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Coordinates: 50°57′N 1°51′E / 50.950°N 1.850°E / 50.950; 1.850
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{{short description|Department of France}}
{{Short description|Department of France}}
{{Distinguish|text = the [[Strait of Dover]], referred to as "Pas de Calais" in France}}
{{Expand French|date=July 2020|topic=geo}}
{{Expand French|date=July 2020|topic=geo}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Pas-de-Calais
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Pas-de-Calais
| native_name = Pas-Calés
| native_name = Pas-Calés
| native_name_lang = pcd
| native_name_lang = pcd
| type = [[Departments of France|Department]]
| type = [[Departments of France|Department]]
| image_skyline = Arras-prefecture.jpg
| image_skyline = Arras-prefecture.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]] building of the Pas-de-Calais department, in Arras
| image_caption = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]] building of the Pas-de-Calais department, in Arras
| image_flag = Unofficial Flag of Pas-De-Calais.svg
| image_flag = Unofficial Flag of Pas-De-Calais.svg
| flag_alt =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Blason département fr Pas-de-Calais.svg
| image_shield = Blason département fr Pas-de-Calais.svg
| shield_alt =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| nickname =
| image_map = Pas-de-Calais-Position.svg
| image_map = Pas-de-Calais-Position.svg
| map_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Pas-de-Calais in France
| pushpin_map =
| map_caption = Location of Pas-de-Calais in France
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{Coord|50|57|N|1|51|E|region:FR-62_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates = {{coord|50|57|N|1|51|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_name = [[France]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[France]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Hauts-de-France]]
| established_title =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Hauts-de-France]]
| established_date =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat_type = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat = [[Arras]]
| seat = [[Arras]]
| parts_type = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style = para
| parts_type = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Béthune]]
| p1 = [[Béthune]]
| p2 = [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]
| p2 = [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]
| p3 = [[Calais]]
| p3 = [[Calais]]
| p4 = [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]]
| p4 = [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]]
| p5 = [[Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais|Montreuil]]
| p5 = [[Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais|Montreuil]]
| p6 = [[Saint-Omer]]
| government_footnotes =
| p6 = [[Saint-Omer]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[President of the Departmental Council]]
| leader_name = Jean-Claude Leroy<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[President of the general council|President of the General Council]]
| leader_name = Jean-Claude Leroy
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 6706
| area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_total_km2 = 6671
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_total = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| elevation_max_m =
| population_total = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_as_of = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_as_of = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_rank = [[List of French departments by population|7th]]
| population_footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of French departments by population|8th]]
| population_demonym =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| population_note =
| blank_info_sec1 = 62
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Arrondissements of France|Arrondissements]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 62
| blank_info_sec2 = [[arrondissements of the Pas-de-Calais department|7]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Arrondissements of France|Arrondissements]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Cantons in France|Cantons]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[arrondissements of the Pas-de-Calais department|7]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[cantons of the Pas-de-Calais department|39]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Cantons in France|Cantons]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Communes in France|Communes]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[cantons of the Pas-de-Calais department|39]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|890]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Communes in France|Communes]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|890]]
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| postal_code_type =
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| area_code =
| iso_code = FR-62
| iso_code =
| website =
| footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
| website =
| official_name =
| footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
| governing_body = [[Departmental Council of Pas-de-Calais]]
| official_name =
}}
}}

'''Pas-de-Calais''' ({{IPA-fr|pɑ d(ə) kalɛ|lang|Fr-Paris--Pas-de-Calais.ogg}}, "[[strait]] of [[Calais]]"; {{lang-pcd|Pas-Calés}}; also {{lang-nl|Nauw van Kales}}) is a [[departments of France|department]] in northern [[France]] named after the [[French language|French]] designation of the [[Strait of Dover]], which it borders. It has the most [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|communes]] of all the departments of France, [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|890]], and is the 8th most populous. The '''Calais Passage''' connects to the [[Port of Calais]] on the [[English Channel]]. Pas-de-Calais borders the departments of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]] and [[Somme (department)|Somme]] and is connected to the English [[Counties of England|county]] of [[Kent]] via the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jackson|first=Mark|date=2021-09-01|title=Colt and Getlink to Deploy New Fibre Optic Network via Channel Tunnel|url=https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2021/09/colt-and-getlink-to-deploy-new-fibre-optic-network-via-channel-tunnel.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=ISPreview UK|language=en}}</ref>
The '''Pas-de-Calais''' ({{IPA|fr|pɑ d(ə) kalɛ|lang|Fr-Paris--Pas-de-Calais.ogg}}, "[[strait]] of [[Calais]]"; {{langx|pcd|Pas-Calés}}; {{langx|nl|Nauw van Calais}}) is a [[departments of France|department]] in north-eastern [[France]] named after the [[French language|French]] designation of the [[Strait of Dover]], which it borders. It has the most [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|communes]] of all the departments of France, with [[communes of the Pas-de-Calais department|890]], and is the 8th most populous. It had a population of 1,465,278 in 2019.<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep62.pdf Populations légales 2019: 62 Pas-de-Calais], INSEE</ref> The '''Calais Passage''' connects to the [[Port of Calais]] on the [[English Channel]]. The Pas-de-Calais borders the departments of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]] and [[Somme (department)|Somme]] and is connected to the English [[Counties of England|county]] of [[Kent]] via the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jackson|first=Mark|date=2021-09-01|title=Colt and Getlink to Deploy New Fibre Optic Network via Channel Tunnel|url=https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2021/09/colt-and-getlink-to-deploy-new-fibre-optic-network-via-channel-tunnel.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=ISPreview UK|language=en}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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Pas-de-Calais is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the [[provinces of France|former provinces]] of [[Calaisis]], formerly English, [[Boulonnais (land area)|Boulonnais]], [[Ponthieu]] and [[Artois]], this last formerly part of the [[Spanish Netherlands]].
Pas-de-Calais is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the [[provinces of France|former provinces]] of [[Calaisis]], formerly English, [[Boulonnais (land area)|Boulonnais]], [[Ponthieu]] and [[Artois]], this last formerly part of the [[Spanish Netherlands]].


Some of the costliest battles of [[World War I]] were fought in the region. The [[Canadian National Vimy Memorial]], eight kilometres from [[Arras]], commemorates the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] assault during the [[Battle of Arras (1917)]] and is [[Canada]]'s most important memorial in Europe to its fallen soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatwar.co.uk/french-flanders-artois/memorial-canadian-national-vimy-memorial.htm |title=Canadian National Vimy Memorial, France |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |website=The Great War UK |publisher=The Great War UK |access-date=31 March 2017 |quote=The ridge runs in a direction from Givenchy-en-Gohelle in the north-west to Farbus in the south-east.}}</ref>
Some of the costliest battles of [[World War I]] were fought in the region. The [[Canadian National Vimy Memorial]], eight kilometres from [[Arras]], commemorates the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] assault during the [[Battle of Arras (1917)]] and is [[Canada]]'s most important memorial in Europe to its fallen soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatwar.co.uk/french-flanders-artois/memorial-canadian-national-vimy-memorial.htm |title=Canadian National Vimy Memorial, France |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |website=The Great War UK |access-date=31 March 2017 |quote=The ridge runs in a direction from Givenchy-en-Gohelle in the north-west to Farbus in the south-east.}}</ref>


Pas-de-Calais was also the target of [[Operation Fortitude]] during [[World War II]], which was an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] plan to deceive [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|the Germans]] that the [[Operation Overlord|invasion of Europe]] at D-Day was to occur here, rather than in [[Normandy]].<ref>{{cite book
Pas-de-Calais was also the target of [[Operation Fortitude]] during [[World War II]], which was an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] plan to deceive [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|the Germans]] that the [[Operation Overlord|invasion of Europe]] at D-Day was to occur here, rather than in [[Normandy]].<ref>{{cite book
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[[File:France manche vue dover.JPG|thumb|right|300px|View of the English coast, from Pas-de-Calais]]
[[File:France manche vue dover.JPG|thumb|right|300px|View of the English coast, from Pas-de-Calais]]


Pas-de-Calais is in the current [[Regions of France|region]] of [[Hauts-de-France]] and is surrounded by the departments of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]] and [[Somme (department)|Somme]], the [[English Channel]], and the [[North Sea]]. It shares a nominal border with the English county of [[Kent]] halfway through the [[Channel Tunnel]].
Pas-de-Calais is in the current [[Regions of France|region]] of [[Hauts-de-France]] and is surrounded by the departments of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]] and [[Somme (department)|Somme]], the [[English Channel]], and the [[North Sea]]. It shares a maritime border with the English county of [[Kent]] in the [[United Kingdom]] halfway through the [[Channel Tunnel]].

Its principal towns are, on the coast, [[Calais]], [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] and [[Étaples]], and in Artois, [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]], [[Liévin]], [[Arras]], and [[Saint-Omer]].


The principal rivers are the following:
The principal rivers are the following:
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* [[Authie (river)|Authie]]
* [[Authie (river)|Authie]]
* [[Canche]]
* [[Canche]]
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* [[Lys (river)|Lys]]
* [[Lys (river)|Lys]]
* [[Aa (France)|Aa]]
* [[Aa (France)|Aa]]
{{div col end}}

===Principal towns===

Its principal towns are, on the coast, [[Calais]] and [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], and in Artois, [[Arras]], [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]], [[Liévin]], and [[Béthune]]. The most populous commune is Calais; the prefecture Arras is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 10 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants:<ref name=pop2019/>

{| class=wikitable
! Commune
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Calais]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 72,509
|-
| [[Arras]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 41,694
|-
| [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 40,251
|-
| [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 31,461
|-
| [[Liévin]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 30,112
|-
| [[Hénin-Beaumont]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 25,992
|-
| [[Béthune]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 25,039
|-
| [[Bruay-la-Buissière]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 21,903
|-
| [[Avion, Pas-de-Calais|Avion]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 17,625
|-
| [[Carvin]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 17,557
|}


==Economy==
==Economy==
The economy of the department was long dependent on [[mining]], primarily the [[Coal mining|coal mine]]s near the town of [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais]] where coal was discovered in 1849.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villedelens.fr/histoire/lhistoire-de-lens/la-decouverte-du-charbon.html|title=Discovery of Coal|publisher=Ville de Lens|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> However, since [[World War II]], the economy has become more diversified.
The economy of the department was long dependent on [[mining]], primarily the [[Coal mining|coal mine]]s near the town of [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais]] where coal was discovered in 1849.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villedelens.fr/histoire/lhistoire-de-lens/la-decouverte-du-charbon.html|title=Discovery of Coal|publisher=Ville de Lens|access-date=1 August 2015|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130449/http://www.villedelens.fr/histoire/lhistoire-de-lens/la-decouverte-du-charbon.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, since [[World War II]], the economy has become more diversified.


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
The inhabitants of the department are called ''Pas-de-Calaisiens''.
The inhabitants of the department are called ''Pas-de-Calaisiens''.


Pas-de-Calais is one of the most densely populated departments of France, but has no cities with over 100,000 residents: [[Calais]] has about 80,000 inhabitants, followed closely by [[Arras]], [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]] and [[Liévin]]. The remaining population is primarily concentrated along the border with the department of Nord in the mining district, where a string of small towns constitutes an urban area with a population of about 1.2 million. The centre and south of the department are more rural, but still quite heavily populated, with many villages and small towns.
Pas-de-Calais is one of the most densely populated departments of France, but has no cities with over 100,000 residents: Calais has about 73,000 inhabitants. The remaining population is primarily concentrated along the border with the department of Nord in the mining district, where a string of small towns constitutes an urban area with a population of about 1.2 million. The centre and south of the department are more rural, but still quite heavily populated, with many villages and small towns.


Although the department saw some of the heaviest fighting of [[World War I]], its population rebounded quickly after both world wars. However, many of the mining towns have seen dramatic decreases in population, some up to half of their population.
Although the department saw some of the heaviest fighting of [[World War I]], its population rebounded quickly after both world wars. However, many of the mining towns have seen dramatic decreases in population, some up to half of their population.
Line 135: Line 177:
Population development since 1801:
Population development since 1801:


{{historical populations
{{historical populations|15=1801|16=534,416|17=1821|18=626,571|19=1831|20=655,215|21=1841|22=685,021|23=1851|24=692,994|25=1861|26=724,338|27=1872|28=761,158|29=1881|30=819,022|31=1891|32=874,364|33=1901|34=955,391|35=1911|36=1,068,155|37=1921|38=989,967|align=middle|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://splaf.free.fr/ Site sur la Population et les Limites Administratives de la France]</ref>|39=1931|40=1,205,191|41=1936|42=1,179,467|43=1946|44=1,168,545|45=1954|46=1,276,833|47=1962|48=1,366,282|49=1968|50=1,397,159|51=1975|52=1,402,295|53=1982|54=1,412,413|55=1990|56=1,433,203|57=1999|58=1,441,568|59=2006|60=1,453,387|61=2011|62=1,462,807|63=2016|64=1,470,725}}
|cols=2|align=none|percentages=pagr|footnote=Sources:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://splaf.free.fr/62his.html|title=Historique du Pas-de-Calais|website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-62|title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016|publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom
|15=1801|16=534,416|17=1821|18=626,571|19=1831|20=655,215|21=1841|22=685,021|23=1851|24=692,994|25=1861|26=724,338|27=1872|28=761,158|29=1881|30=819,022|31=1891|32=874,364|33=1901|34=955,391|35=1911|36=1,068,155|37=1921|38=989,967|39=1931|40=1,205,191|41=1936|42=1,179,467|43=1946|44=1,168,545|45=1954|46=1,276,833|47=1962|48=1,366,282|49=1968|50=1,397,159|51=1975|52=1,402,295|53=1982|54=1,412,413|55=1990|56=1,433,203|57=1999|58=1,441,568|59=2006|60=1,453,387|61=2011|62=1,462,807|63=2016|64=1,470,725}}


==Politics==
==Politics==
Line 141: Line 185:
=== Local elections ===
=== Local elections ===
{{Main|Departmental Council of Pas-de-Calais}}
{{Main|Departmental Council of Pas-de-Calais}}

The president of the Departmental Council is Jean-Claude Leroy, elected in 2017.


=== National politics ===
=== National politics ===
Line 161: Line 207:
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Front (France)|FN}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Front (France)|FN}}" |
| [[2017 French presidential election|2017]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles | title=Présidentielles }}</ref>
| [[2017 French presidential election|2017]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles | title=Présidentielles }}</ref>
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
Line 188: Line 234:
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[2002 French presidential election|2002]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles | title=Présidentielles }}</ref>
| [[2002 French presidential election|2002]]<ref name="auto"/>
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
Line 210: Line 256:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/</ref>!!Party
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref name=":0" />!!Party
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituency]]
| [[Emmanuel Blairy]]
|[[National Rally|RN]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Jacqueline Maquet]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
|-
|
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Jean-Marc Tellier]]
|[[French Communist Party|PCF]]
|-
|
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituency]]
| [[Philippe Fait]]
|[[Horizons (political party)|Horizons]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituency]]
| [[Jean-Pierre Pont]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituency]]
| [[Christine Engrand]]
|[[National Rally|RN]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituency]]
| [[Pierre-Henri Dumont]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituency]]
| [[Bertrand Petit]]
|[[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituency]]
| [[Caroline Parmentier]]
|[[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituency]]
| [[Myriane Houplain]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency]]
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituency]]
| [[Bruno Bilde]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|}

=== National Assembly Representatives (2017 to 2022) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Constituency!!Member<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/|title=Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français|first=Assemblée|last=Nationale|website=Assemblée nationale}}</ref>!!Party
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituency]]
| [[Bruno Duvergé]]
| [[Bruno Duvergé]]
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Jacqueline Maquet]]
| [[Jacqueline Maquet]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Emmanuel Blairy]]
| [[Emmanuel Blairy]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituency]]
| [[Daniel Fasquelle]]
| [[Daniel Fasquelle]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituency]]
| [[Jean-Pierre Pont]]
| [[Jean-Pierre Pont]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituency]]
| [[Brigitte Bourguignon]]
| [[Brigitte Bourguignon]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituency]]
| [[Pierre-Henri Dumont]]
| [[Pierre-Henri Dumont]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituency]]
| [[Benoît Potterie]]
| [[Benoît Potterie]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituency]]
| [[Marguerite Deprez-Audebert]]
| [[Marguerite Deprez-Audebert]]
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituency]]
| [[Myriane Houplain]]
| [[Myriane Houplain]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency]]
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
| [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally (France)}}" |
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituency]]
| [[Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituency]]
| [[Bruno Bilde]]
| [[Bruno Bilde]]
Line 299: Line 411:
* [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]]
* [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]]
* [[7 Valleys Pas-de-Calais]]
* [[7 Valleys Pas-de-Calais]]
* [[Achicourt station]]


==References==
==References==
Line 306: Line 419:
{{Commons category|Pas-de-Calais}}
{{Commons category|Pas-de-Calais}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.wikipasdecalais.fr/ A whole wiki about the Pas-de-Calais]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.wikipasdecalais.fr/ A whole wiki about the Pas-de-Calais]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.pas-de-calais.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.pas-de-calais.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cg62.fr/ General Council website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.pasdecalais.fr/ Departmental Council website]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.uk.pas-de-calais.com/ Official Tourist website]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.uk.pas-de-calais.com/ Official Tourist website]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://about-france.com/regions/nord-pas-de-calais.htm Short regional tourism guide]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://about-france.com/regions/nord-pas-de-calais.htm Short regional tourism guide]

Latest revision as of 15:55, 27 November 2024

Not to be confused with the Strait of Dover, referred to as "Pas de Calais" in France.
Pas-de-Calais
Pas-Calés
Department
Prefecture building of the Pas-de-Calais department, in Arras
Prefecture building of the Pas-de-Calais department, in Arras
Flag of Pas-de-Calais
Flag
Coat of arms of Pas-de-Calais
Coat of arms
Location of Pas-de-Calais in France
Location of Pas-de-Calais in France
Coordinates: 50°57′N 1°51′E / 50.950°N 1.850°E / 50.950; 1.850
CountryFrance
RegionHauts-de-France
PrefectureArras
SubprefecturesBéthune, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Calais, Lens, Montreuil, Saint-Omer
Government
 • BodyDepartmental Council of Pas-de-Calais
 • President of the Departmental CouncilJean-Claude Leroy[1]
Area
1
 • Total
6,706 km2 (2,589 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Total
1,461,441
 • Rank7th
 • Density220/km2 (560/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeFR-62
Department number62
Arrondissements7
Cantons39
Communes890
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

The Pas-de-Calais (French: [pɑ d(ə) kalɛ] ⓘ, "strait of Calais"; Picard: Pas-Calés; Dutch: Nauw van Calais) is a department in north-eastern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders. It has the most communes of all the departments of France, with 890, and is the 8th most populous. It had a population of 1,465,278 in 2019.[3] The Calais Passage connects to the Port of Calais on the English Channel. The Pas-de-Calais borders the departments of Nord and Somme and is connected to the English county of Kent via the Channel Tunnel.[4]

History

[edit]

Inhabited since prehistoric times, the Pas-de-Calais region was populated in turn by the Celtic Belgae, the Romans, the Germanic Franks and the Alemanni. During the fourth and fifth centuries, the Roman practice of co-opting Germanic tribes to provide military and defence services along the route from Boulogne-sur-Mer to Cologne created a Germanic-Romance linguistic border in the region that persisted until the eighth century.

Saxon colonization into the region from the fifth to the eighth centuries likely extended the linguistic border somewhat south and west so that by the ninth century most inhabitants north of the line between Béthune and Berck spoke a dialect of Middle Dutch, while the inhabitants to the south spoke Picard, a variety of Romance dialects.

This linguistic border is still evident today in the toponyms and patronyms of the region. Beginning in the ninth century, the linguistic border began a steady move to north and the east, and by the end of the 15th century Romance dialects had completely displaced those of Dutch.

Pas-de-Calais is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Calaisis, formerly English, Boulonnais, Ponthieu and Artois, this last formerly part of the Spanish Netherlands.

Some of the costliest battles of World War I were fought in the region. The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, eight kilometres from Arras, commemorates the Battle of Vimy Ridge assault during the Battle of Arras (1917) and is Canada's most important memorial in Europe to its fallen soldiers.[5]

Pas-de-Calais was also the target of Operation Fortitude during World War II, which was an Allied plan to deceive the Germans that the invasion of Europe at D-Day was to occur here, rather than in Normandy.[6]

Geography

[edit]
Cities > 10,000 inhabitants
View of the English coast, from Pas-de-Calais

Pas-de-Calais is in the current region of Hauts-de-France and is surrounded by the departments of Nord and Somme, the English Channel, and the North Sea. It shares a maritime border with the English county of Kent in the United Kingdom halfway through the Channel Tunnel.

The principal rivers are the following:

Principal towns

[edit]

Its principal towns are, on the coast, Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer, and in Artois, Arras, Lens, Liévin, and Béthune. The most populous commune is Calais; the prefecture Arras is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 10 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants:[3]

Commune Population (2019)
Calais 72,509
Arras 41,694
Boulogne-sur-Mer 40,251
Lens 31,461
Liévin 30,112
Hénin-Beaumont 25,992
Béthune 25,039
Bruay-la-Buissière 21,903
Avion 17,625
Carvin 17,557

Economy

[edit]

The economy of the department was long dependent on mining, primarily the coal mines near the town of Lens, Pas-de-Calais where coal was discovered in 1849.[7] However, since World War II, the economy has become more diversified.

Demographics

[edit]

The inhabitants of the department are called Pas-de-Calaisiens.

Pas-de-Calais is one of the most densely populated departments of France, but has no cities with over 100,000 residents: Calais has about 73,000 inhabitants. The remaining population is primarily concentrated along the border with the department of Nord in the mining district, where a string of small towns constitutes an urban area with a population of about 1.2 million. The centre and south of the department are more rural, but still quite heavily populated, with many villages and small towns.

Although the department saw some of the heaviest fighting of World War I, its population rebounded quickly after both world wars. However, many of the mining towns have seen dramatic decreases in population, some up to half of their population.

Population development since 1801:

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801534,416—    
1821626,571+0.80%
1831655,215+0.45%
1841685,021+0.45%
1851692,994+0.12%
1861724,338+0.44%
1872761,158+0.45%
1881819,022+0.82%
1891874,364+0.66%
1901955,391+0.89%
19111,068,155+1.12%
1921989,967−0.76%
19311,205,191+1.99%
YearPop.±% p.a.
19361,179,467−0.43%
19461,168,545−0.09%
19541,276,833+1.11%
19621,366,282+0.85%
19681,397,159+0.37%
19751,402,295+0.05%
19821,412,413+0.10%
19901,433,203+0.18%
19991,441,568+0.06%
20061,453,387+0.12%
20111,462,807+0.13%
20161,470,725+0.11%
Sources:[8][9]

Politics

[edit]

Local elections

[edit]
Main article: Departmental Council of Pas-de-Calais

The president of the Departmental Council is Jean-Claude Leroy, elected in 2017.

National politics

[edit]
Main article: List of constituencies in Pas-de-Calais

In the second round of the French presidential elections of 2017 Pas-de-Calais was one of only two departments in which the candidate of the Front National, Marine Le Pen, received a majority of the votes cast: 52.06%.[10]

Presidential elections 2nd round

[edit]
Election Winning Candidate Party % 2nd Place Candidate Party %
2022 Marine Le Pen FN 57.49 Emmanuel Macron LREM 42.51
2017[11] Marine Le Pen FN 52.06 Emmanuel Macron LREM 47.94
2012 François Hollande PS 56.18 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 43.82
2007 Ségolène Royal PS 52.04 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 47.96
2002[11] Jacques Chirac RPR 77.83 Jean-Marie Le Pen FN 22.17
1995[12] Lionel Jospin PS 57.28 Jacques Chirac RPR 42.72

Current National Assembly Representatives

[edit]
Constituency Member[13] Party
Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituency Emmanuel Blairy RN
Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituency Jacqueline Maquet LREM
Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituency Jean-Marc Tellier PCF
Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituency Philippe Fait Horizons
Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituency Jean-Pierre Pont LREM
Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituency Christine Engrand RN
Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituency Pierre-Henri Dumont The Republicans
Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituency Bertrand Petit PS
Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituency Caroline Parmentier National Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituency Myriane Houplain National Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency Marine Le Pen National Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituency Bruno Bilde National Rally

National Assembly Representatives (2017 to 2022)

[edit]
Constituency Member[13] Party
Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituency Bruno Duvergé MoDem
Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituency Jacqueline Maquet La République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituency Emmanuel Blairy National Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituency Daniel Fasquelle The Republicans
Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituency Jean-Pierre Pont La République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituency Brigitte Bourguignon La République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituency Pierre-Henri Dumont The Republicans
Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituency Benoît Potterie La République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituency Marguerite Deprez-Audebert MoDem
Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituency Myriane Houplain National Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency Marine Le Pen National Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituency Bruno Bilde National Rally

Education

[edit]
The Université d'Artois' campus in Lens sits in the ancient headquarters of Compagnie des mines.

There are currently two public universities in the department. Although it is one of the most populous departments of France, Pas-de-Calais did not contain a university until 1991 when the French government created two universities: ULCO (Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale)[14] on the western part of the department, and Université d'Artois[15] on the eastern part.

Tourism

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b Populations légales 2019: 62 Pas-de-Calais, INSEE
  4. ^ Jackson, Mark (2021-09-01). "Colt and Getlink to Deploy New Fibre Optic Network via Channel Tunnel". ISPreview UK. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
  5. ^ "Canadian National Vimy Memorial, France". The Great War UK. 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2017. The ridge runs in a direction from Givenchy-en-Gohelle in the north-west to Farbus in the south-east.
  6. ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
  7. ^ "Discovery of Coal". Ville de Lens. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  8. ^ "Historique du Pas-de-Calais". Le SPLAF.
  9. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2016". INSEE.
  10. ^ Résultats élections, Le Monde
  11. ^ a b "Présidentielles".
  12. ^ "Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania".
  13. ^ a b Nationale, Assemblée. "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblée nationale.
  14. ^ "Décret no 91-1161 du 7 novembre 1991 portant création et organisation provisoire de l'université du Littoral". legifrance.gouv.fr.
  15. ^ "Décret no 91-1160 du 7 novembre 1991 portant création et organisation provisoire de l'université d'Artois". legifrance.gouv.fr.
[edit]
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