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{{Short description|Soviet/Russian anti-tank missile system}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|name=9K114 Shturm
| name = 9K114 Shturm
|image=9P149 Shturm-S Tank Destroyer.jpg
| image = 9P149 Shturm-S Tank Destroyer.jpg
|image_size =
| image_size = 300
|caption=Shturm-S of [[Armenian army]]
| caption = [[Armenian army]] [[MT-LB]] with Shturm-S
|origin=[[Soviet Union]]
| origin = [[Soviet Union]]
|type= [[ATGM]]
| type = [[ATGM]]-vehicle
<!-- Type selection -->
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=history -->
| is_ranged = history -->
|service=
| service =
| used_by = [[Soviet Union]]<br>[[Russia]]<br>[[Ukraine]]
|used_by=
| wars = [[Soviet-Afghan War]]<br>[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shturm abandoned in Ukraine invasion |url=https://twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1503708256161701895 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Twitter}}</ref>
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
| designer =
|design_date=
| design_date =
|manufacturer=
| manufacturer =
|production_date=
| production_date =
|number=
| number =
|variants=
| variants =
<!-- General specifications -->
<!-- General specifications -->
|weight=
| weight =
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|cartridge=
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| range = 400 m to 5 km
|range=
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}}
}}


'''9K114 ''Shturm'''''<ref name="weaponsystems">[http://weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/HH06%20-%20AT-6%20Spiral%20(9M114).html 9K114 Shturm] - Weaponsystems.net</ref> ({{lang-ru|9К114 «Штурм»}} - "Assault", borrowed from German "Sturm" - Storm/Assault) - is a [[SACLOS]] radio guided [[anti-tank missile]] system of the [[Soviet Union]]. Its [[GRAU]] designation is '''9K114'''.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/125/1012541/1012541a21.htm Artillery]</ref> Its [[NATO reporting name]] is '''AT-6 ''Spiral'''''. The missile itself is known as the '''9M114 Kokon''' (Cocoon).
'''9K114 ''Shturm'''''<ref name="weaponsystems">[http://weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/HH06%20-%20AT-6%20Spiral%20(9M114).html 9K114 Shturm] – Weaponsystems.net</ref> ({{langx|ru|9К114 «Штурм»|lit=Assault}}) – is a [[SACLOS]] radio guided [[anti-tank missile]] system of the [[Soviet Union]]. Its [[GRAU]] designation is '''9K114'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/ekonomika_i_pravo/DEBRE_ZHERAR.html|title=ДЕБРЁ, ЖЕРАР &#124; Энциклопедия Кругосвет|website=www.krugosvet.ru}}</ref> Its [[NATO reporting name]] is '''AT-6 ''Spiral'''''. The missile itself is known as the '''9M114 Kokon''' (Cocoon).


==Development==
==Development==
The missile called 9M114 Kokon (Cocoon) was developed by the Kolomna Machine Design Bureau, which was also responsible for the [[3M6 Shmel]] and [[9M14 Malyutka]]. Work on the missile began in 1967, with the hope of using the missile on Mi-24s. However, delays forced the design of an upgraded Falanga system ([[9M17 Skorpion]]) using [[SACLOS]] guidance as a stopgap. Testing of the missile was completed in 1974, and it was accepted into service in 1976. The missile has no direct western counterpart, though, in role, it is closest to the [[AGM-114 Hellfire]], and in guidance method, to the [[MGM-18 Lacrosse]].
The missile called 9M114 Kokon (Cocoon) was developed by the [[Kolomna Machine Design Bureau]], which was also responsible for the [[3M6 Shmel]] and [[9M14 Malyutka]]. Work on the missile began in 1967, with the hope of using the missile on Mi-24s. However, delays forced the design of an upgraded Falanga system ([[9M17 Skorpion]]) using [[SACLOS]] guidance as a stopgap. Testing of the missile was completed in 1974, and it was accepted into service in 1976. The missile has no direct western counterpart; in role it is similar to the [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] and [[HOT (missile)|HOT]] missiles which entered service around the same time, though the Shturm has greater weight, speed, and range.


It was originally given the NATO designation '''AS-8''', before being redesignated as AT-6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_AS_Note4|title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|author2=Aleksey V. Martynov |year=2008|publisher=Designation-Systems.net|accessdate=2014-09-14}}</ref>
It was originally given the NATO designation '''AS-8''', before being redesignated as AT-6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_AS_Note4|title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|author2=Aleksey V. Martynov |year=2008|publisher=Designation-Systems.net|access-date=2014-09-14}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
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The missile flies above the gunner's line of sight to the target. With the range of the target determined by the laser rangefinder, the missile descends onto the target just before impact. This is done primarily to clear obstacles, instead of achieving a top-attack, and can be switched off. It is possible to engage low and slow moving helicopters with the system; however, since the missile only has a contact [[fuze]], a direct hit would be needed.
The missile flies above the gunner's line of sight to the target. With the range of the target determined by the laser rangefinder, the missile descends onto the target just before impact. This is done primarily to clear obstacles, instead of achieving a top-attack, and can be switched off. It is possible to engage low and slow moving helicopters with the system; however, since the missile only has a contact [[fuze]], a direct hit would be needed.


Soviet sources report kill ratios of 75–85% during the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]]. Also a [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant|Mil]] demonstration in Sweden in late 1995 using a [[Mi-28]]A firing Shturm and [[9M120 Ataka-V|Ataka]] missiles also showed good results: from a hovering helicopter, a Shturm was fired at a target 900&nbsp;m away; and from level flight at 200&nbsp;km/h an Ataka was fired at a target 4,700&nbsp;m away. Both missiles passed within 1&nbsp;m of their aiming point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enemyforces.com/missiles/shturm.htm|title=AT Shturm|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
The first use of the missile was during the [[Soviet-Afghan War]], where it was employed in the later stages of the war. By this time the Mujahideen had got access to more advanced anti aircraft weapons that forced Mi-24 pilots to adopt standoff tactics using the missile to increase survivability. Sources report kill ratios of 75–85% during the war. Also a [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant|Mil]] demonstration in Sweden in late 1995 using an [[Mi-28|Mi-28A]] firing Shturm and [[9M120 Ataka-V|Ataka]] missiles also showed good results: from a hovering helicopter, a Shturm was fired at a target 900&nbsp;m away; and from level flight at 200&nbsp;km/h an Ataka was fired at a target 4,700&nbsp;m away. Both missiles passed within 1&nbsp;m of their aiming point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enemyforces.com/missiles/shturm.htm|title=AT Shturm|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Other countries such as [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]] attempted to procure the missile in the 1980s but the Soviet Union did not export the system outside of the Warsaw Pact, fearing it might fall into western hands via [[Iran]] or [[Israel]].


⚫
In 2014, a modernized variant, the 9K132 Shturm-SM, was adopted by the Russian army, featuring a sight with television and thermal channels as well as a new missile with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a proximity fuse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbm.ru/ru/press-centre/417.html|title=Принят на вооружение модернизированный самоходный ПТРК "Штурм-СМ"|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133903/https://www.kbm.ru/ru/press-centre/417.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
It is possible there were problems with early models of the missile; Soviet stocks of the missile were rebuilt to AT-6B and C standard by 1994.


⚫
== General characteristics (9M114 Kokon) ==
⚫
30 June 2014 adopted by the Russian army modernized self-propelled antitank missile system 9M114 Shturm-S into 9K132 Shturm-SM having a sight with television and thermal channels as well as a new missile with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a proximity fuse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbm.ru/ru/press-centre/417.html|title=Принят на вооружение модернизированный самоходный ПТРК "Штурм-СМ"|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>

The export price of the missile in 1992 was $50,000.

⚫
== General characteristics (AT-6A Spiral) ==
* '''Length''': {{convert|1625|mm|ft|abbr=on|1}}
* '''Length''': {{convert|1625|mm|ft|abbr=on|1}}
* '''Wingspan''': {{convert|360|mm|in|abbr=on}}
* '''Wingspan''': {{convert|360|mm|in|abbr=on}}
Line 72: Line 69:
* '''Range''': {{convert|400-5000|m|mi|abbr=on}}
* '''Range''': {{convert|400-5000|m|mi|abbr=on}}
* '''Guidance''': [[Radio command]] link [[Semi-automatic command to line of sight]]
* '''Guidance''': [[Radio command]] link [[Semi-automatic command to line of sight]]
* '''Warhead''': {{convert|5.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[HEAT]], penetration 560–600&nbsp;mm vs [[Rolled homogeneous armour|RHA]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/shturm/index.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017034507/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/shturm/index.html |archive-date=2006-10-17 }} {{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}</ref><ref name="weaponsystems" />
* '''Warhead''': {{convert|5.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[HEAT]], penetration 560–600&nbsp;mm vs [[Rolled homogeneous armour|RHA]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/shturm/index.html |title=Army Technology – Shturm – Self Propelled Anti-tank Guided Missile System |access-date=2006-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017034507/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/shturm/index.html |archive-date=2006-10-17 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}<ref name="weaponsystems" />


==Variants==
==Variants==
[[File:Barrier-S, Kyiv 2021, 02.jpg|thumb|right|Barrier-S in '[[Zbroya ta Bezpeka]]' military fair, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2021]]

* '''9M114 Kokon''' / '''AT-6 Spiral''' Entered service in 1976.
* '''9M114 Kokon''' / '''AT-6 Spiral''' Entered service in 1976.
** '''9M114V Shturm-V''' – Air to surface version for helicopters.
** '''9M114V Shturm-V''' – Air to surface version for helicopters.
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** '''9M114M1 Shturm''' / '''AT-6B Spiral''' [[SACLOS]], heavier {{convert|7.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} warhead penetrating 600–650&nbsp;mm, longer {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="weaponsystems" />
** '''9M114M1 Shturm''' / '''AT-6B Spiral''' [[SACLOS]], heavier {{convert|7.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} warhead penetrating 600–650&nbsp;mm, longer {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="weaponsystems" />
** '''9M114M2 Shturm''' / '''AT-6C Spiral''' [[SACLOS]], further increased {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="weaponsystems" />
** '''9M114M2 Shturm''' / '''AT-6C Spiral''' [[SACLOS]], further increased {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="weaponsystems" />
*'''9M120 Shturm-VM''' / '''AT-9 Spiral-2''' – see [[9M120 Ataka-V]]
*'''9K113M Shturm-VM''' / '''AT-9 Spiral-2''' – see [[9M120 Ataka-V]]
*'''543 Barrier-S''' – Ukrainian upgrade replaces the 9M114 Kokon/Cocoon [[SACLOS]] radio guided missile with more capable, 7&nbsp;km range missiles '''RK-2P''' and '''RK-2POF''' anti-tank guided missiles developed by Luch and a modern guidance system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.defence-ua.com/news/kb_luch_demonstrates_its_vilkha_m_mlrs_barrier_s_atgm_at_an_expo_in_iraq-1879.html|title=KB Luch Demonstrates its Vilkha-M MLRS, Barrier-S ATGM at an Expo in Iraq &#124; Defense Express|website=en.defence-ua.com|accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/06/16/ukraine-upgraded-anti-tank-missile-system/|title=Ukraine Unveils Upgraded Soviet-Era Anti-Tank Missile System|author=Staff Writer|date=16 June 2021|accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref>


==Operators==
==Operators==
[[File:9K114 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with 9K114 operators in blue and former operators in red]]
[[File:9K114 operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0b60d4|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}]]


===Current operators===
===Current operators===
* {{ARM}} – 13 9P149 as of 2023.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|171}}
* {{flag|Algeria}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weaponsystems.net/weapon.php?weapon=HH06+-+9K114+Shturm|title=Error with loading of Weaponsystem (HH06 - 9K114 Shturm)|website=www.weaponsystems.net|accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref>
* {{AZE}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Azerbaijan's Emerging Arsenal Of Deterrent |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/azerbaijans-emerging-arsenal-of.html |website=Oryx |date=17 October 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Armenia}}<ref>[http://rt.com/politiy-cs/press/nezavisimaya/arms-minister-ministrarmenia/en/ Old missiles not so old after all]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} – [[Russia Today]], October 12, 2011. {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{BLR}}– 85 9P149 as of 2023.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|174}}
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}} – in reserve.
* {{HUN}}<ref name="IISS2023">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|102}} – installed on [[Mi-24]] helicopters.
* {{flag|Belarus}}
⚫
* {{IRN}} – installed in [[Mi-17]]sh helicopters.<ref name="SIPRI" />
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}
* {{flag|Brazil}} - installed in [[Mi-35]]M attack helicopters
* {{IRQ}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|329}} - installed in [[Mi-35]]M helicopters.
⚫
* {{flag|Indonesia}} – installed in [[Mi-35]]P attack helicopters<ref name="SIPRI" />
* {{flag|Czech Republic}}
⚫
* {{IND}} – installed on [[Mi-25]] and [[Mi-35]] helicopters.<ref name="SIPRI" />
* {{flag|Cuba}}
⚫
* {{KAZ}}<ref name='SAS 2012 4'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-Chapter-04-EN.pdf|chapter=Blue Skies and Dark Clouds: Kazakhstan and Small Arms|title=Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|page=131|isbn=978-0-521-19714-4|access-date=2018-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002411/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|archive-date=2018-08-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> – 6 9P149 as of 2023.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|179}}
* {{flag|Georgia}}
* {{RUS}} – used by Army units and Marines.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|185,190}}
⚫
* {{flag|Iran}} – installed in [[Mi-17]]sh helicopters
* {{TKM}} – 36 9P149 as of 2023.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|200}}
⚫
* {{flag|Indonesia}} – installed in [[Mi-35]]P attack helicopters
⚫
* {{UKR}}<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqjLBQAAQBAJ&q=9K114+ukraine&pg=PA51|title=Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine|first1=N. R.|last1=Jenzen-Jones|first2=Jonathan|last2=Ferguson|date=18 November 2014|publisher=[[Armament Research Services]] Pty. Ltd.|isbn=9780992462437|access-date=10 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|202}} (The [[Separatist forces of the war in Donbass|separatists forces]] battling the [[Ukrainian army]] in the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbass]] have also been documented to have used the weapon.<ref name="auto" />)
* {{flag|India}}
⚫
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref name='SAS 2012 4'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-Chapter-04-EN.pdf|chapter=Blue Skies and Dark Clouds: Kazakhstan and Small Arms|title=Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|page=131|isbn=978-0-521-19714-4|access-date=2018-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002411/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|archive-date=2018-08-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
* {{flag|Moldova}} – installed in [[Mi-17]]V5 helicopters
* {{flag|North Korea}}
* {{flag|Peru}}
* {{flag|Russia}}
* {{flag|Serbia}}
* {{flag|Slovakia}}
* {{flag|Syria}}
* {{flag|Tajikistan}}
⚫
* {{flag|Ukraine}}<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqjLBQAAQBAJ&q=9K114+ukraine&pg=PA51|title=Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine|first1=N. R.|last1=Jenzen-Jones|first2=Jonathan|last2=Ferguson|date=18 November 2014|publisher=Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd.|isbn=9780992462437|accessdate=10 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> (The [[Separatist forces of the war in Donbass|separatists forces]] battling the [[Ukrainian army]] in the [[War in Donbass]] have also been documented to have used the weapon.<ref name="auto" />)


===Former operators===
===Former operators===
* {{BRA}} – installed on [[Mi-35]]M helicopters.<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> Withdrawn from service after the [[Brazilian Air Force]] retired its Mi-35 attack helicopters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meier |first1=Ricardo |title=Força Aérea Brasileira vai retirar de operação seus helicópteros russos Mil Mi-35 |url=https://www.airway.com.br/forca-aerea-brasileira-vai-retirar-de-operacao-seus-helicopteros-russos-mil-mi-35/ |website=Airway |access-date=3 June 2023 |language=pt-BR |date=11 February 2022}}</ref>
* {{flag|Croatia}} (former user) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoSZ9AbpBhU|title=Vježba HRZ-a i HRM-a Posejdon 94 |via=YouTube|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
* {{CRO}} – obtained with [[Mi-24]] attack helicopters from an unknown supplier and displayed at the Poseidon '94 military exercise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoSZ9AbpBhU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/QoSZ9AbpBhU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Vježba HRZ-a i HRM-a Posejdon 94 |via=YouTube|access-date=14 November 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jeziorski |first1=Andrzej |title=Croatia's cocked hammer |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/croatias-cocked-hammer/17395.article |website=Flight Global |access-date=3 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Withdrawn from service.
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}} ''(former user)''
* {{MDA}}<ref name="IISS2016">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2014 |date=9 February 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1857438352 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|188}} – withdrawn from service.
* {{flag|East Germany}} ''(former user on Mi-24P)''
* {{flag|Poland}} – Retired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samolotypolskie.pl/samoloty/2491/126/9K114-9M114-Szturm|title=samolotypolskie.pl - 9K114 (9M114) "Szturm"|website=www.samolotypolskie.pl|accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref>
* {{POL}} – used on [[Mi-24]] and [[PZL W-3 Sokół]] helicopters.<ref name="SIPRI" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samolotypolskie.pl/samoloty/2491/126/9K114-9M114-Szturm|title=samolotypolskie.pl – 9K114 (9M114) "Szturm"|website=www.samolotypolskie.pl|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> Retired.
* {{USSR}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance. 1991–1992. |date=1991 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080413259 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|37}} – passed on to successor states.
* {{flag|Soviet Union}}


==References==
==References==
Line 124: Line 114:
* [http://www.enemyforces.com/missiles/shturm.htm Shturm]
* [http://www.enemyforces.com/missiles/shturm.htm Shturm]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061017034507/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/shturm/index.html Army Technology]{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061017034507/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/shturm/index.html Army Technology]{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}
* http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/aat/shturm.html
* [http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/aat/shturm.html 9K113 ШТУРМ-В]


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|9K114 Shturm}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/at6spiral.htm AT - 6 SPIRAL Anti-Tank Guided Missile]
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/at6spiral.htm AT – 6 SPIRAL Anti-Tank Guided Missile]


{{Russian and Soviet Aircraft Ordnance}}
{{Russian and Soviet Aircraft Ordnance}}
Line 134: Line 124:


{{DEFAULTSORT:9k114 Shturm}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:9k114 Shturm}}
[[Category:Anti-tank missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Anti-tank missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s]]

Latest revision as of 19:35, 4 December 2024

9K114 Shturm
Armenian army MT-LB with Shturm-S
TypeATGM-vehicle
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
Used bySoviet Union
Russia
Ukraine
WarsSoviet-Afghan War
Russian invasion of Ukraine[1]
Specifications
Effective firing range400 m to 5 km

9K114 Shturm[2] (Russian: 9К114 «Штурм», lit. 'Assault') – is a SACLOS radio guided anti-tank missile system of the Soviet Union. Its GRAU designation is 9K114.[3] Its NATO reporting name is AT-6 Spiral. The missile itself is known as the 9M114 Kokon (Cocoon).

Development

[edit]

The missile called 9M114 Kokon (Cocoon) was developed by the Kolomna Machine Design Bureau, which was also responsible for the 3M6 Shmel and 9M14 Malyutka. Work on the missile began in 1967, with the hope of using the missile on Mi-24s. However, delays forced the design of an upgraded Falanga system (9M17 Skorpion) using SACLOS guidance as a stopgap. Testing of the missile was completed in 1974, and it was accepted into service in 1976. The missile has no direct western counterpart; in role it is similar to the TOW and HOT missiles which entered service around the same time, though the Shturm has greater weight, speed, and range.

It was originally given the NATO designation AS-8, before being redesignated as AT-6.[4]

Description

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Shturm launch tubes(right) on the wing of an Mi-24
9P149 Shturm-S in Saint Petersburg Artillery Museum
9P149 vehicle with 9M114 missiles of anti-tank complex «Shturm-S» is firing

The missile can be deployed on a variety of platforms, including the Mi-24V and from 1979-onwards the MT-LB based 9P149 tank destroyer. There is also a shipborne version of the missile, with the launcher holding six missiles.

The missile is transported and launched from a glass-reinforced plastic tube. The missile uses a Soyuz NPO solid-rocket sustainer, with a small booster stage to launch the missile from its tube.

The missile is SACLOS with a radio command link. The use of a radio link allows the missile to travel much faster and further than if it were wire guided. The radio link is a VHF system with five frequency bands and two codes to minimize the risk of jamming. The system comprises a KPS-53AV 8× daylight-only direct vision sight with an integrated laser rangefinder. After the missile is launched, the gunner has to keep the sight's crosshairs on the target until impact. Appropriate steering commands are transmitted to the missile via the radio link.

The missile flies above the gunner's line of sight to the target. With the range of the target determined by the laser rangefinder, the missile descends onto the target just before impact. This is done primarily to clear obstacles, instead of achieving a top-attack, and can be switched off. It is possible to engage low and slow moving helicopters with the system; however, since the missile only has a contact fuze, a direct hit would be needed.

The first use of the missile was during the Soviet-Afghan War, where it was employed in the later stages of the war. By this time the Mujahideen had got access to more advanced anti aircraft weapons that forced Mi-24 pilots to adopt standoff tactics using the missile to increase survivability. Sources report kill ratios of 75–85% during the war. Also a Mil demonstration in Sweden in late 1995 using an Mi-28A firing Shturm and Ataka missiles also showed good results: from a hovering helicopter, a Shturm was fired at a target 900 m away; and from level flight at 200 km/h an Ataka was fired at a target 4,700 m away. Both missiles passed within 1 m of their aiming point.[5] Other countries such as Iraq and Syria attempted to procure the missile in the 1980s but the Soviet Union did not export the system outside of the Warsaw Pact, fearing it might fall into western hands via Iran or Israel.

In 2014, a modernized variant, the 9K132 Shturm-SM, was adopted by the Russian army, featuring a sight with television and thermal channels as well as a new missile with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a proximity fuse.[6]

General characteristics (9M114 Kokon)

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Variants

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Barrier-S in 'Zbroya ta Bezpeka' military fair, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2021
  • 9M114 Kokon / AT-6 Spiral Entered service in 1976.
    • 9M114V Shturm-V – Air to surface version for helicopters.
    • 9M114 Shturm / AT-6A Spiral SACLOS
    • 9M114M1 Shturm / AT-6B Spiral SACLOS, heavier 7.4 kg (16 lb) warhead penetrating 600–650 mm, longer 6 km (3.7 mi) range.[2]
    • 9M114M2 Shturm / AT-6C Spiral SACLOS, further increased 7 km (4.3 mi) range.[2]
  • 9K113M Shturm-VM / AT-9 Spiral-2 – see 9M120 Ataka-V
  • 543 Barrier-S – Ukrainian upgrade replaces the 9M114 Kokon/Cocoon SACLOS radio guided missile with more capable, 7 km range missiles RK-2P and RK-2POF anti-tank guided missiles developed by Luch and a modern guidance system.[8][9]

Operators

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Operators
  Current
  Former

Current operators

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Former operators

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References

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  1. ^ "Shturm abandoned in Ukraine invasion". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
  2. ^ a b c d 9K114 Shturm – Weaponsystems.net
  3. ^ "ДЕБРЁ, ЖЕРАР | Энциклопедия Кругосвет". www.krugosvet.ru.
  4. ^ Parsch, Andreas; Aleksey V. Martynov (2008). "Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles". Designation-Systems.net. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  5. ^ "AT Shturm". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  6. ^ "Принят на вооружение модернизированный самоходный ПТРК "Штурм-СМ"". Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  7. ^ "Army Technology – Shturm – Self Propelled Anti-tank Guided Missile System". Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
  8. ^ "KB Luch Demonstrates its Vilkha-M MLRS, Barrier-S ATGM at an Expo in Iraq | Defense Express". en.defence-ua.com. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  9. ^ Staff Writer (16 June 2021). "Ukraine Unveils Upgraded Soviet-Era Anti-Tank Missile System". Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2023). The Military Balance 2023 (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1032508955.
  11. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (17 October 2021). "Azerbaijan's Emerging Arsenal Of Deterrent". Oryx.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Trade Registers". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  13. ^ Small Arms Survey (2012). "Blue Skies and Dark Clouds: Kazakhstan and Small Arms". Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-19714-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
  14. ^ a b Jenzen-Jones, N. R.; Ferguson, Jonathan (18 November 2014). Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine. Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd. ISBN 9780992462437. Retrieved 10 April 2018 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ Meier, Ricardo (11 February 2022). "Força Aérea Brasileira vai retirar de operação seus helicópteros russos Mil Mi-35". Airway (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  16. ^ "Vježba HRZ-a i HRM-a Posejdon 94". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 14 November 2014 – via YouTube.
  17. ^ Jeziorski, Andrzej. "Croatia's cocked hammer". Flight Global. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  18. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (9 February 2014). The Military Balance 2014 (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1857438352.
  19. ^ "samolotypolskie.pl – 9K114 (9M114) "Szturm"". www.samolotypolskie.pl. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  20. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (1991). The military balance. 1991–1992. London: Brassey's. ISBN 978-0080413259.
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