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{{for|the government call centre of Hong Kong|1823 Call Centre}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Year dab|1823}}
{{About year|1823}}
{{Year nav|1823}}
{{Year nav|1823}}
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[[File:James Monroe Cabinet.jpg|thumb|250px|[[December 2]]: The [[Monroe Doctrine]] is introduced by U.S. President [[James Monroe]].]]
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[[File:Plate 2 Retreat of Lt Brady.jpg|thumb|250px|[[August 18]]: The [[Demerara rebellion of 1823]] is started by 10,000 black slaves in British Guiana.]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
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[[File:Assedio del Trocadero (1823).jpg|thumb|[[April 7]]: The "[[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis]]", a French infantry force, begin an attack on Spain that lasts until November.]]
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[[File:Plate 2 Retreat of Lt Brady.jpg|thumb|right|August 18: [[Demerara rebellion of 1823|Demerara rebellion]] begins.]]
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[[File:Assedio del Trocadero (1823).jpg|thumb|[[April]]-[[November]]: [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis]]]]
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[[File:James Monroe Cabinet.jpg|thumb|[[December 2]]: The [[Monroe Doctrine]] is introduced.]]
{{Year article header|1823}}
{{Year article header|1823}}


== Events ==
== Events ==
===January–March===
===January–March===
* January 22 – By secret treaty signed at the [[Congress of Verona#Spanish Question|Congress of Verona]], the [[Quintuple Alliance]] gives France a mandate to invade [[Spain]] for the purpose of restoring [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.
* [[January 22]] – By secret treaty signed at the [[Congress of Verona#Spanish Question|Congress of Verona]], the [[Quintuple Alliance]] gives France a mandate to invade [[Spain]] for the purpose of restoring [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.
* January 23 – In Paviland Cave on the [[Gower Peninsula]] of Wales, [[William Buckland]] inspects the "[[Red Lady of Paviland]]", the first identification of a prehistoric (male) human burial.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Stephen|last=Aldhouse-Green|title=Great Sites: Paviland Cave|journal=British Archaeology|issue=61|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba61/feat3.shtml|access-date=July 16, 2010|date=October 2001}}</ref>
* [[January 23]] – In Paviland Cave on the [[Gower Peninsula]] of Wales, [[William Buckland]] inspects the "[[Red Lady of Paviland]]", the first identification of a prehistoric (male) human burial (although Buckland dates it as Roman).<ref>{{cite journal|first=Stephen|last=Aldhouse-Green|title=Great Sites: Paviland Cave|journal=British Archaeology|issue=61|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba61/feat3.shtml|access-date=July 16, 2010|date=October 2001}}</ref>
* February 3
* [[February 3]]
** Jackson Male Academy, precursor of [[Union University]], opens in [[Tennessee]].
** Jackson Male Academy, precursor of [[Union University]], opens in [[Tennessee]].
** [[Gioachino Rossini]]'s opera ''[[Semiramide]]'' is first performed, at ''[[La Fenice]]'' in Venice.
** [[Gioachino Rossini]]'s opera ''[[Semiramide]]'' is first performed, at ''[[La Fenice]]'' in Venice.
* February 10 – The first worldwide carnival parade takes place in [[Cologne]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]].
* [[February 10]] – The first worldwide carnival parade takes place in [[Cologne]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]].
* February 11 – [[Carnival tragedy of 1823]]: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the [[Franciscan Church of St Mary of Jesus|Convent of the Minori Osservanti]] in [[Valletta]], [[Crown Colony of Malta|Malta]].
* [[February 11]] – [[Carnival tragedy of 1823]]: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the [[Franciscan Church of St Mary of Jesus|Convent of the Minori Osservanti]] in [[Valletta]], [[Crown Colony of Malta|Malta]].
* February 15 (approx.) – The first officially recognised [[gold]] is found in [[Australia]], by surveyor James McBrien at [[Fish River (Oberon)|Fish River]], near [[Bathurst, New South Wales]], predating the [[Australian gold rushes]].
* [[February 15]] (approx.) – The first officially recognised [[gold]] is found in [[Australia]], by surveyor James McBrien at [[Fish River (Oberon)|Fish River]], near [[Bathurst, New South Wales]], predating the [[Australian gold rushes]].
* February 20 – Explorer [[James Weddell]]'s expedition to Antarctica reaches [[latitude]] 74°15'&nbsp;S and [[longitude]] 34°16'45"&nbsp;W: the [[Farthest South|southernmost position]] any ship has reached at this time, a record that will hold until 1841.
* [[February 20]] – Explorer [[James Weddell]]'s expedition to Antarctica reaches [[latitude]] 74°15'&nbsp;S and [[longitude]] 34°16'45"&nbsp;W: the [[Farthest South|southernmost position]] any ship has reached at this time.
* March 15 – Sailor [[Benjamin Morrell]] [[phantom island|erroneously reported]] the existence of the island of [[New South Greenland]] near [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Simpson-Housley|first= Paul|title= Antarctica:Exploration, Perception and Metaphor|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ql3mx8xYgC&q=New+South+Greenland+Antarctic&pg=PA51|publisher= Routledge|location= New York|year= 1992|isbn= 0-415-08225-0 |page=52}}</ref>
* [[March 15]] – Sailor [[Benjamin Morrell]] [[phantom island|erroneously reports]] the existence of the island of [[New South Greenland]] near [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Simpson-Housley|first= Paul|title= Antarctica:Exploration, Perception and Metaphor|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ql3mx8xYgC&q=New+South+Greenland+Antarctic&pg=PA51|publisher= Routledge|location= New York|year= 1992|isbn= 0-415-08225-0 |page=52}}</ref>
* March 19 – Emperor [[Agustín de Iturbide]] of Mexico abdicates, thus ending the short-lived [[First Mexican Empire]].
* [[March 19]] – Emperor [[Agustín de Iturbide]] of Mexico abdicates, thus ending the short-lived [[First Mexican Empire]].


===April–June===
===April–June===
* April 7 – French forces, the "[[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis]]", cross the Spanish border.
* [[April 7]] – French forces, the "[[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis]]", cross the Spanish border at the [[Bidasoa River]]
* [[April 10]] – [[Siege of Pamplona (1823)|Siege of Pamplona]] begins in [[Navarre]] as French troops besiege the city's garrison
* April 13 – [[Franz Liszt]], 11, gives a concert in Vienna, after which he is personally congratulated by [[Ludwig van Beethoven]].<ref>According to Gustav Schilling.</ref>
* May 5 – Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] inaugurates [[Brazil]]'s first ''Assembleia Geral'', with 50 Senators and 102 Deputies.<ref>{{cite book|first=Leslie|last=Bethell|title=Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985|page=49}}</ref>
* [[April 13]] – [[Franz Liszt]], 11, gives a concert in Vienna, after which he is personally congratulated by [[Ludwig van Beethoven]].<ref>According to Gustav Schilling.</ref>
* [[May 5]] – Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] inaugurates [[Brazil]]'s first ''Assembleia Geral'', with 50 Senators and 102 Deputies.<ref>{{cite book|first=Leslie|last=Bethell|title=Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985|page=49}}</ref>
* May 7 – [[Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov]] in appointed as [[Governor-General]] of [[Novorossiya]] (New Russia), the portion of [[Russian Empire]] bordering the Black Sea (nowadays it constitutes southern regions of [[Ukraine]]).<ref>"Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov", in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' '''28''' (1910) p. 213.</ref>
* [[May 7]] – [[Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov]] in appointed as [[Governor-General]] of [[Novorossiya]] (New Russia), the portion of [[Russian Empire]] bordering the Black Sea (in modern days it constitutes southern regions of [[Ukraine]]).<ref>"Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov", in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' '''28''' (1910) p. 213.</ref>
* May 9 – Russian author [[Alexander Pushkin]] begins work on his verse novel ''[[Eugene Onegin]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Olga Peters|last=Hasty|title=Pushkin's Tatiana|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1999|page=14}}</ref>
* [[May 9]] – Russian author [[Alexander Pushkin]] begins work on his verse novel ''[[Eugene Onegin]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Olga Peters|last=Hasty|title=Pushkin's Tatiana|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1999|page=14}}</ref>
* May 23 – The rebel Spanish government withdraws from [[Madrid]] to [[Seville]] following French attacks.
* [[May 23]] – The [[Trienio Liberal|rebel Spanish government]] withdraws from [[Madrid]] to [[Seville]] following the French advance
* [[May 25]]
⚫
* May 25 – The [[Catholic Association]] begins in Ireland at a meeting of 13 people at a bookseller's house on [[Capel Street]] in [[Dublin]].<ref>Robert Huish, ''The Memoirs Private and Political of Daniel O'Connell, Esq., M.P., His Times and Contemporaries'' (W. Johnston, 1836) p129</ref>
** The [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Duke of Angoulême]], commander of the invading French forces, establishes a regency in [[Madrid]] on behalf of [[Ferdinand VII]] who remains a captive of the Spanish government
⚫
* June 5 – [[Raffles Institution]] is established (as the Singapore Institution) by the founder of [[Singapore]], Sir [[Stamford Raffles]].
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** The [[Catholic Association]], a campaign for religious emancipation, begins in Ireland at a meeting of 13 people at a bookseller's house on [[Capel Street]] in [[Dublin]].<ref>Robert Huish, ''The Memoirs Private and Political of Daniel O'Connell, Esq., M.P., His Times and Contemporaries'' (W. Johnston, 1836) p129</ref>
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* [[June 5]] – [[Raffles Institution]] is established (as the Singapore Institution) by the founder of [[Singapore]], Sir [[Stamford Raffles]].


=== July–September ===
=== July–September ===
* July 1 – The [[Federal Republic of Central America|Congress of Central America]] declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.
* [[July 1]] – The [[Federal Republic of Central America|Congress of Central America]] declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.
* July – [[Robert Peel]] ensures the passage of five [[Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom]], effectively abolishing the [[death penalty]] for over one hundred offences;<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=252–253|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> in particular, the [[Judgement of Death Act 1823|Judgement of Death Act]] allows judges to commute sentences for capital offences (other than murder or treason) to imprisonment or [[Penal transportation|transportation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/timeline.html|title=Timeline of capital punishment in Britain|access-date=March 3, 2012}}</ref> The Transportation Act of July 4 allows convicts transported to the colonies to be employed on public works.<ref name=CBH/>
* [[July 4]] – [[Royal assent]] is given to several significant [[Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom]], after Prime Minister [[Robert Peel]] had worked to get approval by Parliaent. Approved are the [[Judgment of Death Act 1823]], effectively abolishing the [[death penalty]] for over 100 offences and ;<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=252–253|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> allowing judges to commute sentences for capital offences (other than murder or treason) to imprisonment or [[Penal transportation|transportation]].;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/timeline.html|title=Timeline of capital punishment in Britain|access-date=March 3, 2012}}</ref> the Transportation Act allowing convicts transported to the colonies to be employed on public works.<ref name=CBH/> On July 10, the [[Gaols Act 1823]] is given assent, beginning the process of prison reform based on the campaign of [[Elizabeth Fry]].<ref name=CBH/>
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* [[July 15]] – The [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]] in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in Walford, Cornelius, ed. ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance''. C. & E. Layton, 1876. p.71.</ref>
* July 10 – The [[Gaols Act 1823|Gaols Act]] is passed by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], based on the prison reform campaign of [[Elizabeth Fry]].<ref name=CBH/>
* [[July 28]] – The first theatrical adaptation of the ''[[Frankenstein]]'' story, ''[[Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein]]'', opens at the [[Royal Opera House]], [[Covent Garden]] in London. On August 29, [[Mary Shelley]] attends a performance, the only version of her novel she will ever see.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://editions.covecollective.org/chronologies/presumption-or-fate-frankenstein|title=Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein|date=2021-12-08}}</ref>
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* July 15 – The [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]] in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in Walford, Cornelius, ed. ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance''. C. & E. Layton, 1876. p.71.</ref>
* August 1 – [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Pitt Amherst]] arrives in [[Calcutta]] with Lady Amherst, to become the new [[Governor-General of India]].<ref>''The Cambridge Modern History'', Volume 11 (Macmillan, 1909) p727</ref>
* [[August 1]] – [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Pitt Amherst]] arrives in [[Calcutta]] with Lady Amherst to become the new [[Governor-General of India]].<ref>''The Cambridge Modern History'', Volume 11 (Macmillan, 1909) p727.</ref>
* August 4 – [[Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop]], the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]], allows [[Stephen F. Austin]] to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the [[Texas Ranger Division]].<ref>Robert M. Utley, ''Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers'' (Oxford University Press, 2002)</ref>
* [[August 4]] – [[Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop]], the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]], allows [[Stephen F. Austin]] to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the [[Texas Ranger Division]].<ref>Robert M. Utley, ''Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers'' (Oxford University Press, 2002)</ref>
* August 5 – The [[Royal Hibernian Academy]] is founded in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Vaughn, W. E.|title=A New History of Ireland: Ireland Under the Union, 1870-1921|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1976|page=423}}</ref>
* [[August 5]] – The [[Royal Hibernian Academy]] is founded in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Vaughn, W. E.|title=A New History of Ireland: Ireland Under the Union, 1870-1921|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1976|page=423}}</ref>
* August 16 – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] draws up a secret "manifesto", designating his second younger brother [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nikolai]] to succeed him, bypassing Nikolai's older brother, [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia|Grand Duke Konstantin]]. The existence of the manifesto is revealed on Alexander's death in 1825.<ref>Donald J. Raleigh and A.A. Iskenderov, ''The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Reconsidering the Romanovs'' (Routledge, 2015)</ref>
* [[August 16]] – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] draws up a secret "manifesto", designating his second younger brother [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nikolai]] to succeed him, bypassing Nikolai's older brother, [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia|Grand Duke Konstantin]]. The existence of the manifesto is revealed on Alexander's death in 1825.<ref>Donald J. Raleigh and A.A. Iskenderov, ''The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Reconsidering the Romanovs'' (Routledge, 2015)</ref>
* August 18 – [[Demerara rebellion of 1823]]: In British Guiana (South America), an insurrection of 10,000 black slaves begins; it is suppressed after three days, but hundreds of suspects are executed in the reprisals that follow.<ref>Gelien Matthews, ''Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement'' (LSU Press, 2006) p21</ref>
* [[August 18]] – [[Demerara rebellion of 1823]]: In the British colony of [[Demerara-Essequibo]] (modern-day Guyana in South America), an insurrection of 10,000 black slaves begins; it is suppressed after three days, but hundreds of suspects are executed in the reprisals that follow.<ref>Gelien Matthews, ''Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement'' (LSU Press, 2006) p21</ref>
* August 20 – [[Pope Pius VII]] dies after a reign of more than 23 years that began on March 14, 1800; he is remembered for crowning [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as [[Emperor of France]].<ref name=Coulombe>Charles A. Coulombe, ''Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes'' (Citadel Press, 2003) pp393-397</ref>
* [[August 20]] – [[Pope Pius VII]] dies after a reign of more than 23 years that began on March 14, 1800; he is remembered for crowning [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as [[Emperor of France]].<ref name=Coulombe>Charles A. Coulombe, ''Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes'' (Citadel Press, 2003) pp393-397</ref>
* August 24 – [[Hugh Glass]] gets mauled by a sow grizzly while on a fur trapping expedition in the Missouri Territory.<ref>As featured in the 2002 novel ''[[The Revenant (novel)|The Revenant]]'' and 2015 [[The Revenant (2015 film)|film of the same title]].</ref>
* [[August 24]] – [[Hugh Glass]] gets mauled by a sow grizzly while on a fur trapping expedition in the Missouri Territory and has to crawl 200 miles for help.<ref>As featured in the 2002 novel ''[[The Revenant (novel)|The Revenant]]'' and 2015 [[The Revenant (2015 film)|film of the same title]].</ref>
* August 31 – [[Battle of Trocadero]]: French infantry of the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" capture the fort of Trocadero and turn its guns on [[Cádiz]].
* [[August 31]] – [[Battle of Trocadero]]: French infantry of the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" capture the fort of Trocadero and turn its guns on [[Cádiz]].
* September 10 – [[Simón Bolívar]] is named President of [[Peru]].
* [[September 10]] – [[Simón Bolívar]] is named President of [[Peru]].
* [[September 17]] – [[Pamplona]] surrenders to French forces after a five-month siege.
* September 22 – [[Joseph Smith]] first goes to the place near [[Manchester, New York]], where the [[golden plates]] are stored, having been directed there by God through an angel (according to what he writes in 1838).
* [[September 22]] – [[Joseph Smith]] first goes to the place near [[Manchester, New York]], where the [[golden plates]] are stored, having been directed there by God through an angel (according to what he writes in 1838).
* September 23 – [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]: [[Burma|Burmese]] forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to [[Chittagong]].
* [[September 23]] – [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]: [[Burma|Burmese]] forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to [[Chittagong]].
* September 28 – Roman Catholic Cardinal Annibale della Genga is elected [[Pope Leo XII]].<ref name=Coulombe/>
* [[September 28]] – Roman Catholic Cardinal Annibale della Genga is elected [[Pope Leo XII]].<ref name=Coulombe/>
* September 30 – [[Cádiz]] surrenders to the French and [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] is restored to his throne, immediately repealing the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]].
* [[September 30]] – [[Cádiz]] surrenders to the French and [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] is restored to his throne, immediately repealing the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]]. Despite French advice, he begins an era of repression against his opponents known as the [[Ominous Decade]]


===October–December===
===October–December===
* October 5 – Medical journal ''[[The Lancet]]'' is founded by [[Thomas Wakley]] in London.
* [[October 5]] – ''[[The Lancet]]'' medical journal is founded by [[Thomas Wakley]] in London.
*October 22 - [[Simón Bolívar]] writes to Paraguayan dictator [[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] to release his friend [[Aimé Bonpland]]. Otherwise, an invasion would take place. [[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] never answered the letter.
* [[October 22]] – [[Simón Bolívar]] writes to Paraguayan dictator [[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] to release his friend the explorer [[Aimé Bonpland]] under threat of invasion. Rodríguez never responds to the letter.
* November 3 – An explosion at the Rainton Colliery Company's Plain Pit mine at [[Chilton Moor]] in the north of England, kills 57 coal miners.<ref>{{cite book|first=Maureen|last=Anderson|title=Durham Mining Disasters: c1700-1950s|location=Barnsley|publisher=Wharncliffe|year=2008}}</ref>
* [[November 3]] – An explosion at the Rainton Colliery Company's Plain Pit mine at [[Chilton Moor]] in the north-east of England, kills at least 57 coal miners.<ref>{{cite book|first=Maureen|last=Anderson|title=Durham Mining Disasters: c1700-1950s|location=Barnsley|publisher=Wharncliffe|year=2008}}</ref>
* November – According to tradition, [[William Webb Ellis]] invents the sport of [[rugby football]] at [[Rugby School]] in England.<ref name=CBH/>
* [[November 7]] – General [[Rafael del Riego]] is executed in Madrid for [[high treason]]
* [[November]] – According to tradition, [[William Webb Ellis]] invents the sport of [[rugby football]] at [[Rugby School]] in England.<ref name=CBH/>
* December 2 – [[James Monroe]] first introduces the [[Monroe Doctrine]] in the [[State of the Union address]], declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.
* [[December 2]] – [[James Monroe]] first introduces the [[Monroe Doctrine]] in the [[State of the Union address]], declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.


=== Undated ===
=== Undated ===
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[[File:Wilhelm Siemens.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Carl Wilhelm Siemens]]]]
[[File:Wilhelm Siemens.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Carl Wilhelm Siemens]]]]
[[File:Sultan Abdülmecid - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Abdülmecid I]]]]
[[File:Sultan Abdülmecid - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Abdülmecid I]]]]
* January 1 – [[Sándor Petőfi]], Hungarian poet, revolutionary (d. 1849)
* [[January 1]] – [[Sándor Petőfi]], Hungarian poet, revolutionary (d. 1849)
* January 3 – [[Robert Whitehead]], English engineer, inventor (d. 1905)
* [[January 3]] – [[Robert Whitehead]], English engineer, inventor (d. 1905)
* January 8 – [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], British naturalist, biologist (d. 1913)
* [[January 8]] – [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], British naturalist, biologist (d. 1913)
* January 11 – [[Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau]], French military officer and politician (d. 1878)
* [[January 11]] – [[Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau]], French military officer and politician (d. 1878)
* January 27 – [[Édouard Lalo]], French composer (d. 1892)
* [[January 27]] – [[Édouard Lalo]], French composer (d. 1892)
* February 15 – [[Li Hongzhang]], Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 1901)
* [[February 15]] – [[Li Hongzhang]], Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 1901)
* February 28
* [[February 28]]
** [[Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (d. 1883)
** [[Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (d. 1883)
** [[Ernest Renan]], French philosopher, philologist, historian and writer (d. 1892)
** [[Ernest Renan]], French philosopher, philologist, historian and writer (d. 1892)
* March 3 – [[John George Adair]], Scots-Irish businessman and landowner; also known as "Black Jack" for his eviction of 244 people in 1861; financier of [[JA Ranch]](d. 1885)
* [[March 3]] – [[John George Adair]], Scots-Irish businessman and landowner; also known as "Black Jack" for his eviction of 244 people in 1861; financier of [[JA Ranch]] (d. 1885)
* March 8 – [[Gyula Andrássy]], 4th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1890)
* [[March 8]] – [[Gyula Andrássy]], 4th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1890)
* March 14 – [[Théodore de Banville]], French writer (d. 1891)
* [[March 14]] – [[Théodore de Banville]], French writer (d. 1891)
* March 18 – [[Antoine Chanzy]], French general and colonial governor (d. 1883)
* [[March 18]] – [[Antoine Chanzy]], French general and colonial governor (d. 1883)
* April 1 – [[Simon Bolivar Buckner]], American soldier, politician and Confederate soldier (d. 1914)
* [[April 1]] – [[Simon Bolivar Buckner]], American soldier, politician and Confederate soldier (d. 1914)
* April 3 – [[William M. Tweed]], American political boss (d. 1878)
* [[April 3]] – [[William M. Tweed]], American political boss (d. 1878)
* April 4 – [[Carl Wilhelm Siemens]], German engineer (d. 1883)
* [[April 4]] – [[Carl Wilhelm Siemens]], German engineer (d. 1883)
* April 24 – [[Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada]], 27th President of Mexico (d. 1889)
* [[April 24]] – [[Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada]], 27th President of Mexico (d. 1889)
* April 25 – [[Abdülmecid I]], [[Ottoman Sultan]] (d. 1861)
* [[April 25]] – [[Abdülmecid I]], [[Ottoman Sultan]] (d. 1861)
* May 2 – [[Emma Hardinge Britten]] (b. Emma Floyd), English-born spiritualist (d. 1899)
* [[May 2]] – [[Emma Hardinge Britten]] (b. Emma Floyd), English-born spiritualist (d. 1899)
* May 9 – [[Frederick Weld|Sir Frederick Weld]], 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891)
* [[May 9]] – [[Frederick Weld|Sir Frederick Weld]], 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891)
* May 15
* [[May 15]]
⚫
** [[Youssef Bey Karam]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ehdenfamilytree.org/getperson.php?personID=I1&tree=ehden |title=Youssef Bey Karam on Ehden Family Tree website |access-date=April 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329220258/https://www.ehdenfamilytree.org/getperson.php?personID=I1&tree=ehden |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] nationalist leader (d. 1889)
** [[Thomas Lake Harris]], American poet (d. 1906)
** [[Thomas Lake Harris]], American poet (d. 1906)
⚫
** [[Youssef Bey Karam]], [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] nationalist leader (d. 1889)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ehdenfamilytree.org/getperson.php?personID=I1&tree=ehden |title=Youssef Bey Karam on Ehden Family Tree website |access-date=April 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329220258/https://www.ehdenfamilytree.org/getperson.php?personID=I1&tree=ehden |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* May 17 – [[Henry Eckford (horticulturist)|Henry Eckford]], British horticulturist (d. 1905)
* May 22 – [[Solomon Bundy]], American politician (d. 1889)
* [[May 17]] – [[Henry Eckford (horticulturist)|Henry Eckford]], British horticulturist (d. 1905)
* May 26 – [[William Pryor Letchworth]], American businessman, philanthropist, founder of [[Letchworth State Park]], New York
* [[May 22]] – [[Solomon Bundy]], American politician (d. 1889)
* [[May 26]] – [[William Pryor Letchworth]], American businessman, philanthropist, founder of [[Letchworth State Park]], New York
* July 6 – [[Sophie Adlersparre]], Swedish feminist (d. 1895)
* [[July 6]] – [[Sophie Adlersparre]], Swedish feminist (d. 1895)
* June 21 – [[Jean Chacornac]], French astronomer (d. 1873)
* [[June 21]] – [[Jean Chacornac]], French astronomer (d. 1873)


=== July–December ===
=== July–December ===
[[File:Max Muller.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Max Müller]]]]
[[File:Max Muller.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Max Müller]]]]
[[File:SirMackenzieBowell.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Mackenzie Bowell]]]]
[[File:SirMackenzieBowell.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Mackenzie Bowell]]]]
* July 9 (''date uncertain'') – [[Phineas Gage]], improbable American head injury survivor (d. 1860)
* [[July 9]] (''date uncertain'') – [[Phineas Gage]], improbable American head injury survivor (d. 1860)
* July 18
* [[July 18]]
** [[Félix du Temple de la Croix]], French Army Captain, aviation pioneer (d. 1890)
** [[Félix du Temple de la Croix]], French Army Captain, aviation pioneer (d. 1890)
** [[Leonard Fulton Ross]], American Civil War general (d. 1901)
** [[Leonard Fulton Ross]], American Civil War general (d. 1901)
* July 23 – [[Coventry Patmore]], English poet (d. 1896)
* [[July 23]] – [[Coventry Patmore]], English poet (d. 1896)
* August 3 – [[Thomas Francis Meagher]], American Civil War general (d. 1867)
* [[August 3]] – [[Thomas Francis Meagher]], American Civil War general (d. 1867)
* August 4 – [[Oliver P. Morton]], American politician (d. 1877)
* [[August 4]] – [[Oliver P. Morton]], American politician (d. 1877)
* August 5 – [[Eliza Tibbets]], mother of the California orange industry (d. 1898)
* [[August 5]] – [[Eliza Tibbets]], mother of the California orange industry (d. 1898)
* August 10
* [[August 10]]
** [[Hugh Stowell Brown]], Manx preacher (d. 1886)
** [[Hugh Stowell Brown]], Manx preacher (d. 1886)
** [[Charles Keene (artist)|Charles Keene]], English artist, illustrator (d. 1891)
** [[Charles Keene (artist)|Charles Keene]], English artist, illustrator (d. 1891)
* August 11 – [[Charlotte Mary Yonge]], English author (d. 1901)
* [[August 11]] – [[Charlotte Mary Yonge]], English author (d. 1901)
* August 13 – [[Goldwin Smith]], English historian (d. 1910)
* [[August 13]] – [[Goldwin Smith]], English historian (d. 1910)
* August 14 – [[Karel Miry]], Belgian composer (d. 1889)
* [[August 14]] – [[Karel Miry]], Belgian composer (d. 1889)
* August 15 – [[Orris S. Ferry]], American Civil War general and politician (d. 1875)
* [[August 15]] – [[Orris S. Ferry]], American Civil War general and politician (d. 1875)
* August 23 – [[Nil Izvorov]], Bulgarian [[Orthodox priest]] and venerable (d. 1905)
* [[August 23]] – [[Nil Izvorov]], Bulgarian [[Orthodox priest]] and venerable (d. 1905)
* September 16 – [[Ludwik Teichmann]], Polish anatomist (d. 1895)
* [[September 16]] – [[Ludwik Teichmann]], Polish anatomist (d. 1895)
* November 1 – [[Lascăr Catargiu]], 4-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1899)
* [[September 28]] – [[Alexandre Cabanel]], French painter (d. 1889)
* November 8 – [[Joseph Monier]], French inventor (d. 1906)
* [[November 1]] – [[Lascăr Catargiu]], 4-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1899)
* November 16 – [[Henry G. Davis]], American politician (d. 1916)
* [[November 8]] – [[Joseph Monier]], French inventor (d. 1906)
* November 18 – [[Charles H. Bell (politician)|Charles H. Bell]], American politician (d. 1893)
* [[November 16]] – [[Henry G. Davis]], American politician (d. 1916)
* November 21 – [[Andrzej Jerzy Mniszech]], Polish painter (d. 1905)
* [[November 18]] – [[Charles H. Bell (politician)|Charles H. Bell]], American politician (d. 1893)
* November 25 – [[Henry Wirz]], Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (d. 1865)
* [[November 21]] – [[Andrzej Jerzy Mniszech]], Polish painter (d. 1905)
* [[November 25]] – [[Henry Wirz]], Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (d. 1865)
* December 6 – [[Friedrich Max Müller]], German Orientalist (d. 1900)
* [[December 6]] – [[Friedrich Max Müller]], German-born Orientalist (d. 1900)
* December 9 – [[Rosalie Olivecrona]], Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1898)
* [[December 9]] – [[Rosalie Olivecrona]], Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1898)
* December 13 – [[Ferdinand Büchner]], German composer (d. 1906)
* [[December 13]] – [[Ferdinand Büchner]], German composer (d. 1906)
* December 22 – [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]], American Unitarian minister, abolitionist (d. 1911)
* [[December 22]] – [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]], American Unitarian minister, abolitionist (d. 1911)
* December 27 – [[Mackenzie Bowell|Sir Mackenzie Bowell]], 5th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. 1917)
* [[December 27]] – [[Mackenzie Bowell|Sir Mackenzie Bowell]], 5th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. 1917)


===Undated===
===Undated===
Line 138: Line 144:
[[File:Edward Jenner. Oil painting. Wellcome V0023503.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Edward Jenner]]]]
[[File:Edward Jenner. Oil painting. Wellcome V0023503.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Edward Jenner]]]]
[[File:Louis-Nicolas Davout (1770-1823), duc d'Auerstaedt, prince d'Eckmül, maréchal de France - Pierre Gautherot.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Louis-Nicolas Davout]]]]
[[File:Louis-Nicolas Davout (1770-1823), duc d'Auerstaedt, prince d'Eckmül, maréchal de France - Pierre Gautherot.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Louis-Nicolas Davout]]]]
* January 21 – [[Gideon Olin]], American politician (b. 1743)
* [[January 21]]
** [[Gideon Olin]], American politician (b. 1743)
** [[Cayetano José Rodríguez]], representative to the Congress of Tucumán
** [[Cayetano José Rodríguez]], Argentine representative to the Congress of Tucumán
* January 22 – [[John Julius Angerstein]], Russian-born English merchant, insurer and art collector (b. 1735)
* [[January 22]] – [[John Julius Angerstein]], Russian-born English merchant, insurer and art collector (b. 1735)
* January 26 – [[Edward Jenner]], English physician, medical researcher (b. 1749)
* [[January 26]] – [[Edward Jenner]], English physician, medical researcher (b. 1749)
* January 27 – [[Charles Hutton]], English mathematician (b. 1737)
* [[January 27]] – [[Charles Hutton]], English mathematician (b. 1737)
* February – [[Agnes Ibbetson]], English plant physiologist (b. 1757)
* [[January 28]] – [[Return J. Meigs Sr.]], American colonel (b. 1740)
* February 7 – [[Ann Radcliffe]], English writer (b. 1764)
* [[February 9]] – [[Agnes Ibbetson]], English plant physiologist (b. 1757)
* February 21 – [[Charles Wolfe]], Irish poet (b. 1791)
* [[February 7]] – [[Ann Radcliffe]], English writer (b. 1764)
* March 1 – [[Pierre-Jean Garat]], French Basque opera singer (b. 1764)
* [[February 21]] – [[Charles Wolfe]], Irish poet (b. 1791)
* March 5 – [[Magdalena Rudenschöld]], Swedish conspirator (b. 1766)
* [[March 1]] – [[Pierre-Jean Garat]], French Basque opera singer (b. 1764)
* [[March 5]] – [[Magdalena Rudenschöld]], Swedish conspirator (b. 1766)
* March 14
* [[March 14]]
** [[Charles François Dumouriez]], French general (b. 1739)
** [[Charles François Dumouriez]], French general (b. 1739)
** [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent]], British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1735)
** [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent]], British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1735)
* March 18
* [[March 18]]
** [[Jean-Baptiste Bréval]], French cellist (b. 1753)
** [[Jean-Baptiste Bréval]], French cellist (b. 1753)
** [[Henry Brockholst Livingston]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (b. 1757)
** [[Henry Brockholst Livingston]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (b. 1757)
* March 19 – [[Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski]], Polish aristocrat and patron of the arts (b. 1734)
* [[March 19]] – [[Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski]], Polish aristocrat and patron of the arts (b. 1734)
* April 18 – [[George Cabot (senator)|George Cabot]], American politician (b. 1752)
* [[April 18]] – [[George Cabot (senator)|George Cabot]], American politician (b. 1752)
* June 1 – [[Louis-Nicolas Davout]], French marshal (b. 1770)
* [[June 1]] – [[Louis-Nicolas Davout]], French marshal (b. 1770)
* June 19 – [[William Combe]], English writer, poet and adventurer (b. 1742)
* [[June 19]] – [[William Combe]], English writer, poet and adventurer (b. 1742)


=== July–December ===
=== July–December ===
[[File:Belzoni1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]]]
[[File:Belzoni1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]]]
[[File:Gregorio Jose Ramirez y Castro.png|thumb|110px|[[Gregorio José Ramírez]]]]
[[File:Gregorio Jose Ramirez y Castro.png|thumb|110px|[[Gregorio José Ramírez]]]]
* July 8 – Sir [[Henry Raeburn]], Scottish painter (b. 1756)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Henry Raeburn (1756-1823) |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/raeburn-henry |website=National Records of Scotland |access-date=24 June 2022 |language=English |date=31 May 2013}}</ref>
* [[July 4]] – [[Estcourt Cresswell]], English politician (b. 1823)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRESSWELL, Estcourt (c.1745-1823), of Bibury, nr. Cirencester, Glos. and Pinkney Park, Wilts. {{!}} History of Parliament Online |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/cresswell-estcourt-1745-1823 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org}}</ref>
* [[July 8]] – Sir [[Henry Raeburn]], Scottish painter (b. 1756)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Henry Raeburn (1756-1823) |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/raeburn-henry |website=National Records of Scotland |access-date=24 June 2022 |language=English |date=31 May 2013}}</ref>
* August 1 – [[Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier]] of Great Britain (b. 1758)
* August 7 – [[Mátyás Laáb]], Croatian writer, translator (b. 1746)
* [[August 1]] – [[Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier]] of Great Britain (b. 1758)
* August 18 – [[John Treadwell]], the fourth [[Governor of Connecticut]] (b. 1745)
* [[August 7]] – [[Mátyás Laáb]], Croatian writer, translator (b. 1746)
* August 20 – [[Pope Pius VII]], Italian Benedictine (b. 1742)
* [[August 18]] – [[John Treadwell]], the fourth [[Governor of Connecticut]] (b. 1745)
* August 22 – [[Lazare Carnot]], French general, politician and mathematician (b. 1753)
* [[August 20]] – [[Pope Pius VII]], Italian Benedictine (b. 1742)
* August 30 – [[Pierre Prévost (painter)|Pierre Prévost]], French [[panorama]] painter (b. 1764)
* [[August 22]] – [[Lazare Carnot]], French general, politician and mathematician (b. 1753)
* September 11 – [[David Ricardo]], English economist (b. 1772)
* [[August 30]] – [[Pierre Prévost (painter)|Pierre Prévost]], French [[panorama]] painter (b. 1764)
* September 17 – [[Abraham-Louis Breguet]], Swiss [[horologist]], inventor (b. 1747)
* [[September 11]] – [[David Ricardo]], English economist (b. 1772)
* September 23 – [[Matthew Baillie]], Scottish physician, pathologist (b. 1761)
* [[September 17]] – [[Abraham-Louis Breguet]], Swiss [[horologist]], inventor (b. 1747)
* September 28 – [[Charlotte Melmoth]], English-born American actress (b. 1749)
* [[September 23]] – [[Matthew Baillie]], Scottish physician, pathologist (b. 1761)
* November 9 – [[Vasily Kapnist]], Ukrainian-Russian poet, dramatist (b. 1758)
* [[September 28]] – [[Charlotte Melmoth]], English-born American actress (b. 1749)
* November 11 – [[Richard Richards (judge)|Richard Richards]], British judge and politician (b. 1752)
* [[November 9]] – [[Vasily Kapnist]], Ukrainian-Russian poet, dramatist (b. 1758)
* [[November 11]] – [[Richard Richards (judge)|Richard Richards]], British judge and politician (b. 1752)
* December 3 – [[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]], Italian explorer, pioneer archaeologist of Egypt (b. 1778)
* December 4 – [[Gregorio José Ramírez]], Costa Rican politician, merchant and marine (b. 1796)
* [[December 3]] – [[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]], Italian explorer, pioneer archaeologist of Egypt (b. 1778)
* [[December 4]] – [[Gregorio José Ramírez]], Costa Rican politician, merchant and marine (b. 1796)


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 17:09, 9 December 2024

For the government call centre of Hong Kong, see 1823 Call Centre.
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
December 2: The Monroe Doctrine is introduced by U.S. President James Monroe.
August 18: The Demerara rebellion of 1823 is started by 10,000 black slaves in British Guiana.
1823 by topic
Humanities
By country
Other topics
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1823 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1823
MDCCCXXIII
Ab urbe condita2576
Armenian calendar1272
ԹՎ ՌՄՀԲ
Assyrian calendar6573
Balinese saka calendar1744–1745
Bengali calendar1230
Berber calendar2773
British Regnal year3 Geo. 4 – 4 Geo. 4
Buddhist calendar2367
Burmese calendar1185
Byzantine calendar7331–7332
Chinese calendar壬午年 (Water Horse)
4520 or 4313
    — to —
癸未年 (Water Goat)
4521 or 4314
Coptic calendar1539–1540
Discordian calendar2989
Ethiopian calendar1815–1816
Hebrew calendar5583–5584
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1879–1880
 - Shaka Samvat1744–1745
 - Kali Yuga4923–4924
Holocene calendar11823
Igbo calendar823–824
Iranian calendar1201–1202
Islamic calendar1238–1239
Japanese calendarBunsei 6
(文政６年)
Javanese calendar1750–1751
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4156
Minguo calendar89 before ROC
民前89年
Nanakshahi calendar355
Thai solar calendar2365–2366
Tibetan calendar阳水马年
(male Water-Horse)
1949 or 1568 or 796
    — to —
阴水羊年
(female Water-Goat)
1950 or 1569 or 797
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1823.
April 7: The "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis", a French infantry force, begin an attack on Spain that lasts until November.

1823 (MDCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1823rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 823rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 23rd year of the 19th century, and the 4th year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1823, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

[edit]

January–March

[edit]

April–June

[edit]

July–September

[edit]

October–December

[edit]

Undated

[edit]

Births

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
Carl Wilhelm Siemens
Abdülmecid I

July–December

[edit]
Max Müller
Mackenzie Bowell

Undated

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
Edward Jenner
Louis-Nicolas Davout

July–December

[edit]
Giovanni Battista Belzoni
Gregorio José Ramírez

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Aldhouse-Green, Stephen (October 2001). "Great Sites: Paviland Cave". British Archaeology (61). Retrieved July 16, 2010.
  2. ^ Simpson-Housley, Paul (1992). Antarctica:Exploration, Perception and Metaphor. New York: Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 0-415-08225-0.
  3. ^ According to Gustav Schilling.
  4. ^ Bethell, Leslie (1985). Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930. Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
  5. ^ "Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov", in Encyclopædia Britannica 28 (1910) p. 213.
  6. ^ Hasty, Olga Peters (1999). Pushkin's Tatiana. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 14.
  7. ^ Robert Huish, The Memoirs Private and Political of Daniel O'Connell, Esq., M.P., His Times and Contemporaries (W. Johnston, 1836) p129
  8. ^ a b c d Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 252–253. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  9. ^ "Timeline of capital punishment in Britain". Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  10. ^ "Fires, Great", in Walford, Cornelius, ed. The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance. C. & E. Layton, 1876. p.71.
  11. ^ "Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein". 2021-12-08.
  12. ^ The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 11 (Macmillan, 1909) p727.
  13. ^ Robert M. Utley, Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers (Oxford University Press, 2002)
  14. ^ Vaughn, W. E., ed. (1976). A New History of Ireland: Ireland Under the Union, 1870-1921. Clarendon Press. p. 423.
  15. ^ Donald J. Raleigh and A.A. Iskenderov, The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Reconsidering the Romanovs (Routledge, 2015)
  16. ^ Gelien Matthews, Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement (LSU Press, 2006) p21
  17. ^ a b Charles A. Coulombe, Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes (Citadel Press, 2003) pp393-397
  18. ^ As featured in the 2002 novel The Revenant and 2015 film of the same title.
  19. ^ Anderson, Maureen (2008). Durham Mining Disasters: c1700-1950s. Barnsley: Wharncliffe.
  20. ^ Mathewson, George (July 22, 2014). "Founding of Corunna was a capital idea". The Sarnia Journal. Archived from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  21. ^ "Youssef Bey Karam on Ehden Family Tree website". Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  22. ^ "CRESSWELL, Estcourt (c.1745-1823), of Bibury, nr. Cirencester, Glos. and Pinkney Park, Wilts. | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  23. ^ "Sir Henry Raeburn (1756-1823)". National Records of Scotland. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
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