354/http://domain-b.com/aero/airports/20080901_csia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mumairport">{{Cite web |url=http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=1777&sid=18&sname=Coverstory |title=Mumbai airport gets ready for new innings |date=24 December 2007 |publisher=Travel Biz Monitor |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018234628/http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=1777&sid=18&sname=Coverstory |url-status=dead }}</ref> The operations of the major airports in India have been privatised over the past five years and this has resulted in better equipped and cleaner airports. The terminals have either been refurbished or expanded.
+While there are 346<ref name="refciafactbook" /> civilian airfields in India – 253 with paved runways and 93 with unpaved runways, only 132 were classified as "airports" as of November 2014.<ref>India has a total of 34 operational International Airports.[http://civilaviation.gov.in/cs/groups/public/documents/newsandupdates/moca_003368.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227100618/http://civilaviation.gov.in/cs/groups/public/documents/newsandupdates/moca_003368.pdf|date=27 December 2014}}</ref> Of these, [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in Delhi is the busiest in the country.<ref name="delhibeatsmumbai">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-beats-Mumbai-to-become-busiest-airport/articleshow/3216435.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-10/india/27923943_1_flights-airport-load-factors |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Delhi beats Mumbai to become busiest airport |last=Sinha |first=Saurabh |date=10 July 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="igiedgecsi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/airports/20080901_csia.html |title=Delhi's IGIA edges ahead of Mumbai's CSIA as country's busiest airport |date=1 September 2008 |publisher=Domain-b.com |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105040354/http://domain-b.com/aero/airports/20080901_csia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mumairport">{{Cite web |url=http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=1777&sid=18&sname=Coverstory |title=Mumbai airport gets ready for new innings |date=24 December 2007 |publisher=Travel Biz Monitor |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018234628/http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=1777&sid=18&sname=Coverstory |url-status=dead }}</ref> The operations of the major airports in India have been privatised over the past five years and this has resulted in better equipped and cleaner airports. The terminals have either been refurbished or expanded.
 India also has 33 "ghost airports," which were built in an effort to make air travel more accessible for those in remote regions but are now non-operational due to a lack of demand. The [[Jaisalmer Airport]] in Rajasthan, for example, was completed in 2013 and was expected to host 300,000 passengers a year but has yet to see any commercial flights take off. Despite the number of non-operational airports, India is currently planning on constructing another 200 "low-cost" airports over the next 20 years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2015/09/air-travel-india |title=Modi's bumbling aviation boom |date=21 September 2015 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620074110/http://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2015/09/air-travel-india |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 289: / Line 289: @@
 * [[National Waterway 4]]: [[Bhadrachalam]]–[[Rajahmundry]] and [[Wazirabad]]–[[Vijaywada]] stretch of the [[Krishna River|Krishna]]–[[Godavari]] river system along with the [[Kakinada]]–[[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] canal network, with a total length of {{convert|1095|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 24 Nov 2008.<ref name="expressnw">{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/house-committee-nod-for-two-more-national-waterways/210979/ |title=House committee nod for two more national waterways |date=18 August 2007 |work=Indian Express |access-date=10 May 2009 |archive-date=26 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326041408/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/house-committee-nod-for-two-more-national-waterways/210979/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="waterway45">{{Cite web |url=http://iwai.gov.in/twonewwaterways.pdf |title=Two New National Waterways |publisher=Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419204220/http://iwai.gov.in/twonewwaterways.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2009 |access-date=3 June 2009}}</ref>
 * [[National Waterway 5]]: ''Mangalgadi''–[[Paradeep]] and [[Talcher]]–''Dhamara'' stretch of the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]]–[[Brahmani river]] system along with the East Coast Canal, with a total length of {{convert|623|km|mi|abbr=on}} in 24 Nov 2008.<ref name="expressnw" /><ref name="waterway45" />
+=== Seaplane ===
 == Pipelines ==

v t e Bus rapid transit in India
Operational	Ahmedabad Amritsar Hubballi-Dharwad Indore Jaipur Pune (Rainbow) Raipur/Naya Raipur Rajkot Surat
Under Construction	Ludhiana Mumbai Vijayawada Visakhapatnam
Planned	Bhubaneshwar Chennai Coimbatore Hyderabad Kolkata Madurai Tiruchirappalli
Defunct	Bangalore Bhopal Delhi

v t e State owned road transport companies of India
Inter and intra-state services	Andhra Pradesh (APSRTC) Arunachal Pradesh (APSTS) Assam (ASTC) Bihar (BSRTC) Delhi (DTC) Goa (KTC) Gujarat (GSRTC) Haryana (HR) Himachal Pradesh (HRTC) Jammu and Kashmir (JKSRTC) Karnataka (KSRTC, KKRTC, NWKRTC, BMTC) Kerala (KSRTC, KURTC) Maharashtra (MSRTC) Nagaland (NST) Odisha (OSRTC) Puducherry (PRTC) Punjab (PRTC, PR) Rajasthan (RSRTC) Sikkim (SNT) Tamil Nadu (TNSTC, SETC, MTC) Telangana (TGSRTC) Tripura (TRTC) Uttar Pradesh (UPSRTC) Uttarakhand (UTC) West Bengal (NBSTC, SBSTC, WBTC)
Metropolitan services	Ahmedabad (AMTS) Bangalore (BMTC) Bhubaneswar (DTS, CRUT) Chandigarh (CTU) Chennai (MTC) Indore (AICTSL) Jaipur (JCTSL) Kalyan-Dombivli (KDMT) Kanpur (KMBS) Lucknow (LMPS) Mira-Bhayander (MBMT) Mumbai (BEST) Nagpur (NMPL) Navi Mumbai (NMMT) Pune (PMPML) Surat (SCB) Thane (TMT)
Bus depots	Karnataka (KSRTC bus depots)

v t e Social issues in India
Economy	Communications Famine Farmers' suicides Labour Land reforms Debt bondage National Pension System Poverty BPL Public distribution system Remittances Slums Clearance Standard of living Street vendors Transport Universal basic income Urbanisation Unemployment Widening income gap
Education	Literacy Ragging
Environment	Conservation Climate change Manual scavenging Natural disasters Water supply and sanitation Water disputes
Family	Cohabitation Domestic violence Dowry system Family planning Joint family Infertility Nuclear family Polyandry Polygyny
Children	Abortion Child labour Child marriage Child prostitution Child trafficking Female foeticide Female infanticide Street children
Women	Acid attack Bride burning Devadasi Dowry death Eve teasing Women's health Feminism Menstrual taboo Prostitution Rape Sati Sexism
Caste system	Caste politics Caste-related violence Dalit Reservation
Communalism	Proposed states and territories Ethnic relations Religious violence Secularism Separatist movements
Crime	Corruption Groom kidnapping Human trafficking Illegal housing Illegal immigration Illegal mining Organised crime Terrorism Vigilantism Cybercrime
Health	Diabetes Epidemics HIV/AIDS Leprosy Malnutrition Obesity Suicide Tuberculosis
Media	Censorship Internet Films about social issues Freedom of expression Social impact of Indian television drama Fake news
Other issues	Colourism Feudalism Gambling Sexuality LGBT Homosexuality Hijra Human rights Prohibition Superstitions Disability Police brutality

v t e Transport in Asia
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal