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{{short description|Film genre}}
{{short description|Film genre}}
{{Redirect|Western movies|the song|Western Movies}}
{{Redirect|Western movies|the song|Western Movies}}{{distinguish|European cinema|American cinema}}
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[[File:Gary Cooper 2.jpg|thumb|[[Gary Cooper]] in ''[[Vera Cruz (film)|Vera Cruz]]'' from 1954.|246x246px]]
{{Westerns sidebar |Media}}
{{Westerns sidebar}}
The '''Western''' is a [[film genre]] defined by the American Film Institute as films which are "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the [[Frontier Thesis|new frontier]]".<ref name=":2" /> Generally set in the [[American frontier]] between the [[California Gold Rush]] of 1849 and the closing of the frontier in 1890,<ref name="oxford">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMN9xAEACAAJ |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-976435-8 |editor-last=Rubin |editor-first=Joan Shelley |volume=2 |language=en |editor-last2=Casper |editor-first2=Scott E.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=557}} the genre also includes many examples of stories set in locations outside the frontier – including [[Northern Mexico]], the [[Northwestern United States]], [[Alaska]], and [[Western Canada]] – as well as stories that take place before 1865 and after 1890. Western films comprise part of the larger [[Western (genre)|Western genre]], which encompasses literature, music, television, and plastic arts.
The '''Western''' is a [[film genre]] defined by the American Film Institute as films which are "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the [[Frontier Thesis|new frontier]]."<ref name=":2" /> Generally set in the [[American frontier]] between the [[California Gold Rush]] of 1849 and the closing of the frontier in 1890,<ref name="oxford">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMN9xAEACAAJ |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-976435-8 |editor-last=Rubin |editor-first=Joan Shelley |volume=2 |language=en |editor-last2=Casper |editor-first2=Scott E.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=557}} the genre also includes many examples of stories set in locations outside the frontier – including [[Northern Mexico]], the [[Northwestern United States]], [[Alaska]], and [[Western Canada]] – as well as stories that take place before 1849 and after 1890. Western films comprise part of the larger [[Western (genre)|Western genre]], which encompasses literature, music, television, and plastic arts.


Western films derive from the [[Wild West shows]] that began in the 1870s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Simmon |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EN64jzq4Q3AC |title=The Invention of the Western Film: A Cultural History of the Genre's First Half Century |date=2003-06-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55581-4 |pages= |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=48}} Originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the shortened term "Western" came to describe the genre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McMahan |first=Alison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oA47uwEACAAJ |title=Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-5013-4023-9 |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref> Although other Western films were made earlier, ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' (1903) is often considered to mark the beginning of the genre.<ref name="oxford" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verhoeff |first=Nanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKDAsYDXxz8C |title=The West in Early Cinema: After the Beginning |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-5356-831-6 |pages=123 |language=en}}</ref> Westerns were a major genre during the [[Silent film|silent era]] (1894–1929) and continued to grow in popularity during the [[Sound film|sound era]] (post–1929).
Western films derive from the [[Wild West shows]] that began in the 1870s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Simmon |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EN64jzq4Q3AC |title=The Invention of the Western Film: A Cultural History of the Genre's First Half Century |date=2003-06-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55581-4 |pages= |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=48}} Originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the shortened term "Western" came to describe the genre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McMahan |first=Alison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oA47uwEACAAJ |title=Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-5013-4023-9 |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref> Although other Western films were made earlier, ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' (1903) is often considered to mark the beginning of the genre.<ref name="oxford" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verhoeff |first=Nanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKDAsYDXxz8C |title=The West in Early Cinema: After the Beginning |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-5356-831-6 |pages=123 |language=en}}</ref> Westerns were a major genre during the [[Silent film|silent era]] (1894–1929) and continued to grow in popularity during the [[Sound film|sound era]] (post–1929).


The genre reached its pinnacle between 1945 and 1965 when it comprised roughly a quarter of studio output.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aron |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSbSBAAAQBAJ |title=The American West: A Very Short Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-985893-4 |pages=110 |language=en}}</ref> The advent of color and widescreen during this era opened up new possibilities for directors to portray the vastness of the American landscape.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=105}} This era also produced the genre's most iconic figures, including [[John Wayne]] and [[Randolph Scott]], who developed personae that they maintained across most of their films.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Munn |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVJL6w1T3ocC |title=John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth |date=2005-03-01 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-21026-0 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref> Director [[John Ford]] is often considered the genre's greatest filmmaker.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matheson |first=Sue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMZ4CwAAQBAJ |title=The Westerns and War Films of John Ford |date=2016-02-18 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-6106-8 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref>
The genre reached its pinnacle between 1945 and 1965 when it comprised roughly a quarter of studio output.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aron |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSbSBAAAQBAJ |title=The American West: A Very Short Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-985893-4 |pages=110 |language=en}}</ref> The advent of color and widescreen during this era opened up new possibilities for directors to portray the vastness of the American landscape.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=105}} This era also produced the genre's most iconic figures, including [[John Wayne]] and [[Randolph Scott]], who developed personae that they maintained across most of their films.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Munn |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVJL6w1T3ocC |title=John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth |date=2005-03-01 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-21026-0 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref> Director [[John Ford]] is often considered one of the genre's greatest filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matheson |first=Sue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMZ4CwAAQBAJ |title=The Westerns and War Films of John Ford |date=2016-02-18 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-6106-8 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref>


With the proliferation of television in the 1960s, [[Westerns on television|television Westerns]] began to supersede film Westerns in popularity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=J. Fred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9VkAAAAMAAJ |title=Who Shot the Sheriff?: The Rise and Fall of the Television Western |date=1987 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-92326-6 |pages=xi |language=en}}</ref> By the end of the decade, studios had mostly ceased to make Westerns. Despite their dwindling popularity during this decade, the 1960s gave rise to the [[revisionist Western]], several examples of which became vital entries in the canon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lusted |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yF7vHCI3G-QC |title=The Western |date=2003 |publisher=Pearson/Longman |isbn=978-0-582-43736-4 |pages=78 |language=en}}</ref>
With the proliferation of television in the 1960s, [[Westerns on television|television Westerns]] began to supersede film Westerns in popularity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=J. Fred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9VkAAAAMAAJ |title=Who Shot the Sheriff?: The Rise and Fall of the Television Western |date=1987 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-92326-6 |pages=xi |language=en}}</ref> By the end of the decade, studios had mostly ceased to make Westerns. Despite their dwindling popularity during this decade, the 1960s gave rise to the [[revisionist Western]], several examples of which became vital entries in the canon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lusted |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yF7vHCI3G-QC |title=The Western |date=2003 |publisher=Pearson/Longman |isbn=978-0-582-43736-4 |pages=78 |language=en}}</ref>
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==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
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The [[American Film Institute]] defines Western films as those "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the [[Frontier Thesis|new frontier]]".<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=America's 10 Greatest Films in 10 Classic Genres |url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/ |access-date=2010-06-06 |publisher=[[American Film Institute]]}}</ref> The term "Western", used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in ''Motion Picture World'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McMahan |first=Alison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WaUMBAAAQBAJ |title=Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema |date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-0268-8 |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref>
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[[File:Gary Cooper 2.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|[[Gary Cooper]] in ''[[Vera Cruz (film)|Vera Cruz]]'' from 1954.}}]]
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The [[American Film Institute]] defines Western films as those "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the [[Frontier Thesis|new frontier]]".<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=America's 10 Greatest Films in 10 Classic Genres |url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/ |access-date=2010-06-06 |publisher=[[American Film Institute]]}}</ref> The term "Western", used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in ''Motion Picture World'' magazine.<ref>McMahan, Alison; ''Alice Guy Blache: Lost Visionary of the Cinema''; New York: Continuum, 2002; 133</ref>


Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular [[Western fiction]], and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form.<ref>Henry Nash Smith, ''Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth'', Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1950.</ref> Film critic [[Philip French]] has said that the Western is "a commercial formula with rules as fixed and immutable as the ''Kabuki'' Theater."<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=French |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dI-GAAAAIAAJ |title=Westerns: Aspects of a Movie Genre and Westerns Revisited |date=1973 |publisher=Carcanet |isbn=978-1-85754-747-4 |language=en |author-link=Philip French}}</ref>{{Rp|page=12}}
Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular [[Western fiction]], and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Henry Nash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzsUAAAAYAAJ |title=Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth |date=1978 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-93955-4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2024}} Film critic [[Philip French]] has said that the Western is "a commercial formula with rules as fixed and immutable as the ''Kabuki'' Theater."<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=French |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dI-GAAAAIAAJ |title=Westerns: Aspects of a Movie Genre and Westerns Revisited |date=1973 |publisher=Carcanet |isbn=978-1-85754-747-4 |language=en |author-link=Philip French}}</ref>{{Rp|page=12}}


Western films commonly feature protagonists such as cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as seminomadic wanderers who wear [[Stetson]] hats, [[Kerchief|bandanna]]s, spurs, and [[buckskins]], use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival and as a means to settle disputes using "frontier justice". Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
Western films commonly feature protagonists such as sheriffs, cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as seminomadic wanderers who wear [[Stetson]] hats, [[Kerchief|bandanna]]s, spurs, and [[buckskins]], use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival and as a means to settle disputes using "frontier justice". Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indick |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NE0-EAAAQBAJ |title=The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen |date=2014-11-21 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9211-4 |pages=8, 12 |language=en |quote=[T]he principal archetype of the genre, the Western hero, is analyzed within the context of his various personas: the chivalrous cowboy, the honorable marshal, the lone crusader, and the rebel outlaw... He is more comfortable living in the open fronteir than in the cities, and most importantly, he does not conform to the laws and customs of civilized society. He answers only to his own code of honor and enforces his own personal brand of justice... [W]riters established the cowboy hero as the legendary icon of the West. They dressed him in chaps and a ten-gallon hat, straddled him atop a horse, armed him with a revolver, and set him loose on the Western plains.}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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=== Silent era ===
=== Silent era ===
Western films were enormously popular in the [[silent-film]] era (1894–1927). The earliest known Western narrative film is the British short ''[[Kidnapping by Indians]]'', made by [[Mitchell and Kenyon]] in [[Blackburn]], England, in 1899.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-50211023 |title=World's first Western movie 'filmed in Blackburn' |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=1 November 2019|date=2019-10-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-kidnapping-by-indians-1899-1899-online |title=Kidnapping by Indians |work=BFI |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' (1903, based on the earlier British film ''[[A Daring Daylight Burglary]]''), [[Edwin S. Porter]]'s film starring [[Broncho Billy Anderson]], is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and [[William K. Everson]] point out that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to ''The Great Train Robbery''". Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenin |first1=George N. |last2=Everson |first2=William K. |title=The Western: From Silents to Cinerama |publisher=Bonanza Books |location=New York City |year=1962 |page=47 |isbn=978-1-163-70021-1}}</ref> The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first Western star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from [[Tom Mix]] and [[William S. Hart]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/21/archives/bronco-billy-anderson-is-dead-at-88j.html |title=Bronco Billy Anderson Is Dead at 88 |date=21 January 1971 |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>
Western films were enormously popular in the [[silent-film]] era (1894–1927). The earliest known Western narrative film is the British short ''[[Kidnapping by Indians]]'', made by [[Mitchell and Kenyon]] in [[Blackburn]], England, in 1899.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-50211023 |title=World's first Western movie 'filmed in Blackburn' |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=1 November 2019|date=2019-10-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-kidnapping-by-indians-1899-1899-online |title=Kidnapping by Indians |work=BFI |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' (1903, based on the earlier British film ''[[A Daring Daylight Burglary]]''), [[Edwin S. Porter]]'s film starring [[Broncho Billy Anderson]], is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and [[William K. Everson]] point out that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to ''The Great Train Robbery''". Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenin |first1=George N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE8htQEACAAJ |title=The Western: From Silents to Cinerama |last2=Everson |first2=William K. |publisher=Bonanza Books |year=1962 |isbn=978-1-163-70021-1 |location=New York City |page=47}}</ref> The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first Western star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from [[Tom Mix]] and [[William S. Hart]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/21/archives/bronco-billy-anderson-is-dead-at-88j.html |title=Bronco Billy Anderson Is Dead at 88 |date=21 January 1971 |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>


=== 1930s ===
=== 1930s ===
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==="Golden Age"===
==="Golden Age"===
After the renewed commercial successes of the Western in the late 1930s, their popularity continued to rise until the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ylSQBQAAQBAJ&dq=western+most+popular+film+genre+more+combined&pg=PA2 Indick, William. The Psychology of the Western. Pg. 2 McFarland, Aug 27, 2008. ]</ref>
After the renewed commercial successes of the Western in the late 1930s, their popularity continued to rise until the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indick |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylSQBQAAQBAJ&dq=western+most+popular+film+genre+more+combined&pg=PA2 |title=The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen |date=2008-09-10 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3460-2 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref>


The period from 1940 to 1960 has been called the "Golden Age of the Western".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gittell |first=Noah |date=2014-06-17 |title=Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/06/the-return-of-the-western/372871/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> It is epitomized by the work of several prominent directors including:
The period from 1940 to 1960 has been called the "Golden Age of the Western".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gittell |first=Noah |date=2014-06-17 |title=Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/06/the-return-of-the-western/372871/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> It is epitomized by the work of several prominent directors including:
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Although experiencing waning popularity during the 1980s, the success of films such as ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'' (1990) and ''[[Unforgiven]]'' (1992) brought the genre back into the mainstream.<ref name="Netflix Tudum 2021" /> ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'' (1990) was "a full-blown Western" set in 1885; although the least commercially successful of [[Back to the Future (franchise)|the trilogy]] and according to some a departure from [[Back to the Future|the 1985 original]] (a sci-fi) and [[Back to the Future Part II|the 1989 sequel]] (an action adventure), ''Part III'' has been regarded by others as a fitting end to the series.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gilmore |first1=Brad |date=2021 |title=Back From the Future: A Celebration of the Greatest Time Travel Story Ever Told |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JJWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 |location=Coral Gables |publisher=Mango Publishing Group |pages=36–37 |isbn=9781642507249 |access-date=October 30, 2023}}</ref>
Although experiencing waning popularity during the 1980s, the success of films such as ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'' (1990) and ''[[Unforgiven]]'' (1992) brought the genre back into the mainstream.<ref name="Netflix Tudum 2021" /> ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'' (1990) was "a full-blown Western" set in 1885; although the least commercially successful of [[Back to the Future (franchise)|the trilogy]] and according to some a departure from [[Back to the Future|the 1985 original]] (a sci-fi) and [[Back to the Future Part II|the 1989 sequel]] (an action adventure), ''Part III'' has been regarded by others as a fitting end to the series.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gilmore |first1=Brad |date=2021 |title=Back From the Future: A Celebration of the Greatest Time Travel Story Ever Told |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JJWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 |location=Coral Gables |publisher=Mango Publishing Group |pages=36–37 |isbn=9781642507249 |access-date=October 30, 2023}}</ref>


At the turn of the 21st century, Westerns have once again seen an ongoing revival in popularity.<ref name="Busby Buscombe Pearson 1999 p=520">{{cite journal | last1=Busby | first1=Mark | last2=Buscombe | first2=Edward | last3=Pearson | first3=Roberta E. | title=Back in the Saddle Again: New Essays on the Western | journal=The Western Historical Quarterly | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=30 | issue=4 | year=1999 | issn=0043-3810 | doi=10.2307/971437 | page=520| jstor=971437 }}</ref><ref name="Kollin 1999 pp. 238–250">{{cite journal | last=Kollin | first=Susan | title=Theorizing the Western | journal=Western American Literature | publisher=Project Muse | volume=34 | issue=2 | year=1999 | issn=1948-7142 | doi=10.1353/wal.1999.0081 | pages=238–250| s2cid=166137254 }}</ref> Largely influenced by the recapturing of [[Americana (culture)|Americana]] [[American mythology|mythology]], appreciation for the [[vaquero]] folklore within [[culture of Mexico|Mexican culture]] and [[Southwestern United States|the US Southwest]], interest in the [[Western lifestyle]]'s [[Western music (North America)|music]] and [[Western wear|clothing]], along with popular videos games series such as [[Red Dead (series)|''Red Dead'']].<ref name="Leyda 2002 pp. 46–70">{{cite journal | last=Leyda | first=Julia | title=Black-Audience Westerns and the Politics of Cultural Identification in the 1930s | journal=Cinema Journal | publisher=[University of Texas Press, Society for Cinema & Media Studies] | volume=42 | issue=1 | year=2002 | issn=0009-7101 | jstor=1225542 | pages=46–70 | doi=10.1353/cj.2002.0022 | s2cid=143962868 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1225542 | access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Mens Health 2022">{{cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Why Everyone Suddenly Loves Westerns Again |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41830004/modern-westerns-masculinity-men-popularity/ |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=Men's Health}}</ref><ref name="Penny 2021">{{cite web | last=Penny | first=Daniel | title=Cowboy Boots in the City? Why Western Style Is Trending | website=WSJ | date=June 23, 2021 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/cowboy-boots-in-the-city-why-western-style-is-trending-11624463862 | access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Harpers BAZAAR 2023">{{cite web | title=Western Fashion 2023: Western Boots, Dresses, and Shirts to Shop | website=Harper's BAZAAR | date=August 12, 2022 | url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a40871600/western-fashion-guide/ | access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref>
At the turn of the 21st century, Westerns have once again seen an ongoing revival in popularity.<ref name="Busby Buscombe Pearson 1999 p=520">{{cite journal | last1=Busby | first1=Mark | last2=Buscombe | first2=Edward | last3=Pearson | first3=Roberta E. | title=Back in the Saddle Again: New Essays on the Western | journal=The Western Historical Quarterly | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=30 | issue=4 | year=1999 | issn=0043-3810 | doi=10.2307/971437 | page=520| jstor=971437 }}</ref><ref name="Kollin 1999 pp. 238–250">{{cite journal | last=Kollin | first=Susan | title=Theorizing the Western | journal=Western American Literature | publisher=Project Muse | volume=34 | issue=2 | year=1999 | issn=1948-7142 | doi=10.1353/wal.1999.0081 | pages=238–250| s2cid=166137254 }}</ref> Largely influenced by the recapturing of [[Americana (culture)|Americana]] [[American mythology|mythology]], appreciation for the [[vaquero]] folklore within [[culture of Mexico|Mexican culture]] and [[Southwestern United States|the US Southwest]], interest in the [[Western lifestyle]]'s [[Western music (North America)|music]] and [[Western wear|clothing]], along with popular videos games series such as [[Red Dead (series)|''Red Dead'']].<ref name="Leyda 2002 pp. 46–70">{{cite journal | last=Leyda | first=Julia | title=Black-Audience Westerns and the Politics of Cultural Identification in the 1930s | journal=Cinema Journal | publisher=[University of Texas Press, Society for Cinema & Media Studies] | volume=42 | issue=1 | year=2002 | issn=0009-7101 | jstor=1225542 | pages=46–70 | doi=10.1353/cj.2002.0022 | s2cid=143962868 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1225542 | access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Mens Health 2022">{{cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Why Everyone Suddenly Loves Westerns Again |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41830004/modern-westerns-masculinity-men-popularity/ |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=Men's Health}}</ref><ref name="Penny 2021">{{cite web | last=Penny | first=Daniel | title=Cowboy Boots in the City? Why Western Style Is Trending | website=WSJ | date=June 23, 2021 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/cowboy-boots-in-the-city-why-western-style-is-trending-11624463862 | access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Harpers BAZAAR 2023">{{cite magazine | title=Western Fashion 2023: Western Boots, Dresses, and Shirts to Shop | magazine=Harper's BAZAAR | date=August 12, 2022 | url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a40871600/western-fashion-guide/ | access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref>


== Themes and settings ==
== Themes and settings ==
Screenwriter and scholar [[Eric R. Williams]] identifies Western films as one of eleven super-genres in his [[Screenwriters Taxonomy|screenwriters' taxonomy]], claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are [[Action film|action]], [[Crime film|crime]], [[Fantasy film|fantasy]], [[Horror film|horror]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Science fiction film|science fiction]], [[slice of life]], [[Sports film|sports]], [[Thriller film|thriller]], and [[War film|war]].<ref>Williams, Eric R. (2017). ''The screenwriters taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling''. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice. {{ISBN|978-1-315-10864-3}}. {{OCLC|993983488}}. P. 21</ref>
Screenwriter and scholar [[Eric R. Williams]] identifies Western films as one of eleven super-genres in his [[Screenwriters Taxonomy|screenwriters' taxonomy]], claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are [[Action film|action]], [[Crime film|crime]], [[Fantasy film|fantasy]], [[Horror film|horror]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Science fiction film|science fiction]], [[slice of life]], [[Sports film|sports]], [[Thriller film|thriller]], and [[War film|war]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AB00DwAAQBAJ |title=The Screenwriters Taxonomy: A Collaborative Approach to Creative Storytelling |date=2017-09-05 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-61066-7 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>


Western films often depict conflicts with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. While early Eurocentric Westerns frequently portray the "Injuns" as dishonorable villains, the later and more culturally neutral Westerns gave Native Americans a more sympathetic treatment. Other recurring themes of Westerns include treks (e.g. ''The Big Trail'') or perilous journeys (e.g. ''Stagecoach'') or groups of bandits terrorizing small towns such as in ''[[The Magnificent Seven]]''.{{Cn|date=September 2023}}
Western films often depict conflicts with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. While early Eurocentric Westerns frequently portray the Native Americans as dishonorable villains,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indick |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NE0-EAAAQBAJ |title=The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen |date=2014-11-21 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9211-4 |pages=17 |language=en |quote=The Western hero himself epitomizes the animus archetype. He is a character that is completely and utterly masculine... In turn, the Native American is often portrayed as the shadow archetype, the representative of savage, wild emotions, and the dark adversary for the hero in their oedipal rivalry over the maternal landscape.}}</ref> the later and more culturally neutral Westerns gave Native Americans a more sympathetic treatment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larson |first=Stephanie Greco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIx1LIZPgDgC |title=Media & Minorities: The Politics of Race in News and Entertainment |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-9453-2 |page=51 |language=en}}</ref> Other recurring themes of Westerns include treks (e.g. ''[[The Big Trail (1931 film)|The Big Trail]]'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanfling |first=Barrie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Opg-CgAAQBAJ |title=Westerns and the Trail of Tradition: A Year-by-Year History, 1929-1962 |date=2016-04-21 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0836-5 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> or perilous journeys (e.g. ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Barry Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqrJWnPSxK0C |title=John Ford's Stagecoach |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79743-6 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> or groups of bandits terrorizing small towns such as in ''[[The Magnificent Seven]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferrell |first=William K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6zOEAAAQBAJ |title=Literature and Film as Modern Mythology |date=2000-02-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-00286-1 |pages=59–60 |language=en}}</ref>


The Western goes beyond simply a cinematic genre, and extends into defining the myth of the West in American culture.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=21-22}}
The Western goes beyond simply a cinematic genre, and extends into defining the myth of the West in American culture.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=21-22}}


Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, as in other early Hollywood films, but when location shooting became more common from the 1930s, producers of Westerns used desolate corners of [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Kansas]], [[Montana]], [[Nevada]], [[New Mexico]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Texas]], [[Utah]], or [[Wyoming]]. These settings gave filmmakers the ability to depict vast plains, looming mountains, and epic canyons.{{Cn|date=September 2023}} Productions were also filmed on location at [[movie ranches]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-10 |title=Paramount Ranch: Old Movie Town & Westworld Filming Location in Agoura Hills |url=https://californiathroughmylens.com/paramount-ranch-old-movie-town/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=California Through My Lens |language=en-US}}</ref>
Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, as in other early Hollywood films, but when location shooting became more common from the 1930s, producers of Westerns used desolate corners of [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Kansas]], [[Montana]], [[Nevada]], [[New Mexico]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Texas]], [[Utah]], or [[Wyoming]]. These settings gave filmmakers the ability to depict vast plains, looming mountains, and epic canyons.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Indick |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NE0-EAAAQBAJ |title=The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen |date=2014-11-21 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9211-4 |pages=16–17 |language=en |quote=[T]he role of the landscape is typically accentuated, making the scenery in the Western as equally import a character as the hero or villain... a good Western must import a strong sense of the frontier landscape... to depict the glory and majesty of the frontier landscape.}}</ref> Productions were also filmed on location at [[movie ranches]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-10 |title=Paramount Ranch: Old Movie Town & Westworld Filming Location in Agoura Hills |url=https://californiathroughmylens.com/paramount-ranch-old-movie-town/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=California Through My Lens |language=en-US}}</ref>


Often, the vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film. After the early 1950s, various widescreen formats such as [[Cinemascope]] (1953) and [[VistaVision]] used the expanded width of the screen to display spectacular western landscapes.{{Cn|date=September 2023}} John Ford's use of [[Monument Valley]] as an expressive landscape in his films from ''Stagecoach'' to ''[[Cheyenne Autumn]]'' (1965), "present us with a mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans".<ref name="Cowie 20042">{{cite book |last=Cowie |first=Peter |title=John Ford and the American West |publisher=Harry Abrams Inc. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8109-4976-8 |location=New York}}</ref>
Often, the vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film.<ref name=":4" /> After the early 1950s, various widescreen formats such as [[Cinemascope]] (1953) and [[VistaVision]] used the expanded width of the screen to display spectacular western landscapes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bandy |first1=Mary Lea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaLmJwamoxgC |title=Ride, Boldly Ride: The Evolution of the American Western |last2=Stoehr |first2=Kevin L. |date=October 2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25866-2 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lenihan |first=John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3TaxS2uWxQC |title=Showdown, Confronting Modern America in the Western Film |date=1980 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-01254-9 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> John Ford's use of [[Monument Valley]] as an expressive landscape in his films from ''Stagecoach'' to ''[[Cheyenne Autumn]]'' (1965), "present us with a mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans".<ref name="Cowie 20042">{{cite book |last=Cowie |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wNlAAAAMAAJ |title=John Ford and the American West |publisher=Harry Abrams Inc. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8109-4976-8 |location=New York |pages=12}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 89: Line 89:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Film genres}}
{{Film genres}}

==Bibliography==
===Surveys and monographs===
{{Refbegin}}
* González, Jesús Ángel. "New Frontiers for Post-Western Cinema: Frozen River, Sin Nombre, Winter's Bone." ''Western American Literature'' 50.1 (2015): 51–76.
* {{cite book | last=Wright | first=Will | title=Sixguns and Society: A Structural Study of the Western | publisher=University of California Press | year=2023 | isbn=978-0-520-34078-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eam6EAAAQBAJ}}


[[Category:Western (genre)]]
[[Category:Western (genre)]]

Latest revision as of 07:41, 15 November 2024

"Western movies" redirects here. For the song, see Western Movies.
Not to be confused with European cinema or American cinema.
Gary Cooper in Vera Cruz from 1954.
Part of a series on
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The Western is a film genre defined by the American Film Institute as films which are "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the new frontier."[1] Generally set in the American frontier between the California Gold Rush of 1849 and the closing of the frontier in 1890,[2]: 557  the genre also includes many examples of stories set in locations outside the frontier – including Northern Mexico, the Northwestern United States, Alaska, and Western Canada – as well as stories that take place before 1849 and after 1890. Western films comprise part of the larger Western genre, which encompasses literature, music, television, and plastic arts.

Western films derive from the Wild West shows that began in the 1870s.[3]: 48  Originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the shortened term "Western" came to describe the genre.[4] Although other Western films were made earlier, The Great Train Robbery (1903) is often considered to mark the beginning of the genre.[2][5] Westerns were a major genre during the silent era (1894–1929) and continued to grow in popularity during the sound era (post–1929).

The genre reached its pinnacle between 1945 and 1965 when it comprised roughly a quarter of studio output.[6] The advent of color and widescreen during this era opened up new possibilities for directors to portray the vastness of the American landscape.[3]: 105  This era also produced the genre's most iconic figures, including John Wayne and Randolph Scott, who developed personae that they maintained across most of their films.[7] Director John Ford is often considered one of the genre's greatest filmmakers.[8]

With the proliferation of television in the 1960s, television Westerns began to supersede film Westerns in popularity.[9] By the end of the decade, studios had mostly ceased to make Westerns. Despite their dwindling popularity during this decade, the 1960s gave rise to the revisionist Western, several examples of which became vital entries in the canon.[10]

Since the 1960s, new Western films have only appeared sporadically. Despite their decreased prominence, Western films remain an integral part of American culture and national mythology.[11][12]

Characteristics

[edit]

The American Film Institute defines Western films as those "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the new frontier".[1] The term "Western", used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine.[13]

Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular Western fiction, and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form.[14][page needed] Film critic Philip French has said that the Western is "a commercial formula with rules as fixed and immutable as the Kabuki Theater."[15]: 12 

Western films commonly feature protagonists such as sheriffs, cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as seminomadic wanderers who wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, and buckskins, use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival and as a means to settle disputes using "frontier justice". Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.[16]

History

[edit]
John Wayne in The Comancheros (1961)

Origins

[edit]

Film Westerns derive from the Wild West shows that began in the 1870s.[3]: 48  These shows, which included stage plays and outdoor exhibitions, culminated in Buffalo Bill's Wild West, a touring performance that ran from 1883 to 1913. Wild West shows, which were intended for urban audiences, established many of the elements that came to define Western films, such as the blending of fact and fiction and the romanticization of the frontier.[17] These early films were originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the term "Western" came to describe the genre. The use of this shortened term appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine.[4]

The first films that belong to the Western genre are a series of short single reel silents made in 1894 by Edison Studios at their Black Maria studio in West Orange, New Jersey. These featured veterans of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show exhibiting skills acquired by living in the Old West – they included Annie Oakley (shooting) and members of the Sioux (dancing).[18]

Silent era

[edit]

Western films were enormously popular in the silent-film era (1894–1927). The earliest known Western narrative film is the British short Kidnapping by Indians, made by Mitchell and Kenyon in Blackburn, England, in 1899.[19][20] The Great Train Robbery (1903, based on the earlier British film A Daring Daylight Burglary), Edwin S. Porter's film starring Broncho Billy Anderson, is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and William K. Everson point out that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to The Great Train Robbery". Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre".[21] The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first Western star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from Tom Mix and William S. Hart.[22]

1930s

[edit]

With the advent of sound in 1927–28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns,[23] leaving the genre to smaller studios and producers. These smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. By the late 1930s, the Western film was widely regarded as a "pulp" genre in Hollywood, but its popularity was dramatically revived in 1939 by major studio productions such as Dodge City starring Errol Flynn, Jesse James with Tyrone Power, Union Pacific with Joel McCrea, Destry Rides Again featuring James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich, and especially John Ford's landmark Western adventure Stagecoach starring John Wayne, which became one of the biggest hits of the year. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream screen star in the wake of a decade of headlining B Westerns. Wayne had been introduced to the screen 10 years earlier as the leading man in director Raoul Walsh's spectacular widescreen The Big Trail, which failed at the box office in spite of being shot on location across the American West, including the Grand Canyon, Yosemite, and the giant redwoods, due in part to exhibitors' inability to switch over to widescreen during the Great Depression.

"Golden Age"

[edit]

After the renewed commercial successes of the Western in the late 1930s, their popularity continued to rise until the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined.[24]

The period from 1940 to 1960 has been called the "Golden Age of the Western".[25] It is epitomized by the work of several prominent directors including:

Revivals

[edit]

There have been several instances of resurgence for the Western genre. According to Netflix, the popularity of the genre is due to its malleability: "As America has evolved, so too have Westerns."[26]

During the 1960s and 1970s, Spaghetti Westerns from Italy became popular worldwide; this was due to the success of Sergio Leone's storytelling method.[27][28]

Although experiencing waning popularity during the 1980s, the success of films such as Dances with Wolves (1990) and Unforgiven (1992) brought the genre back into the mainstream.[26] Back to the Future Part III (1990) was "a full-blown Western" set in 1885; although the least commercially successful of the trilogy and according to some a departure from the 1985 original (a sci-fi) and the 1989 sequel (an action adventure), Part III has been regarded by others as a fitting end to the series.[29]

At the turn of the 21st century, Westerns have once again seen an ongoing revival in popularity.[30][31] Largely influenced by the recapturing of Americana mythology, appreciation for the vaquero folklore within Mexican culture and the US Southwest, interest in the Western lifestyle's music and clothing, along with popular videos games series such as Red Dead.[32][33][34][35]

Themes and settings

[edit]

Screenwriter and scholar Eric R. Williams identifies Western films as one of eleven super-genres in his screenwriters' taxonomy, claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are action, crime, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, slice of life, sports, thriller, and war.[36]

Western films often depict conflicts with Native Americans. While early Eurocentric Westerns frequently portray the Native Americans as dishonorable villains,[37] the later and more culturally neutral Westerns gave Native Americans a more sympathetic treatment.[38] Other recurring themes of Westerns include treks (e.g. The Big Trail)[39] or perilous journeys (e.g. Stagecoach)[40] or groups of bandits terrorizing small towns such as in The Magnificent Seven.[41]

The Western goes beyond simply a cinematic genre, and extends into defining the myth of the West in American culture.[15]: 21–22 

Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, as in other early Hollywood films, but when location shooting became more common from the 1930s, producers of Westerns used desolate corners of Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, or Wyoming. These settings gave filmmakers the ability to depict vast plains, looming mountains, and epic canyons.[42] Productions were also filmed on location at movie ranches.[43]

Often, the vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film.[42] After the early 1950s, various widescreen formats such as Cinemascope (1953) and VistaVision used the expanded width of the screen to display spectacular western landscapes.[44][45] John Ford's use of Monument Valley as an expressive landscape in his films from Stagecoach to Cheyenne Autumn (1965), "present us with a mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans".[46]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "America's 10 Greatest Films in 10 Classic Genres". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
  2. ^ a b Rubin, Joan Shelley; Casper, Scott E., eds. (2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-976435-8.
  3. ^ a b c Simmon, Scott (2003-06-30). The Invention of the Western Film: A Cultural History of the Genre's First Half Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55581-4.
  4. ^ a b McMahan, Alison. Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema. Continuum. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-5013-4023-9.
  5. ^ Verhoeff, Nanna (2006-01-01). The West in Early Cinema: After the Beginning. Amsterdam University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-90-5356-831-6.
  6. ^ Aron, Stephen (2015). The American West: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-19-985893-4.
  7. ^ Munn, Michael (2005-03-01). John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth. Penguin. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-101-21026-0.
  8. ^ Matheson, Sue (2016-02-18). The Westerns and War Films of John Ford. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4422-6106-8.
  9. ^ MacDonald, J. Fred (1987). Who Shot the Sheriff?: The Rise and Fall of the Television Western. Praeger. pp. xi. ISBN 978-0-275-92326-6.
  10. ^ Lusted, David (2003). The Western. Pearson/Longman. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-582-43736-4.
  11. ^ Parks, Rita (1982). The Western Hero in Film and Television: Mass Media Mythology. UMI Research Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8357-1287-3.
  12. ^ Day, Kirsten (2016-05-31). Cowboy Classics: The Roots of the American Western in the Epic Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4744-0247-7.
  13. ^ McMahan, Alison (2014-08-22). Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-5013-0268-8.
  14. ^ Smith, Henry Nash (1978). Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-93955-4.
  15. ^ a b French, Philip (1973). Westerns: Aspects of a Movie Genre and Westerns Revisited. Carcanet. ISBN 978-1-85754-747-4.
  16. ^ Indick, William (2014-11-21). The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen. McFarland. pp. 8, 12. ISBN 978-0-7864-9211-4. [T]he principal archetype of the genre, the Western hero, is analyzed within the context of his various personas: the chivalrous cowboy, the honorable marshal, the lone crusader, and the rebel outlaw... He is more comfortable living in the open fronteir than in the cities, and most importantly, he does not conform to the laws and customs of civilized society. He answers only to his own code of honor and enforces his own personal brand of justice... [W]riters established the cowboy hero as the legendary icon of the West. They dressed him in chaps and a ten-gallon hat, straddled him atop a horse, armed him with a revolver, and set him loose on the Western plains.
  17. ^ Sarf, Wayne Michael (1983). God Bless You, Buffalo Bill: A Layman's Guide to History and the Western Film. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-8453-4732-4.
  18. ^ "Sioux ghost dance". Library of Congress. 1894. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  19. ^ "World's first Western movie 'filmed in Blackburn'". BBC News. 2019-10-31. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  20. ^ "Kidnapping by Indians". BFI. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  21. ^ Fenin, George N.; Everson, William K. (1962). The Western: From Silents to Cinerama. New York City: Bonanza Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-163-70021-1.
  22. ^ "Bronco Billy Anderson Is Dead at 88". The New York Times. 21 January 1971. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  23. ^ New York Times Magazine (November 10, 2007).
  24. ^ Indick, William (2008-09-10). The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen. McFarland. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7864-3460-2.
  25. ^ Gittell, Noah (2014-06-17). "Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
  26. ^ a b "Why Are Westerns Still Popular?". Netflix Tudum. December 27, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  27. ^ Butler, Nancy (January 27, 2023). "Inventing America: Spaghetti Westerns and Sergio Leone". Italy Segreta. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  28. ^ Gray, Tim (January 4, 2019). "Sergio Leone's Spaghetti Westerns Made a Fistful of Dollars and Clint Eastwood a Star". Variety. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  29. ^ Gilmore, Brad (2021). Back From the Future: A Celebration of the Greatest Time Travel Story Ever Told. Coral Gables: Mango Publishing Group. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9781642507249. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  30. ^ Busby, Mark; Buscombe, Edward; Pearson, Roberta E. (1999). "Back in the Saddle Again: New Essays on the Western". The Western Historical Quarterly. 30 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 520. doi:10.2307/971437. ISSN 0043-3810. JSTOR 971437.
  31. ^ Kollin, Susan (1999). "Theorizing the Western". Western American Literature. 34 (2). Project Muse: 238–250. doi:10.1353/wal.1999.0081. ISSN 1948-7142. S2CID 166137254.
  32. ^ Leyda, Julia (2002). "Black-Audience Westerns and the Politics of Cultural Identification in the 1930s". Cinema Journal. 42 (1). [University of Texas Press, Society for Cinema & Media Studies]: 46–70. doi:10.1353/cj.2002.0022. ISSN 0009-7101. JSTOR 1225542. S2CID 143962868. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  33. ^ "Why Everyone Suddenly Loves Westerns Again". Men's Health. December 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  34. ^ Penny, Daniel (June 23, 2021). "Cowboy Boots in the City? Why Western Style Is Trending". WSJ. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  35. ^ "Western Fashion 2023: Western Boots, Dresses, and Shirts to Shop". Harper's BAZAAR. August 12, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  36. ^ Williams, Eric (2017-09-05). The Screenwriters Taxonomy: A Collaborative Approach to Creative Storytelling. Taylor & Francis. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-351-61066-7.
  37. ^ Indick, William (2014-11-21). The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen. McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7864-9211-4. The Western hero himself epitomizes the animus archetype. He is a character that is completely and utterly masculine... In turn, the Native American is often portrayed as the shadow archetype, the representative of savage, wild emotions, and the dark adversary for the hero in their oedipal rivalry over the maternal landscape.
  38. ^ Larson, Stephanie Greco (2006). Media & Minorities: The Politics of Race in News and Entertainment. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8476-9453-2.
  39. ^ Hanfling, Barrie (2016-04-21). Westerns and the Trail of Tradition: A Year-by-Year History, 1929-1962. McFarland. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4766-0836-5.
  40. ^ Grant, Barry Keith (2003). John Ford's Stagecoach. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-79743-6.
  41. ^ Ferrell, William K. (2000-02-28). Literature and Film as Modern Mythology. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-313-00286-1.
  42. ^ a b Indick, William (2014-11-21). The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen. McFarland. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-7864-9211-4. [T]he role of the landscape is typically accentuated, making the scenery in the Western as equally import a character as the hero or villain... a good Western must import a strong sense of the frontier landscape... to depict the glory and majesty of the frontier landscape.
  43. ^ "Paramount Ranch: Old Movie Town & Westworld Filming Location in Agoura Hills". California Through My Lens. 2014-03-10. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  44. ^ Bandy, Mary Lea; Stoehr, Kevin L. (October 2012). Ride, Boldly Ride: The Evolution of the American Western. University of California Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-520-25866-2.
  45. ^ Lenihan, John H. (1980). Showdown, Confronting Modern America in the Western Film. University of Illinois Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-252-01254-9.
  46. ^ Cowie, Peter (2004). John Ford and the American West. New York: Harry Abrams Inc. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8109-4976-8.
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