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Coordinates: 23°42′N 98°45′E / 23.700°N 98.750°E / 23.700; 98.750
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Just corrected some wrong information, please don’t call us Han Chinese, we are not.
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{{Infobox political division
{{Infobox political division
|name = Shan State Special region 1
|name = Special region 1 of the Union of Myanmar
|other_name = Kokang
|other_name = Kokang
|native_name = {{native name|my|မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်အထူးဒေသ (၁)}}<br />{{native name|zh|缅甸掸邦第一特区|italics=off}}
|native_name = {{native name|my|ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံအထူးဒေသ(၁)}}<br />{{native name|zh|缅甸联邦第一特区|italics=off}}
|settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of Myanmar|Special region]]
|settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of Myanmar|Special region]]
|image_flag = Flag of Myanmar Special Region 1.png
|image_flag = Flag of Myanmar Special Region 1.png
|image_skyline = [[File:Emblem of Myanmar Special Region 1.png|100px|Image: 200 pixels]]
| image_seal = Emblem of Myanmar Special Region 1.png
| seal_size =
| seal_type = Emblem
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_caption =
|image_map = {{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=300|frame-height=250|zoom=8}}
|image_map = {{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=300|frame-height=250|zoom=8}}
|mapsize = 200px
|mapsize = 200px
|map_caption = Area de facto controlled by Shan State Special region 1
|map_caption = Area de facto controlled by Special region 1
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Myanmar (Burma)
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Myanmar (Burma)
| anthem = [https://youtube.com/fUY5iYp46AA?si=Oy3S7qWkUT_HKFLj 共赴榮昌<br>]
| anthem = [https://youtube.com/fUY5iYp46AA?si=Oy3S7qWkUT_HKFLj 共赴榮昌]
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[Myanmar]]
|subdivision_name = [[Myanmar]]
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|established_date3 = 5 January 2024
|established_date3 = 5 January 2024
|unit_pref =
|unit_pref =
|area_km2 = 1,895
|area_km2 = 10,000
|population_estimate_year = 2009
|population_estimate_year = 2009
|population_footnotes =
|population_footnotes =
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[[File:Kokang.svg|140px|right|thumb|Location of the Kokang region (green) within Shan State (yellow).]]
[[File:Kokang.svg|140px|right|thumb|Location of the Kokang region (green) within Shan State (yellow).]]


'''Kokang''' ({{lang-my|[[wikt:ကိုးကန့်|ကိုးကန့်]]}}; {{zh|c={{linktext|果敢}}|p=Guǒgǎn|w=Kuo-kan}}) is a region in [[Myanmar]]. It is located in the northern part of [[Shan State]], with the [[Salween River]] to its west, and sharing a border with China's [[Yunnan]] Province to the east. Its total land area is around {{convert|1895|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}.<ref name=crossinto/> The capital is [[Laukkai]]. Kokang is mostly populated by [[Kokang Chinese]], a [[Han Chinese]] group living in Myanmar.
'''Kokang''' ({{langx|my|[[wikt:ကိုးကန့်|ကိုးကန့်]]}}; {{zh|c={{linktext|果敢}}|p=Guǒgǎn|w=Kuo-kan}}) is a region in [[Myanmar]]. It is located in the northern part of [[Shan State]], with the [[Salween River]] to its west, and sharing a border with China's [[Yunnan]] Province to the east. Its total land area is around {{convert|1895|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}.<ref name=crossinto/> The capital is [[Laukkai]]. Kokang is mostly populated by ethnic [[Kokang Chinese|Kokang people]], a [[Han Chinese|Yunnanese]] descendant living in Myanmar.


Kokang had been historically part of China for several centuries and is still claimed by the [[Republic of China]] to this day, but was largely left alone by successive governments due to its remote location. The region formed a ''de facto'' buffer zone between [[Yunnan]] province and the [[Shan States]].<ref name=Lintner>{{cite book|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|title=Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948|url=https://archive.org/details/burmainrevoltopi0000lint|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Silkworm Books|isbn=978-1-63041-184-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/burmainrevoltopi0000lint/page/60/mode/2up?q=kokang 60]}}</ref> The Yang clan, originally [[Ming]] loyalists from [[Nanjing]], consolidated the area into a single polity. In 1840, the Yunnan governor granted the Yang clan the hereditary rights as a vassal of the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name=Lintner/> After the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|British conquest]] of [[Upper Burma]] in 1885, Kokang was initially placed in China under the 1894 Sino-British boundary convention. It was ceded to British Burma in a supplementary agreement signed in February 1897.<ref name="Kratoska">{{cite book|last=Kratoska|first=Paul H.|title=Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeTkIh49bWMC&pg=PA40|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-12514-0|page=40}}</ref>
Kokang had been historically part of China for several centuries and is still claimed by the [[Republic of China]] to this day, but was largely left alone by successive governments due to its remote location. The region formed a ''de facto'' buffer zone between [[Yunnan]] province and the [[Shan States]].<ref name=Lintner>{{cite book|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|title=Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948|url=https://archive.org/details/burmainrevoltopi0000lint|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Silkworm Books|isbn=978-1-63041-184-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/burmainrevoltopi0000lint/page/60/mode/2up?q=kokang 60]}}</ref> The Yang clan, originally [[Ming]] loyalists from [[Nanjing]], consolidated the area into a single polity. In 1840, the Yunnan governor granted the Yang clan the hereditary rights as a vassal of the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name=Lintner/> After the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|British conquest]] of [[Upper Burma]] in 1885, Kokang was initially placed in China under the 1894 Sino-British boundary convention. It was ceded to British Burma in a supplementary agreement signed in February 1897.<ref name="Kratoska">{{cite book|last=Kratoska|first=Paul H.|title=Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeTkIh49bWMC&pg=PA40|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-12514-0|page=40}}</ref>
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==Demographics==
==Demographics==
In 2009, the population was reported to be around 150,000.<ref name=crossinto>{{cite web | url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/08/20098306161918344.html | title=Myanmar fighters cross into China | work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera News]] | date=30 August 2009 | access-date=30 August 2009}}</ref> Of these, around 100,000 people held Burmese nationality, the remainder being from China. Of the Burmese nationality, 90% are ethnic [[Han-Chinese]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/can-china-untangle-the-kokang-knot-in-myanmar/ |title=Can China Untangle the Kokang Knot in Myanmar? |last=Li |first=Xue |date=20 May 2015 |language=en |work=The Diplomat}}</ref>
In 2009, the population was reported to be around 150,000.<ref name=crossinto>{{cite web | url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/08/20098306161918344.html | title=Myanmar fighters cross into China | work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera News]] | date=30 August 2009 | access-date=30 August 2009}}</ref> Of these, around 100,000 people held Burmese nationality, the remainder being from China. Of the Burmese nationality, 90% are ethnic Kokang people .<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/can-china-untangle-the-kokang-knot-in-myanmar/ |title=Can China Untangle the Kokang Knot in Myanmar? |last=Li |first=Xue |date=20 May 2015 |language=en |work=The Diplomat}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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===Recent history===
===Recent history===
After the collapse of the [[Communist Party of Burma]] in 1989, [[Peng Jiasheng]]'s [[Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army]] (MNDAA) took control of the region. A ceasefire between the group and the [[Tatmadaw]] was signed in the same year, the area controlled by MNDAA was assigned as the autonomous "First Special Region" of [[Shan State]] ({{zh|s=缅甸掸邦第一特区}}; {{lang-my|မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်အထူးဒေသ (၁)}}). However, in 2009, the Tatmadaw asked that the group become a border guard under the army's direction. The MNDAA refused, and the armed forces ousted the group and took over the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Regional Crime Webs Enjoy Post-Coup Resurgence: The Kokang Story |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/08/myanmar-regional-crime-webs-enjoy-post-coup-resurgence-kokang-story |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en}}</ref>
After the collapse of the [[Communist Party of Burma]] in 1989, [[Peng Jiasheng]]'s [[Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army]] (MNDAA) took control of the region. A ceasefire between the group and the [[Tatmadaw]] was signed in the same year, the area controlled by MNDAA was assigned as the autonomous "First Special Region" of [[Shan State]] ({{zh|s=缅甸掸邦第一特区}}; {{langx|my|မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်အထူးဒေသ (၁)}}). However, in 2009, the Tatmadaw asked that the group become a border guard under the army's direction. The MNDAA refused, and the armed forces ousted the group and took over the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Regional Crime Webs Enjoy Post-Coup Resurgence: The Kokang Story |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/08/myanmar-regional-crime-webs-enjoy-post-coup-resurgence-kokang-story |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en}}</ref>


In 2003, a ban on the [[opium poppy]] came into effect.<ref>{{Citation |last=Joint Kokang-Wa Humanitarian Needs Assessment Team |first=Joint Kokang-Wa Humanitarian Needs Assessment Team |title=Replacing Opium in Kokang and Wa Special Regions |url=https://www.unodc.org/pdf/myanmar/replacing_opium_kogang_wa_regions.pdf |author-mask=Joint Kokang-Wa Humanitarian Needs Assessment Team}}</ref>
In 2003, a ban on the [[opium poppy]] came into effect.<ref>{{Citation |last=Joint Kokang-Wa Humanitarian Needs Assessment Team |first=Joint Kokang-Wa Humanitarian Needs Assessment Team |title=Replacing Opium in Kokang and Wa Special Regions |url=https://www.unodc.org/pdf/myanmar/replacing_opium_kogang_wa_regions.pdf |author-mask=Joint Kokang-Wa Humanitarian Needs Assessment Team}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 03:39, 2 December 2024

This article is about the historical region. For the administrative division, see Kokang Self-Administered Zone. For the ethnic group, see Kokang Chinese.
Kokang
ကိုးကန့် / 果敢
Historical region
Kokang Map during the 2009 Kokang incident
Kokang Map during the 2009 Kokang incident
Highest point2,548 m
Area
 • Total
1,895 km2 (732 sq mi)
Elevation
1,000 m (3,000 ft)
Population
 (2009)
 • Total
150,000
 • Density79/km2 (210/sq mi)
Special region 1 of the Union of Myanmar
ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံအထူးဒေသ(၁) (Burmese)
缅甸联邦第一特区 (Chinese)
Kokang
Special region
Flag of Special region 1 of the Union of Myanmar
Flag
Official seal of Special region 1 of the Union of Myanmar
Emblem
Anthem: 共赴榮昌
Map
Area de facto controlled by Special region 1
CountryMyanmar
StateShan State
Formation of the MNDAA and SR1–SS11 March 1989
MNDAA lost powerAugust 2009
MNDAA regain power5 January 2024
CapitalLaukkai
Official languages
Government
• Chairman
Peng Daxun
• Vice Chairman
Li Laobao
• Secretary-General
Song Kecheng
Area
• Total
10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)
Highest elevation
2,548 m (8,360 ft)
Population
• 2009 estimate
150,000
CurrencyRenminbi
Time zoneUTC+6:30 (MMT)
Driving sideright
Calling code+86 (0)883
Location of the Kokang region (green) within Shan State (yellow).

Kokang (Burmese: ကိုးကန့်; Chinese: 果敢; pinyin: Guǒgǎn; Wade–Giles: Kuo-kan) is a region in Myanmar. It is located in the northern part of Shan State, with the Salween River to its west, and sharing a border with China's Yunnan Province to the east. Its total land area is around 1,895 square kilometers (732 sq mi).[1] The capital is Laukkai. Kokang is mostly populated by ethnic Kokang people, a Yunnanese descendant living in Myanmar.

Kokang had been historically part of China for several centuries and is still claimed by the Republic of China to this day, but was largely left alone by successive governments due to its remote location. The region formed a de facto buffer zone between Yunnan province and the Shan States.[2] The Yang clan, originally Ming loyalists from Nanjing, consolidated the area into a single polity. In 1840, the Yunnan governor granted the Yang clan the hereditary rights as a vassal of the Qing dynasty.[2] After the British conquest of Upper Burma in 1885, Kokang was initially placed in China under the 1894 Sino-British boundary convention. It was ceded to British Burma in a supplementary agreement signed in February 1897.[3]

From the 1960s to 1989, the area was controlled by the Communist Party of Burma, and after the party's armed wing disbanded in 1989 it became a special region of Myanmar under the control of the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA). Armed conflicts between the MNDAA and the Tatmadaw have resulted in the 2009 Kokang incident and the 2015 Kokang offensive.

Etymology

[edit]

The name Kokang derives from the Burmese ကိုးကန့်, which itself derives from the Shan ၵဝ်ႈ (kāo, "nine") + ၵူၼ်း (kúun, "family") or ၵၢင် (kǎang, "guard").

Demographics

[edit]

In 2009, the population was reported to be around 150,000.[1] Of these, around 100,000 people held Burmese nationality, the remainder being from China. Of the Burmese nationality, 90% are ethnic Kokang people .[4]

History

[edit]
Map including part of the Kokang area (1954)

Chiefdom of Kokang

[edit]
Further information: Chiefdom of Kokang

Yang Xiancai (simplified Chinese: 杨献才; traditional Chinese: 楊獻才; pinyin: Yáng Xiàncái) founded the state Xingdahu (simplified Chinese: 兴达户; traditional Chinese: 興達戶; pinyin: Xīng Dáhù) in 1739 in and around Ta Shwe Htan. The name was changed to Kokang by his successors. In 1840, the Yunnan governor granted the Yang clan the hereditary rights as a Tusi of the Qing dynasty.[2] After the British conquest of Upper Burma in 1885, Kokang was initially placed in China under the 1894 Sino-British boundary convention. It was ceded to British Burma in a supplementary agreement signed in February 1897.[3]

Recent history

[edit]

After the collapse of the Communist Party of Burma in 1989, Peng Jiasheng's Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) took control of the region. A ceasefire between the group and the Tatmadaw was signed in the same year, the area controlled by MNDAA was assigned as the autonomous "First Special Region" of Shan State (Chinese: 缅甸掸邦第一特区; Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်အထူးဒေသ (၁)). However, in 2009, the Tatmadaw asked that the group become a border guard under the army's direction. The MNDAA refused, and the armed forces ousted the group and took over the region.[5]

In 2003, a ban on the opium poppy came into effect.[6]

The 2008 Myanmar Constitution defines Kokang is a self-administered zone. Kongyan Township and Laukkai Township aka Laukkaing Township are grouped together to form Kokang Self-Administered Zone, which replaced the "First Special Region".[7]

2009 Kokang conflict

[edit]
Main article: 2009 Kokang incident

In August 2009, Kokang was the site of a violent conflict, the Kokang incident, between junta forces and various ethnic armies.[8] As a result of the conflict the MNDAA lost control of the area and as many as 30,000 refugees fled to Yunnan province in neighboring China.[9]

2015 Kokang offensive

[edit]
Main article: 2015 Kokang offensive

On 17 February 2015 Myanmar president Thein Sein declared a state of emergency and a three-month period of martial law in Kokang in response to fighting between government troops and the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), a Kokang insurgent group.[10]

2023 Kokang conflict

[edit]
Main articles: Operation 1027 and Battle of Laukkai

In November 2023, the MNDAA began encircling and attacking Laukkai as part of Operation 1027, a joint effort by the Three Brotherhood Alliance coalition during the renewed civil war following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[11]

The MNDAA successfully encircled and captured Laukkai, the capital of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone, with key victories in Chinshwehaw and other strategic border towns, leading to the surrender of the Tatmadaw's military and Border Guard Forces in Laukkai by December 26, ultimately securing control of the city by December 28.[12]

Rulers of Kokang

[edit]
Chiefs of Kokang
De facto rulers
Chairmen of the Shan State First Special Region
  • Pheung Kya-shin aka Peng Jiasheng 彭家声: 12 March 1989–27 February 1993
  • Yang Mao-liang 杨茂良: 27 February 1993–20 December 1995
  • Pheung Kya-shin: 20 December 1995–24 August 2009 (in exile: 24 August 2009–16 February 2022)
  • Bai Xuoqian 白所成: 24 August 2009–20 August 2010 (acting)
  • Pheung Daxun aka Peng Deren 彭德仁: 5 January 2024–present (in exile: 16 February 2022–5 January 2024)
Chairmen of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone
  • Bai Xuoqian: 20 August 2010–30 March 2016
  • Zhao Dechen 赵德强: 30 March 2016–19 February 2021
  • Li Zhanfu 李正福 aka U Myint Swe ဦးမြင့်ဆွေ: 19 February 2021–9 November 2023
  • Brigadier General Tun Tun Myint ထွန်းထွန်းမြင့်: 9 November 2023–5 January 2024 (acting)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Myanmar fighters cross into China". Al Jazeera News. 30 August 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  2. ^ a b c Lintner, Bertil (1999). Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948. Silkworm Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-63041-184-8.
  3. ^ a b Kratoska, Paul H. (13 May 2013). Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-136-12514-0.
  4. ^ Li, Xue (20 May 2015). "Can China Untangle the Kokang Knot in Myanmar?". The Diplomat.
  5. ^ "Myanmar Regional Crime Webs Enjoy Post-Coup Resurgence: The Kokang Story". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  6. ^ Joint Kokang-Wa Humanitarian Needs Assessment Team, Replacing Opium in Kokang and Wa Special Regions (PDF)
  7. ^ "Myanmar Constitution-Chapter 2 | Amnesty International USA". Amnestyusa.org. Archived from the original on 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  8. ^ Auswärtiges Amt Myanmar Innenpolitik
  9. ^ 47 Myanmar soldiers reported dead in clashes with Kokang rebels
  10. ^ Soe Zeya Tun (17 February 2015). "Myanmar declares martial law in troubled Kokang region". Reuters. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  11. ^ "After weeks of preparation, MNDAA says it has entered Laukkai". Myanmar Now. 1 December 2023.
  12. ^ Kyaw Oo (28 December 2023). "Most of Laukkai now under MNDAA control". Myanmar Now.
[edit]

23°42′N 98°45′E / 23.700°N 98.750°E / 23.700; 98.750

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