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{{Short description|Polish Marxist anthropologist, economist, and sociologist (1859–1941)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox academic
| name = Ludwik Krzywicki
| image = Ludwik krzywicki 1882.jpg
| name = Ludwik Krzywicki
| image = Ludwik krzywicki 1882.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| image_size =
| alt = Ludwik Krzywicki, 1882 portrait
| caption = Ludwik Krzywicki, 1882 photo
| alt = Ludwik Krzywicki
| caption = Krzywicki in 1882
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1859|08|21|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1859|08|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Płock]], [[Congress Poland]]
| birth_place = [[Płock]], [[Congress Poland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1941|06|10|1859|08|21|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1941|06|10|1859|08|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Warsaw]], [[General Government]]
| death_place = [[Warsaw]], [[General Government]]
| nationality = [[Poles|Polish]]
| nationality = [[Polish people|Polish]]
| other_names =
| other_names =
| known_for = Archeological digs in [[Samogitia]]
| known_for = Theory of the migration of ideas<br />Archeological digs in [[Samogitia]]
| occupation = Sociologist, Professor at the [[University of Warsaw]]
| occupation = Sociologist, Professor at the [[University of Warsaw]]
| influences = {{flatlist|
* [[Auguste Comte|Comte]]
* [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]
* [[Marx]]
* [[Hippolyte Taine|Taine]]
* [[Théodule-Armand Ribot|Ribot]]
}}
}}
| discipline = [[Anthropology]], [[Archeology]], [[Economics]], [[Sociology]]
⚫
'''Ludwik Krzywicki''' (21 August 1859 – 10 June 1941) was a [[Poland|Polish]] anthropologist, economist and sociologist. One of the early champions of [[sociology]] in Poland, he approached [[historical materialism]] from a sociological viewpoint. From 1919 to 1936 he was a professor at the [[University of Warsaw]].
⚫
}}
'''Ludwik Joachim Franciszek Krzywicki''' (21 August 1859 – 10 June 1941) was a Polish [[Marxism|Marxist]] anthropologist, economist, and sociologist.

⚫
An early champion of [[sociology]] in Poland, he approached [[historical materialism]] from a sociological viewpoint. From 1919 to 1936, he was a professor at the [[University of Warsaw]].


==Life==
==Life==
Ludwik Krzywicki was born at [[Płock]] in 1859 into an aristocratic but impoverished family. From an early age he showed an interest in psychology, philosophy and natural sciences, and studied the works of [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]], [[Hippolyte Taine|Taine]], [[Théodule-Armand Ribot|Ribot]] and [[Auguste Comte|Comte]].
Ludwik Krzywicki was born at [[Płock]] in 1859 into an aristocratic but impoverished family. From an early age he showed an interest in psychology, philosophy, and the natural sciences, and studied works by [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]], [[Hippolyte Taine|Taine]], [[Théodule-Armand Ribot|Ribot]], and [[Auguste Comte|Comte]].

Krzywicki studied [[mathematics]] at the [[University of Warsaw]] in [[Congress Poland]]. After obtaining his degree, he enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine but was expelled from the University on account of his political activities.


Krzywicki studied [[mathematics]] at the [[University of Warsaw]] in [[Congress Poland]]. After obtaining his degree, he enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine but was expelled from the University on account of his political activities. He then went abroad, first to [[Leipzig]], [[Germany]], then [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]], and finally in 1885 to [[Paris]], [[France]], where most of the Polish Socialist émigrés in Europe lived. It was in [[Paris]] that he began studying [[anthropology]], [[archaeology]] and [[ethnology]].
He then went abroad, first to [[Leipzig]], [[Germany]], then to [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]], and finally in 1885 to [[Paris]], [[France]], where most of the Polish Socialist émigrés in Europe lived. It was in [[Paris]] that he began studying [[anthropology]], [[archaeology]] and [[ethnology]].


==Contributions to science==
==Contributions to science==
Krzywicki was one of the first scholars to research [[Lithuania]]n [[hill forts]]. Between 1900 and 1914 he conducted archeological digs in [[Samogitia]] and elsewhere, photographing and excavating fortress hills. In 1908 he published ''Żmudż starożytnia'' (Ancient Samogitia), in which he sought to correlate his findings with chronicles that mentioned the castles and fortifications that he was investigating. In the same year he published an article entitled, ''W poszukiwaniu grodu Mendoga'', dealing with where he believed the castle of King [[Mindaugas]] had been located. Krzywicki donated a large part of his findings to the Culture Museum in [[Kaunas]], Lithuania, in 1939.
Krzywicki was one of the first scholars to research [[Lithuania]]n [[hill forts]]. Between 1900 and 1914 he conducted archeological digs in [[Samogitia]] and elsewhere, photographing and excavating fortress hills. In 1908 he published ''Żmudż starożytnia'' (Ancient Samogitia), in which he sought to correlate his findings with chronicles that mentioned the castles and fortifications that he was investigating. In the same year he published an article entitled, ''W poszukiwaniu grodu Mendoga'', dealing with where he believed the castle of King [[Mindaugas]] had been located. Krzywicki donated a large part of his findings to the Culture Museum in [[Kaunas]], Lithuania, in 1939.


One of his most important contributions was the theory of the ''[[migration of ideas]]'': that ideas, which are created from and spread thanks to [[social needs]] and [[social expectations]], can "migrate" to other places or times, which are not yet capable of expressing them autonomously. When that happens, if those new ideas succeed in embodying needs and expectations encountered at this new place, they will take root and accelerate socioeconomic development.
One of his most important contributions was the theory of the [[migration of ideas]]: that ideas, which are created from and spread thanks to [[social needs]] and [[social expectations]], can "migrate" to other places or times which have not yet been capable of expressing them autonomously. When that happens, if the new ideas succeed in embodying the needs and expectations encountered at the new place, they will take root and accelerate its socio-economic development.


==Return to Poland==
==Return to Poland==
Krzywicki returned to Congress Poland in 1893 and continued his political activity.
Krzywicki returned to Congress Poland in 1893 and continued his political activity.


When the Italian [[Spiritualist]] [[Eusapia Palladino]] revisited [[Warsaw]] in the second half of May 1898, she held at least two [[séance]]s in Krzywicki's apartment.<ref>Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, ''[[Bolesław Prus]]'', p. 521.</ref>
When the Italian [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualist]] [[Eusapia Palladino]] revisited [[Warsaw]] in the second half of May 1898, she held at least two [[séance]]s in Krzywicki's apartment.<ref>Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, ''[[Bolesław Prus]], 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości'' ([[Bolesław Prus]], 1847–1912: a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), p. 521.</ref>
[[File:Ludwik Krzywicki (-1907).jpg|thumb|left|Krzywicki, early 1900s]]

He was arrested many times, notably when he took part in the [[Revolution of 1905]]. During this period, he edited the paper of the [[Polish Socialist Party – Left|Socialist Party]]. He finished a doctorate in [[Lvov]] with an ethnographic dissertation. Before [[World War I]] he lived in great hardship, but when the war broke out he was back in the front line of social activity, taking part in various workers' and trade union organizations even though his relations with the Socialist Party had cooled.
He was arrested many times, notably when he took part in the [[Revolution of 1905]]. During this period, he edited the paper of the [[Polish Socialist Party – Left|Socialist Party]]. He finished a doctorate in [[Lwów]] (today Lviv, [[Ukraine]]) with an ethnographic dissertation. Before [[World War I]] he lived in great hardship, but when the war broke out he was back in the front line of social activity, taking part in various workers and trade union organizations even though his relations with the Socialist Party had cooled.


Krzywicki was one of the translators of [[Karl Marx]]'s ''[[Das Kapital]]'' into Polish.
Krzywicki was one of the translators of [[Karl Marx]]'s ''[[Das Kapital]]'' into Polish.


After World War I he abandoned all political activity and focused on scientific research, intending to complete the works that he had never had the peace of mind or time to finish. However, he did take part in the organization and management of scientific bodies. He served as vice-director of the [[Central Statistical Office, Poland|Central Statistical Office]], taught at the [[University of Warsaw]] (1919–36) and other institutions of higher education, and directed the Socio-Economic Institute.
After World War I he abandoned all political activity and focused on scientific research, intending to complete the works that he had never had the peace of mind or time to finish. However, he did take part in the organization and management of scientific bodies. He served as vice-director of the [[Central Statistical Office, Poland|Central Statistical Office]], taught at the [[University of Warsaw]] (1919–36) and other institutions of higher education, and directed the Socio-Economic Institute.
[[File:Plock Ludwik Krzywicki Monument 2019 P01.jpg|thumb|Ludwik Krzywicki monument in [[Płock]]]]

During [[World War II]] he was injured during the defence of Warsaw on September 1939, and the bomb that destroyed his apartment also caused the loss of most of his papers and manuscripts. His working conditions became increasingly worse. He died of heart disease in 1941.
During [[World War II]] he was injured during the defence of Warsaw in September 1939, and the bomb that destroyed his apartment also caused the loss of most of his papers and manuscripts. His working conditions worsened and he died of heart disease in 1941.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 50: Line 63:


==References==
==References==
*Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, ''[[Bolesław Prus]], 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości'' ([[Bolesław Prus]], 1847–1912: a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), edited by [[Zygmunt Szweykowski]], Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.
*Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, ''[[Bolesław Prus]], 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości'' ([[Bolesław Prus]], 1847–1912: a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), edited by [[Zygmunt Szweykowski (historian)|Zygmunt Szweykowski]], Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Wayback |date=20071009034935 |url=http://www.fmag.unict.it/~polphil/PolPhil/Krzywi/Krzywi.html |title=Polish Philosophy page: Ludwik Krzywicki}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009034935/http://www.fmag.unict.it/~polphil/PolPhil/Krzywi/Krzywi.html |date=October 9, 2007 |title=Polish Philosophy page: Ludwik Krzywicki }}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Krzywicki, Ludwik
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Polish academic
| DATE OF BIRTH = 21 August 1859
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Płock]], [[Congress Poland]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 10 June 1941
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Warsaw]]
⚫
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krzywicki, Ludwik}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krzywicki, Ludwik}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Płock]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Warsaw]]
[[Category:19th-century Polish people]]
[[Category:19th-century Polish scholars]]
[[Category:Polish Marxists]]
[[Category:Polish Marxists]]
[[Category:Polish sociologists]]
[[Category:Polish sociologists]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Polish scientists]]
[[Category:19th-century Polish economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish scientists]]
[[Category:Writers from Płock]]
[[Category:People from Congress Poland]]
[[Category:Economists from the Russian Empire]]

Latest revision as of 21:13, 16 November 2024

Ludwik Krzywicki
Ludwik Krzywicki
Krzywicki in 1882
Born(1859-08-21)21 August 1859
Płock, Congress Poland
Died10 June 1941(1941-06-10) (aged 81)
Warsaw, General Government
NationalityPolish
Occupation(s)Sociologist, Professor at the University of Warsaw
Known forTheory of the migration of ideas
Archeological digs in Samogitia
Academic background
Influences
Academic work
DisciplineAnthropology, Archeology, Economics, Sociology

Ludwik Joachim Franciszek Krzywicki (21 August 1859 – 10 June 1941) was a Polish Marxist anthropologist, economist, and sociologist.

An early champion of sociology in Poland, he approached historical materialism from a sociological viewpoint. From 1919 to 1936, he was a professor at the University of Warsaw.

Life

[edit]

Ludwik Krzywicki was born at Płock in 1859 into an aristocratic but impoverished family. From an early age he showed an interest in psychology, philosophy, and the natural sciences, and studied works by Darwin, Taine, Ribot, and Comte.

Krzywicki studied mathematics at the University of Warsaw in Congress Poland. After obtaining his degree, he enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine but was expelled from the University on account of his political activities.

He then went abroad, first to Leipzig, Germany, then to Zürich, Switzerland, and finally in 1885 to Paris, France, where most of the Polish Socialist émigrés in Europe lived. It was in Paris that he began studying anthropology, archaeology and ethnology.

Contributions to science

[edit]

Krzywicki was one of the first scholars to research Lithuanian hill forts. Between 1900 and 1914 he conducted archeological digs in Samogitia and elsewhere, photographing and excavating fortress hills. In 1908 he published Żmudż starożytnia (Ancient Samogitia), in which he sought to correlate his findings with chronicles that mentioned the castles and fortifications that he was investigating. In the same year he published an article entitled, W poszukiwaniu grodu Mendoga, dealing with where he believed the castle of King Mindaugas had been located. Krzywicki donated a large part of his findings to the Culture Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania, in 1939.

One of his most important contributions was the theory of the migration of ideas: that ideas, which are created from and spread thanks to social needs and social expectations, can "migrate" to other places or times which have not yet been capable of expressing them autonomously. When that happens, if the new ideas succeed in embodying the needs and expectations encountered at the new place, they will take root and accelerate its socio-economic development.

Return to Poland

[edit]

Krzywicki returned to Congress Poland in 1893 and continued his political activity.

When the Italian Spiritualist Eusapia Palladino revisited Warsaw in the second half of May 1898, she held at least two séances in Krzywicki's apartment.[1]

Krzywicki, early 1900s

He was arrested many times, notably when he took part in the Revolution of 1905. During this period, he edited the paper of the Socialist Party. He finished a doctorate in Lwów (today Lviv, Ukraine) with an ethnographic dissertation. Before World War I he lived in great hardship, but when the war broke out he was back in the front line of social activity, taking part in various workers and trade union organizations even though his relations with the Socialist Party had cooled.

Krzywicki was one of the translators of Karl Marx's Das Kapital into Polish.

After World War I he abandoned all political activity and focused on scientific research, intending to complete the works that he had never had the peace of mind or time to finish. However, he did take part in the organization and management of scientific bodies. He served as vice-director of the Central Statistical Office, taught at the University of Warsaw (1919–36) and other institutions of higher education, and directed the Socio-Economic Institute.

Ludwik Krzywicki monument in Płock

During World War II he was injured during the defence of Warsaw in September 1939, and the bomb that destroyed his apartment also caused the loss of most of his papers and manuscripts. His working conditions worsened and he died of heart disease in 1941.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), p. 521.

References

[edit]
  • Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of [His] Life and Work), edited by Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.
[edit]
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