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== [[Italy|Italian Republic (1804–1845)]] ==
=== Leaders ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:11em;" | Name<br>{{small|(Lifespan)}}
! scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" | Period
! scope="col" | ''Corpo legislativo''
! scope="col" style="width:11.5em;" | Political office
! Head of government
! Head of state
! scope="col" style="width:14.1em;" | Policies
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''{{big|[[Antoine Christophe Saliceti|Cristofano Saliceti]]}}'''<br />1757–1819<br />{{small|(Lived: 62 years)}}
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Antoine Saliceti.jpg|125px]]
| {{nowrap|30 December 1804<br>↓<br>23 December 1819†
|
* [[1805|1st]]
* [[1809|2nd]]
* [[1814|3rd]]
* [[1818|4th]]
| President of the [[Jacobin Club|Society of Friends of Italy]]<br>{{small|(1801–1811, 1812–1819)}}<br>[[Council of State|President of the Consulta]]<br>{{small|(1818–1819)}}<br>[[President of the Council of Ministers]]<br>{{small|(1809–1812)}}
| [[Diego|Diego Guicciardi]]<br>''Himself''<br>[[Cesare|Cesare Albertini]]<br>[[Carlo|Carlo Marescalchi]]
| [[Giovanni|Giovanni Paradisi]]<br>Diego Guicciardi<br>''Himself''
| rowspan="2" | '''[[Patriotism|''Amichevolezza'']]'''<br>• {{small|[[Directory|''Direttivismo'']] {{small|(1804–1809)}}<br>• [[Fouché|Italian Fouchéism]] <br>• [[Jacobinism|Patriotic Jacobinism]]<br>• [[Terror|Silent Terror]]<br>• [[Autonomism|Friendly autonomism]]}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Ever since the creation of the [[Italian Republic]] in 1804, Cristofano Saliceti served as its ''de facto'' leader, initially holding the office of [[Council of Ministers|Vice President of the Council of Ministers]], deriving his position ''de facto'' head of state from his position as [[Italy|President of the Society of Friends of Italy]] and the confidence of the [[France|French government]]. Saliceti initially ruled as part of a collegial government, alongside [[Diego|Diego Guicciardi]]. However, by 1809, he had emerged as Italy's undisputed leader. He held the offices of [[President of the Council of Ministers]] from 1812 to 1815 and [[Council of State|President of the Consulta]] from 1818 until his death.
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''{{big|[[Pietro Colletta]]}}'''<br />1775–1841<br />{{small|(Lived: 66 years)}}
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Pietro Colletta.jpg|125px]]
| {{nowrap|26 December 1819<br>↓<br>11 November 1841†
|
* [[1818|4th]]
* [[1822|5th]]
* [[1826|6th]]
* [[1832|7th]]
* [[1837|8th]]
| President of the [[Jacobin Club|Society of Friends of Italy]]<br>{{small|(1819–1841)}}<br>[[President of Italy]]<br>{{small|(1828–1841)}}<br>[[Council of State|President of the Consulta]]<br>{{small|(1822–1841)}}
| Carlo Marescalchi<br>[[Giovanni|Giovanni Martinengo]]<br>[[Zanino|Zanino Volta]]<br>[[Luigi Porro Lambertenghi]]
| Cesare Albertini<br>''Himself''
| rowspan="4" | '''[[Radicalism|Patriotic Radicalism]]'''<br>• {{small|[[Sister republic|De-sorrelisation]] {{small|(1823–1836)}}<br>• [[Rapprochement|''Riavvicinamento'']] <br>• [[Fouché|Neo-Fouchéism]] <br>• [[Gonfaloniere|''Gonfalonierismo'']] <br>• [[Silent Terror]] <br>• [[Friendship|New ''Amichevolezza'']] {{small|(1841–1845)}}}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Following the death of Saliceti, Colletta initially ruled as part of a collegial government alongside [[Carlo|Carlo Marescalchi]] and [[Cesare|Cesare Albertini]]. He consolidated his power after becoming [[Council of State|President of the Consulta]] in 1822. By 1826, Colletta has consolidated power to become Italy's absolute dictator. In 1828, the [[Parliament|''Corpo legislativo'']] elected him the inaugural [[president of Italy]], allowing him to become the nation's leader both in name and in fact.
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''{{big|[[Colletta|Petruchio Colletta]]}}'''<br />1809–1845<br />{{small|(Lived: 35 years)}}
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Pietro Colletta litografia.jpg|125px]]
| {{nowrap|11 November 1841<br>↓<br>22 July 1845}}
|
* [[1837|8th]]
* [[1842|9th]]
| President of the [[Jacobin Club|Society of Friends of Italy]]<br>[[President of Italy]]<br>[[Council of State|President of the Consulta]]
| [[Luigi Porro Lambertenghi]]
| ''Himself''
|-
| colspan="5" |Succeeded his father as leader of Italy. Following Italy's defeat in the [[Alliance|War of the Alliance]], Colletta was deposed in [[Uprising|a popular uprising]] on 22 July 1845 on and executed [[Trial|tried and executed for treason]] on 25 July. On 1 August 1845, the [[Italian Republic]] was occupied by the [[Austria|Austrian army]] and effectively ceased to exist. The Republic was formally dissolved in March 1846.
|}

== [[Italy|Italian Republic in Arms (1869–1878)]] ==

===President of the Republic in Arms===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" |Portrait
! width=25% |Name<br /><small>(Birth–Death)</small>
! width=17% |Entered office
! width=17% |Left office
! width=20% |Political party
! width=20% |Notes
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |1
| [[File:Giuseppe Garibaldi (1866).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'''<br /><small>(1807–1874)</small>
| 12 April 1869
| 27 October 1873
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| [[Father of the Fatherland]] and leader of the [[Italian War of Independence]]. <br>Elected by the [[Guastalla|Guastalla Convention]]. <br>[[Impeachment|Removed from office]] by the [[Chamber of Deputies]] in 1873. <br>Killed by the [[Leitha|Leithanians]] in February 1874.
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |<small>–</small>
| [[File:Giovanni Lanza iii without oval frame.jpg|100px]]
| [[Giovanni Lanza]]<br /><small>(1810–1882)</small><br /><small>''[[Acting President of Poland|Acting President]]''</small>
| 27 October 1873
| 1 July 1875
| [[Independent]]
| [[Council of State|President of the Council of State]] and <br>[[President of the Council of Ministers]].
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |<small>–</small>
| [[File:Giuseppe Zanardelli.jpg|100px]]
| [[Giuseppe Zanardelli]]<br /><small>(1826–1903)</small><br /><small>''[[Acting President of Poland|Acting President]]''</small>
| 1 July 1875
| 29 March 1876
| [[Independent]]
| [[President of the Chamber of Deputies]].
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |2
| [[File:Emilio Visconti Venosta.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emilio Visconti Venosta]]'''<br /><small>(1829–1914)</small>
| 29 March 1876
| 19 October 1877
| [[Independent]]
| [[1876|Elected]] by the Chamber of Deputies. <br>Captured by the Leithanians.
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |<small>–</small>
| [[File:Menotti Garibaldi.jpg|100px]]
| [[Menotti Garibaldi]]<br /><small>(1840–1903)</small>
| 19 October 1877
| 13 December 1877
| [[Independent]]
| [[Council of State|President of the Council of State]] and <br>[[President of the Council of Ministers]]. <br>Son of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]].
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |3
| [[File:Luigi Mezzacapo.JPG|100px]]
| '''[[Luigi|Luigi Mezzacapo]]'''<br /><small>(1814–1885)</small>
| 13 December 1877
| 10 February 1878
| [[Independent]]
| [[1877|Elected]] by the Chamber of Deputies. <br>Resigned following the [[Zanica|Treaty of Zanica]] and<br> the dissolution of the Italian Republic in Arms.
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |<small>–</small>
| [[File:Raffaele Cadorna.jpg|100px]]
| [[Raffaele Cadorna]]<br /><small>(1815–1897)</small>
| 16 March 1878
| 28 May 1878
| [[Independent]]
| President of the [[Provisional Government]]<br> in opposition to the Treaty of Zanica.<br> Surrendered to the Leithanians.
|}

==[[Military government|French Military Government in Italy]] (1881–1884)==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=3| Term
! rowspan=2| Appointed by
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|- bgcolor="lightgrey" align=center
| colspan="7" | '''Military governors'''
{{Officeholder table
| order = –
| image = General Farre.jpg
| officeholder = [[Jean-Joseph Farre]]
| born_year = 1816
| died_year = 1887
| term_start = 1 January 1881
| term_end = 23 December 1881
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1881|01|01|1881|12|23}}
| alt_officeholder = <small>[[President of France]]</small><br>[[Charlemagne de Maupas]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = –
| image = Jules Louis Lewal.jpg
| officeholder = [[Jules Louis Lewal]]
| born_year = 1823
| died_year = 1908
| term_start = 23 December 1881
| term_end = 20 May 1884
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1881|12|23|1884|05|20}}
| alt_officeholder = <small>[[President of France]]</small><br>[[Charlemagne de Maupas]]
}}
|}

== [[Italy|Republic of Italy (1884–1888)]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=3| Term
! rowspan=2| Political party
! rowspan=2| Elected
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|- bgcolor="lightgrey" align=center
| colspan=8| '''President of the Republic'''
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 1
| image = Emilio Visconti Venosta.jpg
| officeholder = [[Emilio Visconti Venosta]]
| born_year = 1829
| died_year = 1914
| term_start = 20 May 1884
| term_end = 28 September 1888
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1884|05|20|1888|09|28}}
| alt_party = Italian Republican Party
| election = [[1883]]<br>[[1887]]
}}
|}

== [[Provisional government|Provisional Government of Italy (1888–1891)]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=3| Term
! rowspan=2| Appointed by
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|- bgcolor="lightgrey" align=center
| colspan="7" | '''Provisional governors'''
{{Officeholder table
| order = –
| image = Freycinet, de Saulces de, Charles, Nadar, Gallica.jpg
| officeholder = [[Charles de Freycinet]]
| born_year = 1828
| died_year = 1923
| term_start = 29 September 1888
| term_end = 13 October 1888
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1888|09|29|1888|10|13}}
| alt_officeholder = <small>[[President of France]]</small><br>[[Georges Ernest Boulanger]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = –
| image = Baron de Courcel.jpg
| officeholder = [[Alphonse Chodron de Courcel]]
| born_year = 1835
| died_year = 1919
| term_start = 13 October 1888
| term_end = 28 January 1891
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1888|10|13|1891|01|28}}
| alt_officeholder = <small>[[President of France]]</small><br>[[Georges Ernest Boulanger]]
}}
|}

== [[Italy|Republic of Italy (1884–1941)]] ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=3| Term
! rowspan=2| Political party
! rowspan=2| Elected
! rowspan=2| [[Prime Minister of Cuba|Prime Minister]]
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|- bgcolor="lightgrey" align=center
| colspan=9| '''Presidents of the Republic'''
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 2
| image = José Miguel Gómez.jpg
| officeholder = [[José Miguel Gómez]]
| born_year = 1858
| died_year = 1921
| term_start = 28 January 1909
| term_end = 20 May 1913
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1909|01|28|1913|05|20}}
| alt_party = Liberal Party of Cuba
| election = [[1908 Cuban general election|1908]]
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 3
| image = The Cuba review (1907-1931) (20795158912).jpg
| officeholder = [[Mario García Menocal]]
| born_year = 1866
| died_year = 1941
| term_start = 20 May 1913
| term_end = 20 May 1921
| timeinoffice = 8 years
| alt_party = Conservative Party of Cuba
| election = [[1912 Cuban general election|1912]]<br>[[1916 Cuban general election|1916]]
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 4
| image = Alfredo Zayas of Cuba.jpg
| officeholder = [[Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso]]
| born_year = 1861
| died_year = 1934
| term_start = 20 May 1921
| term_end = 20 May 1925
| timeinoffice = 4 years
| alt_party = Liberal Party of Cuba
| election = [[1920 Cuban general election|1920]]
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 5
| image = Gerardo Macahdo cph.3a44779.jpg
| officeholder = [[Gerardo Machado]]
| born_year = 1871
| died_year = 1939
| term_start = 20 May 1925
| term_end = 12 August 1933
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1925|05|20|1933|08|12}}
| alt_party = Liberal Party of Cuba
| election = [[1924 Cuban general election|1924]]<br>[[1928 Cuban presidential election|1928]]
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = Alberto Herrera y Franchi.jpg
| officeholder = [[Alberto Herrera Franchi]]
| born_year = 1874
| died_year = 1954
| term_start = 12 August 1933
| term_end = 13 August 1933
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1933|08|12|1933|08|13}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = Military
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada circa 1914.jpg
| officeholder = [[Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada]]
| born_year = 1871
| died_year = 1939
| term_start = 13 August 1933
| term_end = 5 September 1933
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1933|08|13|1933|09|05}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = Liberal Party of Cuba
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = 1933-Pentarchy w Batista.jpg
| officeholder = [[Pentarchy of 1933]]
| born_year =
| died_year =
| term_start = 5 September 1933
| term_end = 10 September 1933
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1933|09|05|1933|09|10}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = Non partisan
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 6
| image = Ramón Grau San Martín.jpg
| officeholder = [[Ramón Grau]]
| born_year = 1881
| died_year = 1969
| term_start = 10 September 1933
| term_end = 15 January 1934
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1933|09|10|1934|01|15}}
| alt_party = Partido Auténtico
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = Carlos Hevia.jpg
| officeholder = [[Carlos Hevia]]
| born_year = 1900
| died_year = 1964
| term_start = 15 January 1934
| term_end = 18 January 1934
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1934|01|15|1934|01|18}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = Partido Auténtico
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = Manuel Marquez Sterling.jpg
| officeholder = [[Manuel Márquez Sterling]]
| born_year = 1872
| died_year = 1934
| term_start = 18 January 1934
| term_end = 18 January 1934
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1934|01|18|1934|01|18}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = Independent politician
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = Carlos Mendieta.jpg
| officeholder = [[Carlos Mendieta]]
| born_year = 1873
| died_year = 1960
| term_start = 18 January 1934
| term_end = 11 December 1935
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1934|01|18|1935|12|11}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = National Union (Cuba)
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = José A. Barnet.jpg
| officeholder = [[José Agripino Barnet]]
| born_year = 1864
| died_year = 1945
| term_start = 11 December 1935
| term_end = 20 May 1936
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1935|12|11|1936|05|20}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = National Union (Cuba)
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 7
| image = Miguel Mariano Gomez (contrast enhanced).tif
| officeholder = [[Miguel Mariano Gómez]]
| born_year = 1889
| died_year = 1950
| term_start = 20 May 1936
| term_end = 24 December 1936
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1936|05|20|1936|12|24}}
| alt_party = National Union (Cuba)
| election = [[1936 Cuban general election|1936]]
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 8
| image = Federico Laredo Bru.jpg
| officeholder = [[Federico Laredo Brú]]
| born_year = 1875
| died_year = 1946
| term_start = 24 December 1936
| term_end = 10 October 1940
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1936|12|24|1940|10|10}}
| alt_party = National Union (Cuba)
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 9
| image = Fulgencio Batista, president of Cuba.jpg
| officeholder = [[Fulgencio Batista]]
| born_year = 1901
| died_year = 1973
| term_start = 10 October 1940
| term_end = 10 October 1944
| timeinoffice = 4 years
| alt_party = Democratic Socialist Coalition
| election = [[1940 Cuban general election|1940]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Carlos Saladrigas Zayas]]<br />{{small|(1940–1942)}}
| alt_officeholder2 = [[Ramón Zaydín]]<br />{{small|(1942–1944)}}
| alt_officeholder3 = [[Anselmo Alliegro y Milá]]<br />{{small|(1944)}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = {{small|(6)}}
| image = Ramón Grau San Martín.jpg
| officeholder = [[Ramón Grau]]
| born_year = 1881
| died_year = 1969
| term_start = 10 October 1944
| term_end = 10 October 1948
| timeinoffice = 4 years
| alt_party = Partido Auténtico
| election = [[1944 Cuban general election|1944]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Félix Lancís Sánchez]]<br />{{small|(1944–1945)}}
| alt_officeholder2 = [[Carlos Prío Socarrás]]<br />{{small|(1945–1947)}}
| alt_officeholder3 = [[Raúl López del Castillo]]<br />{{small|(1947–1948)}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 10
| image = Carlos Prio Socarras of Cuba.jpg
| officeholder = [[Carlos Prío Socarrás]]
| born_year = 1903
| died_year = 1977
| term_start = 10 October 1948
| term_end = 10 March 1952
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1948|10|10|1952|03|10}}
| alt_party = Partido Auténtico
| election = [[1948 Cuban general election|1948]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Manuel Antonio de Varona]]<br />{{small|(1948–1950)}}
| alt_officeholder2 = [[Félix Lancís Sánchez]]<br />{{small|(1950–1951)}}
| alt_officeholder3 = [[Óscar Gans]]<br />{{small|(1951–1952)}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = Fulgencio Batista, 1938.jpg
| officeholder = [[Fulgencio Batista]]
| born_year = 1901
| died_year = 1973
| term_start = 10 March 1952
| term_end = 14 August 1954
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1952|03|10|1954|08|14}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = Progressive Action Party
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = Himself<br />{{small|(1952)}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = Andrés Domingo Morales del Castillo.jpg
| officeholder = [[Andrés Domingo y Morales del Castillo|Andrés Domingo del Castillo]]
| born_year = 1892
| died_year = 1979
| term_start = 14 August 1954
| term_end = 24 February 1955
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1954|08|14|1955|02|24}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = Progressive Action Party
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = {{small|(9)}}
| image = Fulgêncio Batista e esposa, 1955 (cropped).tif
| officeholder = [[Fulgencio Batista]]
| born_year = 1901
| died_year = 1973
| term_start = 24 February 1955
| term_end = 1 January 1959
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1955|02|24|1959|01|01}}
| alt_party = Progressive Action Party
| election = [[1954 Cuban general election|1954]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Jorge García Montes]]<br />{{small|(1955–1957)}}
| alt_officeholder2 = [[Andrés Rivero Agüero]]<br />{{small|(1957–1958)}}
| alt_officeholder3 = [[Emilio Núñez Portuondo]]<br />{{small|(1958)}}
| alt_officeholder4 = [[Gonzalo Güell]]<br />{{small|(1958–1959)}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image = Anselmo Alliegro y Milá.jpg
| officeholder = [[Anselmo Alliegro y Milá]]
| born_year = 1899
| died_year = 1961
| term_start = 1 January 1959
| term_end = 2 January 1959
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1959|01|01|1959|01|02}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = Progressive Action Party
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = –
| image =
| officeholder = [[Carlos Manuel Piedra]]
| born_year = 1895
| died_year = 1988
| term_start = 2 January 1959
| term_end = 3 January 1959
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1959|01|02|1959|01|03}}
| acting = y
| alt_party = Independent politician
| election = –
| alt_officeholder = –
}}
|}

Latest revision as of 00:09, 26 November 2024

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