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{{other uses}}
{{other uses}}
{{Short description|Slur for Italians or people of Italian descent}}
{{Short description|Slur for Italians or people of Italian descent}}
'''''Wop''''' is a pejorative slur for [[Italian people|Italians]] or people of Italian descent.<ref>Embury, Stuart P. (2006). "Chapter One: The Early Years". ''The Art and Life of [[Luigi Lucioni]]''. Embury Publishing Company. pp. 1-4.</ref>
'''''Wop''''' is a pejorative term for [[Italian people|Italians]] or people of Italian descent.<ref>Embury, Stuart P. (2006). "Chapter One: The Early Years". ''The Art and Life of [[Luigi Lucioni]]''. Embury Publishing Company. pp. 1-4.</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The [[Merriam-Webster]] dictionary states wop's first known use was in the United States in 1908, and that it originates from the [[Neapolitan language|Southern Italian]] dialectal term ''[[guappo]]'', roughly meaning "[[dandy]]", or "[[swaggering|swaggerer]]", derived from the Spanish term ''guapo'', meaning "good-looking", "dandy", from Latin ''vappa'' for "sour wine", also "worthless fellow".<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/wop Wop]. [[Online Etymology Dictionary]]. Retrieved on 2018-07-30.</ref><ref name=DICTIONARY-Merriam-Webster>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wop Wop]. Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-11.</ref><ref name="Dictionary.com">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wop Wop]. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-11.</ref>
The [[Merriam-Webster]] dictionary states wop's first known use was in the United States in 1908, and that it originates from the [[Neapolitan language|Southern Italian]] dialectal term ''[[guappo]]'', roughly meaning "[[dandy]]", or "[[swaggering|swaggerer]]", derived from the Spanish term ''guapo'', meaning "good-looking", "dandy", from Latin ''vappa'' for "sour wine", also "worthless fellow".<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/wop Wop]. [[Online Etymology Dictionary]]. Retrieved on 2018-07-30.</ref><ref name=DICTIONARY-Merriam-Webster>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wop Wop]. Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-11.</ref><ref name="Dictionary.com">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wop Wop]. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-11.</ref>


In [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] and other Southern Italo-Romance varieties, ''guappo'' is pronounced roughly as ''wahp-po''.<ref name="delgado">{{cite book|last1=Delgado|first1=Richard|last2=Stefancic|first2=Jean|title=Understanding Words That Wound|date=2004|publisher=Westview Press|page=57|isbn=9780813341408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mXuAAAAMAAJ&q=wop+guappo+pronounced}}</ref><ref name="mencken">{{cite book|last1=Mencken|first1=H.L.|title=American Language Supplement 1|date=2012|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|pages=604–605|isbn=9780813341408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mXuAAAAMAAJ&q=wop+guappo+pronounced}}</ref> As word-final vowels in Southern Italian varieties are often realised as /ə/, ''guappo'' would often sound closer to ''wahpp'' to anglophones. ''[[Guappo]]'' historically refers to a type of flashy, boisterous, swaggering, dandy-like criminal in the [[Naples]] area. The word eventually became associated with members of the [[Camorra]] and has often been used in the Naples area as a friendly or humorous term of address among men.<ref name=denaro>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=476314 Quando il guappo non era camorrista], Il Denaro Nr. 159, August 26, 2006</ref> The word likely transformed into the slur "wop" following the arrival of [[Italian diaspora|poor Italian immigrants into the United States]]. Southern Italian immigrant males would often refer to one another as ''guappo'' in a jocular or playful manner; as these Italian immigrants often worked as [[manual labor]]ers in the United States, their native-born American employers and fellow laborers took notice of the Italians' playful term of address and eventually began deploying it as a derogatory term for all Italians and Southern Europeans, along with the term ''Dago''.<ref name="mencken" /> The term ''guappo'' was especially used by older Italian immigrant males to refer to the younger Italian male immigrants arriving in America.<ref name="csoti">{{cite book|last1=Csóti|title=Contentious Issues: Discussion Stories for Young People|date=2002|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=9781843100331|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9Fnss15yXoC&q=wop+guappo+pronounced&pg=PA87}}</ref><ref name="delgado" />
In [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] and other Southern Italo-Romance varieties, ''guappo'' is pronounced roughly as a ''wahp-po''.<ref name="delgado">{{cite book|last1=Delgado|first1=Richard|last2=Stefancic|first2=Jean|title=Understanding Words That Wound|date=2004|publisher=Westview Press|page=57|isbn=9780813341408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mXuAAAAMAAJ&q=wop+guappo+pronounced}}</ref><ref name="mencken">{{cite book|last1=Mencken|first1=H.L.|title=American Language Supplement 1|date=2012|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|pages=604–605|isbn=9780813341408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mXuAAAAMAAJ&q=wop+guappo+pronounced}}</ref> As word-final vowels in Southern Italian varieties are often realised as /ə/, ''guappo'' would often sound closer to ''wahpp'' to anglophones. ''[[Guappo]]'' historically refers to a type of flashy, boisterous, swaggering, dandy-like man.<ref name="mencken" /> The word eventually became associated with members of the [[Camorra]] and has often been used in the Naples area as a friendly or humorous term of address among men.<ref name=denaro>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=476314 Quando il guappo non era camorrista], Il Denaro Nr. 159, August 26, 2006</ref> The word likely transformed into the slur "wop" following the arrival of [[Italian diaspora|poor Italian immigrants into the United States]]. The term ''guappo'' was especially used by older Italian immigrant males to refer to the younger Italian male immigrants arriving in America.<ref name="csoti">{{cite book|last1=Csóti|title=Contentious Issues: Discussion Stories for Young People|date=2002|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=9781843100331|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9Fnss15yXoC&q=wop+guappo+pronounced&pg=PA87}}</ref><ref name="delgado" />


===False etymologies===
===False etymologies===
One [[false etymology]] or [[backronym]] of wop is that it is an [[acronym]] for "without passport" or "without papers", implying that Italian immigrants entered the U.S. as [[Illegal immigrants|undocumented or illegal immigrants]].<ref name=IngTrifEtymonline>{{cite web|title=Ingenious Trifling|url=http://www.etymonline.com/baloney.php|website=Etymoline|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=specious>{{cite book|last1=O'Conner|first1=Patricia T.|title=Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language|date=2009|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|page=145|isbn=9780812978100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsu47CBwJPUC&q=origins%20of%20the%20specious%20wop&pg=PA145|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Will|author-link=George Will|first1=George|title=Yogi Berra, an American Story|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/424509/yogi-berra-obituary-eulogy|access-date=1 October 2015|agency=[[Washington Post]]|publisher=[[National Review]]|date=September 23, 2015}}</ref> The term has nothing to do with immigration documents, as these were not required by U.S. immigration officers until 1924,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Your immigrant ancestors came here legally? Are you sure?|publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer|author=Michael Matza|date=25 June 2017|access-date=16 January 2018|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/your-immigrant-ancestors-came-here-legally-are-you-sure-20170625.html}}</ref> after the slur had already come into use in the United States.<ref name=specious/>
One [[false etymology]] or [[backronym]] of wop is that it is an [[acronym]] for "without passport" or "without papers", implying that Italian immigrants entered the U.S. as [[Illegal immigrants|undocumented or illegal immigrants]].<ref name=IngTrifEtymonline>{{cite web|title=Ingenious Trifling|url=http://www.etymonline.com/baloney.php|website=Etymoline|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=specious>{{cite book|last1=O'Conner|first1=Patricia T.|title=Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language|date=2009|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|page=145|isbn=9780812978100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsu47CBwJPUC&q=origins%20of%20the%20specious%20wop&pg=PA145|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Will|author-link=George Will|first1=George|title=Yogi Berra, an American Story|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/424509/yogi-berra-obituary-eulogy|access-date=1 October 2015|agency=[[Washington Post]]|publisher=[[National Review]]|date=September 23, 2015}}</ref> The term has nothing to do with immigration documents, as these were not required by U.S. immigration officers until 1924,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Your immigrant ancestors came here legally? Are you sure?|publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer|author=Michael Matza|date=25 June 2017|access-date=16 January 2018|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/your-immigrant-ancestors-came-here-legally-are-you-sure-20170625.html}}</ref> after the slur had already come into use in the United States.<ref name=specious/>


Another backronym is that wop stands for "working on [[Road surface|pavement]]," based on a stereotype that Italian immigrants and [[Italian-American]] men typically do manual labor such as road building.<ref name="rappoport">{{cite book|last1=Rappoport|first1=Leon|title=Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor|date=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275987640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3HkmPhf2mYC&q=wop+guappo+pronounced}}</ref><ref name="milian">{{cite book|last1=Milian|first1=Claudia|title=Latining America: Black-Brown Passages and the Coloring of Latino/a Studies|date=2013|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=9780820344799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSDhAAAAQBAJ&q=wop+guappo+dialect&pg=PA200}}</ref> Turning acronyms into words did not become common practice until after World War II, accelerating along with the growth of the US space program and the Cold War. The first use of wop significantly predates that period.<ref name=IngTrifEtymonline />
Another backronym is that wop stands for "working on pavement," based on a stereotype that Italian immigrants and [[Italian-American]] men typically do manual labor such as road building.<ref name="rappoport">{{cite book|last1=Rappoport|first1=Leon|title=Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor|date=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275987640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3HkmPhf2mYC&q=wop+guappo+pronounced}}</ref><ref name="milian">{{cite book|last1=Milian|first1=Claudia|title=Latining America: Black-Brown Passages and the Coloring of Latino/a Studies|date=2013|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=9780820344799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSDhAAAAQBAJ&q=wop+guappo+dialect&pg=PA200}}</ref> Turning acronyms into words did not become common practice until after World War II, accelerating along with the growth of the US space program and the Cold War. The first use of wop significantly predates that period.<ref name=IngTrifEtymonline />


==See also==
==See also==
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*[[List of ethnic slurs]]
*[[List of ethnic slurs]]
*[[Anti-Italianism]]
*[[Anti-Italianism]]
*[[Dago (slur)]]
*[[Guido (slang)]]
*[[Goombah]]
*[[Wog]]
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


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[[Category:American slang]]
[[Category:American slang]]
[[Category:English words]]
[[Category:English words]]
[[Category:Ethnic and religious slurs]]

Latest revision as of 12:46, 25 November 2024

For other uses, see Wop (disambiguation).

Wop is a pejorative term for Italians or people of Italian descent.[1]

Etymology

[edit]

The Merriam-Webster dictionary states wop's first known use was in the United States in 1908, and that it originates from the Southern Italian dialectal term guappo, roughly meaning "dandy", or "swaggerer", derived from the Spanish term guapo, meaning "good-looking", "dandy", from Latin vappa for "sour wine", also "worthless fellow".[2][3][4]

In Neapolitan and other Southern Italo-Romance varieties, guappo is pronounced roughly as a wahp-po.[5][6] As word-final vowels in Southern Italian varieties are often realised as /ə/, guappo would often sound closer to wahpp to anglophones. Guappo historically refers to a type of flashy, boisterous, swaggering, dandy-like man.[6] The word eventually became associated with members of the Camorra and has often been used in the Naples area as a friendly or humorous term of address among men.[7] The word likely transformed into the slur "wop" following the arrival of poor Italian immigrants into the United States. The term guappo was especially used by older Italian immigrant males to refer to the younger Italian male immigrants arriving in America.[8][5]

False etymologies

[edit]

One false etymology or backronym of wop is that it is an acronym for "without passport" or "without papers", implying that Italian immigrants entered the U.S. as undocumented or illegal immigrants.[9][10][11] The term has nothing to do with immigration documents, as these were not required by U.S. immigration officers until 1924,[12] after the slur had already come into use in the United States.[10]

Another backronym is that wop stands for "working on pavement," based on a stereotype that Italian immigrants and Italian-American men typically do manual labor such as road building.[13][14] Turning acronyms into words did not become common practice until after World War II, accelerating along with the growth of the US space program and the Cold War. The first use of wop significantly predates that period.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Embury, Stuart P. (2006). "Chapter One: The Early Years". The Art and Life of Luigi Lucioni. Embury Publishing Company. pp. 1-4.
  2. ^ Wop. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2018-07-30.
  3. ^ Wop. Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-11.
  4. ^ Wop. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-11.
  5. ^ a b Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (2004). Understanding Words That Wound. Westview Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780813341408.
  6. ^ a b Mencken, H.L. (2012). American Language Supplement 1. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 604–605. ISBN 9780813341408.
  7. ^ (in Italian) Quando il guappo non era camorrista, Il Denaro Nr. 159, August 26, 2006
  8. ^ Csóti (2002). Contentious Issues: Discussion Stories for Young People. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 9781843100331.
  9. ^ a b "Ingenious Trifling". Etymoline. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  10. ^ a b O'Conner, Patricia T. (2009). Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language. New York: Random House. p. 145. ISBN 9780812978100. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  11. ^ Will, George (September 23, 2015). "Yogi Berra, an American Story". National Review. Washington Post. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  12. ^ Michael Matza (25 June 2017). "Your immigrant ancestors came here legally? Are you sure?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  13. ^ Rappoport, Leon (2005). Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275987640.
  14. ^ Milian, Claudia (2013). Latining America: Black-Brown Passages and the Coloring of Latino/a Studies. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820344799.
[edit]
  • The dictionary definition of wop at Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wop&oldid=1259486500"