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[[Image:JDLlogo.jpg|thumb|right|JDL logo. The motto "Never Again" refers to the victims of the [[Holocaust]], and those who fought against it]]
[[Image:JDLlogo.jpg|thumb|right|JDL logo. The motto "Never Again" refers to the victims of the [[Holocaust]], and those who fought against it]]


The '''Jewish Defense League''' (JDL) is a militant Jewish organization whose stated goal is to protect [[Jew]]s from [[anti-Semitism]].<ref name="ADL">[http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp Anti-Defamation League on JDL]</ref> Created in the late 1960s in New York, it was formed with a self-described purpose of stopping [[Hasidic Jews]] from being harassed in [[Brooklyn]].<ref name="MIPT">[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=183 JDL group profile from ''MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base'']</ref> In its report ''Terrorism 2000/2001'', the [[FBI]] referred to the organization as a "violent extremist Jewish organization."<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terror2000_2001.htm ''Terrorism 2000/2001'']</ref> The [[Anti-Defamation League]] likewise characterize the JDL as extremist,<ref name="ADL"/> and the [[Terrorism Knowledge Base]] refers to it as an "active terrorist organization based in the U.S."<ref name="MIPT"/>
The '''Jewish Defense League''' (JDL) is a militant Jewish organization whose stated goal is to protect [[Jew]]s from [[anti-Semitism]].<ref name="ADL">[http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp Anti-Defamation League on JDL]</ref> It was founded by [[Rabbi]] [[Meir Kahane]] in [[New York City]] in 1968, with a self-described purpose of protecting [[Hasidic Jews]] from harassement in [[Brooklyn]], and to protest against local manifestations of [[anti-Semitism]].<ref name="MIPT">[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=183 JDL group profile from ''MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base'']</ref><ref>http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp</ref> In its report ''Terrorism 2000/2001'', the [[FBI]] referred to the organization as a "violent extremist Jewish organization."<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terror2000_2001.htm ''Terrorism 2000/2001'']</ref> The [[Anti-Defamation League]] likewise characterize the JDL as extremist,<ref name="ADL"/> and the [[Terrorism Knowledge Base]] refers to it as an "active terrorist organization based in the U.S."<ref name="MIPT"/>


==History ==
==Assassination of Kahane==
⚫
In 1990 the JDL's founder, Meir Kahane, was assassinated <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=technology&res=9402E7DD1339F93AA25751C1A9669C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fK%2fKahane%2c%20Meir Terror Label No Hindrance To Anti-Arab Jewish Group] New York Times, 19 December 2000</ref> by a gunman during a Zionist conference in [[New York City]]. The police shot and apprehended the suspected perpetrator, [[El Sayyid Nosair]], an Egyptian-born Muslim extremist, but Nosair was acquitted by the jury.<ref>http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20616FA3C540C778EDDAB0994D9494D81</ref> The murder investigation remains open.<ref>http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70B14F83C580C7B8CDDAE0894D1494D81</ref>
The JDL was founded in 1968 by [[Rabbi]] [[Meir Kahane]]. Its goal was to protect [[Jews]], initially in [[New York City]], and to protest local manifestations of [[anti-Semitism]].<ref>http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp</ref>


⚫
==Imprisonment and deaths of Irv Rubin and Earl Krugel==
===Assassination of Kahane===
⚫
In 1990 the JDL's founder, Meir Kahane, was assassinated <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=technology&res=9402E7DD1339F93AA25751C1A9669C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fK%2fKahane%2c%20Meir Terror Label No Hindrance To Anti-Arab Jewish Group] New York Times, 19 December 2000</ref> by a gunman during a Zionist conference in [[New York City]]. The police shot and apprehended the suspected perpetrator, [[El Sayyid Nosair]], an Egyptian-born Muslim extremist, but Nosair was acquitted by the jury. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20616FA3C540C778EDDAB0994D9494D81]. The murder investigation remains open.[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70B14F83C580C7B8CDDAE0894D1494D81]

⚫
===Imprisonment and deaths of Irv Rubin and Earl Krugel===
On [[December 12]], [[2001]], [[Irv Rubin]], JDL International Chairman, and [[Earl Krugel]], a member of the organization, were charged with conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism. Authorities claimed that the two planned attacks on [[Arab-American]] Congressman [[Darrell Issa]]'s office, and on the [[King Fahd]] [[Mosque]] in [[Culver City, California]].
On [[December 12]], [[2001]], [[Irv Rubin]], JDL International Chairman, and [[Earl Krugel]], a member of the organization, were charged with conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism. Authorities claimed that the two planned attacks on [[Arab-American]] Congressman [[Darrell Issa]]'s office, and on the [[King Fahd]] [[Mosque]] in [[Culver City, California]].


Rubin maintained that he was innocent, and was reportedly eager to wage a vigorous court battle in his defense. On November 4, [[2002]], at the federal [[Metropolitan Detention Center]] in [[Los Angeles, California]], Rubin fell 18 feet to the concrete floor below. He was in a coma for 10 days before dying on [[November 13]]. The prison's official report was that he slashed his own neck before throwing himself over the railing. [http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/West/11/14/obit.irv.rubin.ap/]. Many have noted that this was an unusual method of committing [[suicide]], and although the incident has been ruled a suicide, some of Rubin's supporters have alleged [[murder]].
Rubin maintained that he was innocent, and was reportedly eager to wage a vigorous court battle in his defense. On November 4, [[2002]], at the federal [[Metropolitan Detention Center]] in [[Los Angeles, California]], Rubin fell 18 feet to the concrete floor below. He was in a coma for 10 days before dying on [[November 13]]. The prison's official report was that he slashed his own neck before throwing himself over the railing.<ref>http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/West/11/14/obit.irv.rubin.ap/</ref> Many have noted that this was an unusual method of committing [[suicide]], and although the incident has been ruled a suicide, some of Rubin's supporters have alleged [[murder]].


On [[February 4, 2003]], [[Earl Krugel]] pled guilty to [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] and weapons charges stemming from the terrorist plot, and was expected to serve up to 20 years in prison. He was murdered by another inmate while at the [[Federal Correctional Institution]] in north [[Phoenix, Arizona]] on [[November 4, 2005]].
On [[February 4, 2003]], [[Earl Krugel]] pled guilty to [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] and weapons charges stemming from the terrorist plot, and was expected to serve up to 20 years in prison. He was murdered by another inmate while at the [[Federal Correctional Institution]] in north [[Phoenix, Arizona]] on [[November 4, 2005]].


===Schism, and its immediate aftermath===
==Schism, and its immediate aftermath==
After Rubin's death in [[November 2002]], [[William Maniaci|Bill Maniaci]] was appointed interim chairman by Shelley Rubin. Around two years later, the Jewish Defense League became mired in a state of modest upheaval over legal control of the organization.
After Rubin's death in [[November 2002]], [[William Maniaci|Bill Maniaci]] was appointed interim chairman by Shelley Rubin. Around two years later, the Jewish Defense League became mired in a state of modest upheaval over legal control of the organization.


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In [[France]] there exists an organization, ''Ligue de Défense Juive'' (LDJ), that is similar to the original JDL. It is not connected in any way to the current JDL organization. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
In [[France]] there exists an organization, ''Ligue de Défense Juive'' (LDJ), that is similar to the original JDL. It is not connected in any way to the current JDL organization. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}


===Anti-Soviet activities===
==Anti-Soviet activities==
The Jewish Defense League during the early seventies campaigned to allow the emigration of [[Soviet Jews]] from the [[Soviet Union]]. The organization was linked with a 1970 bomb explosion outside of [[Aeroflot]]'s [[New York City]] office, and a 1971 detonation outside of Soviet cultural offices in [[Washington, D.C.]] Also in [[1971]], a JDL member allegedly fired a rifle into the Soviet Union's mission office at the [[United Nations]]. In 1972 two JDL members were arrested and charged with bomb possession and [[burglary]] in a conspiracy to blow up the [[Long Island]] residence of the Soviet Mission to the [[UN]]. The two JDL members pleaded guilty and were sentenced to serve 3 years in prison for one, and a year and a day for the other.
The Jewish Defense League during the early seventies campaigned to allow the emigration of [[Soviet Jews]] from the [[Soviet Union]]. The organization was linked with a 1970 bomb explosion outside of [[Aeroflot]]'s [[New York City]] office, and a 1971 detonation outside of Soviet cultural offices in [[Washington, D.C.]] Also in [[1971]], a JDL member allegedly fired a rifle into the Soviet Union's mission office at the [[United Nations]]. In 1972 two JDL members were arrested and charged with bomb possession and [[burglary]] in a conspiracy to blow up the [[Long Island]] residence of the Soviet Mission to the [[UN]]. The two JDL members pleaded guilty and were sentenced to serve 3 years in prison for one, and a year and a day for the other.


In 1975, JDL leader Meir Kahane was accused of conspiring to kidnap a Soviet diplomat, to bomb the [[Iraqi]] [[Embassy]] in Washington, and to ship arms abroad from Israel. A hearing was held to revoke Kahane's [[probation]] for a 1971 [[firebomb]]-making incident. He was found guilty of violating probation and served a one year prison sentence. JDL activities were condemned by [[Moscow]] [[refusenik]]s who felt that the group's actions were making it less likely that the Soviet Union would relax restrictions on Jewish emigration. On April 6, 1976, six prominent refuseniks, Vladimir Slepak, Alexander Lerner, [[Anatoly Shcharansky]], and Iosif Begun condemned the JDL's activities as "terrorist acts," stating "Such actions constitute a danger for Soviet Jews... as they might be used by the authorities as a pretext for new repressions and for instigating [[anti-Semitic]] hostilities." [http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp]
In 1975, JDL leader Meir Kahane was accused of conspiring to kidnap a Soviet diplomat, to bomb the [[Iraqi]] [[Embassy]] in Washington, and to ship arms abroad from Israel. A hearing was held to revoke Kahane's [[probation]] for a 1971 [[firebomb]]-making incident. He was found guilty of violating probation and served a one year prison sentence. JDL activities were condemned by [[Moscow]] [[refusenik]]s who felt that the group's actions were making it less likely that the Soviet Union would relax restrictions on Jewish emigration. On April 6, 1976, six prominent refuseniks, Vladimir Slepak, Alexander Lerner, [[Anatoly Shcharansky]], and Iosif Begun condemned the JDL's activities as "terrorist acts," stating "Such actions constitute a danger for Soviet Jews... as they might be used by the authorities as a pretext for new repressions and for instigating [[anti-Semitic]] hostilities."<ref>http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp</ref>


During the [[1980s]], the then JDL Chairman and current [[Jewish Task Force]] Chairman [[Victor Vancier]] {{Fact|date=March 2007}} led a campaign of bombing Soviet targets which he credits as the reason for the complete removal of the ban of Jewish emigration from the Soviet Union and as well as the reason for the fall of the Soviet Union. He has said that the bombings brought strains in US-Soviet relations which he says helped the cause.
During the [[1980s]], the then JDL Chairman and current [[Jewish Task Force]] Chairman [[Victor Vancier]] {{Fact|date=March 2007}} led a campaign of bombing Soviet targets which he credits as the reason for the complete removal of the ban of Jewish emigration from the Soviet Union and as well as the reason for the fall of the Soviet Union. He has said that the bombings brought strains in US-Soviet relations which he says helped the cause.


===Canadian branch activities===
==Canadian branch activities==
[[Meir Weinstein]], also known as Meir Halevi, is the longtime chairman of the JDL in Canada. The Canadian group resumed activities in 2006 after a long absence.<ref>[http://www.jewishtribune.ca/tribune/PDF/jt061123.pdf ‘JDL is back in business,’ says national director at Kahane memorial] by Atara Beck, ''Jewish Tribune'', November 23, 2006, page 9</ref> Since their reactivation, they have counter-protested against pro-Palestinian activists, picketed a conference on "[[Israeli apartheid]]" at the [[University of Toronto]], protested the [[Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation]] for considering support of a boycott of Israel, and protested the construction of a mosque led by an alleged "[[Islamist]]."<ref>"Jewish Defense League protests Israel boycott conference at U of T", ''Toronto Star'', page B2, October 7, 2006</ref><ref>http://www.bnaibrith.ca/article.php?id=1146</ref><ref>http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2007/01/18/motion.html</ref><ref>"MOSQUE BATTLE JUST WON'T GO AWAY", ''Newmarket Era-Banner'', February 8, 2007</ref> In April 2007, JDL Canada organized a picket outside of [[Paul Fromm (politician)|Paul Fromm]]'s disciplinary hearing at the [[Ontario College of Teachers]]. This led to two arrests after JDL activists were accused of assaulting the controversial far-right figure.<ref name=Mahoney>Mahoney, Jill, "Activists confront controversial educator: Demonstrators charged as scuffle erupts over ex-teacher tied to white supremacists", ''Globe and Mail'', April 20, 2007[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070420.wxfromm20/BNStory/National/home]</ref>
[[Meir Weinstein]], also known as Meir Halevi, is the longtime chairman of the JDL in Canada. The Canadian group resumed activities in 2006 after a long absence.<ref>[http://www.jewishtribune.ca/tribune/PDF/jt061123.pdf ‘JDL is back in business,’ says national director at Kahane memorial] by Atara Beck, ''Jewish Tribune'', November 23, 2006, page 9</ref> Since their reactivation, they have counter-protested against pro-Palestinian activists, picketed a conference on "[[Israeli apartheid]]" at the [[University of Toronto]], protested the [[Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation]] for considering support of a boycott of Israel, and protested the construction of a mosque led by an alleged "[[Islamist]]."<ref>"Jewish Defense League protests Israel boycott conference at U of T", ''Toronto Star'', page B2, October 7, 2006</ref><ref>http://www.bnaibrith.ca/article.php?id=1146</ref><ref>http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2007/01/18/motion.html</ref><ref>"MOSQUE BATTLE JUST WON'T GO AWAY", ''Newmarket Era-Banner'', February 8, 2007</ref> In April 2007, JDL Canada organized a picket outside of [[Paul Fromm (politician)|Paul Fromm]]'s disciplinary hearing at the [[Ontario College of Teachers]]. This led to two arrests after JDL activists were accused of assaulting the controversial far-right figure.<ref name=Mahoney>Mahoney, Jill, "Activists confront controversial educator: Demonstrators charged as scuffle erupts over ex-teacher tied to white supremacists", ''Globe and Mail'', April 20, 2007[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070420.wxfromm20/BNStory/National/home]</ref>


===Terrorism ===
==Terrorism ==
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] has described the Jewish Defense League in Congressional testimony as a "violent" and "extremist" group.<ref>http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress04/pistole041404.htm</ref> It identified the group in a 1999 terrorism report as the perpetrator of several bombing and arson incidents that took place between 1980 and 1989. Mary Doran, an [[FBI]] street agent, described the JDL in [http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress04/doran061604.htm 2004 Congressional testimony] as "a proscribed terrorist group," though Doran also acknowledged that she is not involved in "policy and administrative decision-making processes." In 2001 JDL leaders [[Irv Rubin]] and [[Earl Krugel]] were charged with planning a terror attack against the office of [[Arab-American]] Congressman [[Darrell Issa]]. [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/LAW/12/12/jdl.arrests/].
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] has described the Jewish Defense League in Congressional testimony as a "violent" and "extremist" group.<ref>http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress04/pistole041404.htm</ref> It identified the group in a 1999 terrorism report as the perpetrator of several bombing and arson incidents that took place between 1980 and 1989. Mary Doran, an [[FBI]] street agent, described the JDL in 2004 Congressional testimony as "a proscribed terrorist group," although Doran also acknowledged that she is not involved in "policy and administrative decision-making processes."<ref>http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress04/doran061604.htm</ref> In 2001, JDL leaders [[Irv Rubin]] and [[Earl Krugel]] were charged with planning a terror attack against the office of [[Arab-American]] Congressman [[Darrell Issa]].<ref>http://archives.cnn.com/2001/LAW/12/12/jdl.arrests</ref>


The Jewish Defense League denies that it is a terrorist organization or a sponsor of terror. Its website states: "The Jewish Defense League unconditionally condemns terrorism of all forms. Terrorism is never a legitimate means to the furtherance of political goals."[http://www.jdl.org/]
The Jewish Defense League denies that it is a terrorist organization or a sponsor of terror. Its website states: "The Jewish Defense League unconditionally condemns terrorism of all forms. Terrorism is never a legitimate means to the furtherance of political goals."<ref>http://www.jdl.org/</ref>


In a 1984 interview with Washington Post correspondent Carla Hall, Meir Kahane admitted that the JDL "bombed the Russian mission in New York, the Russian cultural mission here [Washington] in 1971, the Soviet trade offices."<ref>http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/159817982.html?dids=159817982&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&date=Sep+11%2C+1984&author=By+Carla+Hall&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C1&desc=The+Message+of+Meir+Kahane</ref>
In a 1984 interview with Washington Post correspondent Carla Hall, Meir Kahane admitted that the JDL "bombed the Russian mission in New York, the Russian cultural mission here [Washington] in 1971, the Soviet trade offices."<ref>http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/159817982.html?dids=159817982&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&date=Sep+11%2C+1984&author=By+Carla+Hall&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C1&desc=The+Message+of+Meir+Kahane</ref>
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Similarly, the [[National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism]] (or MIPT) maintains a database of identified terrorist organizations compiled by official contractors and consultants to the United States government wherein the JDL is identified as a terrorist organization.<ref>http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=183</ref>
Similarly, the [[National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism]] (or MIPT) maintains a database of identified terrorist organizations compiled by official contractors and consultants to the United States government wherein the JDL is identified as a terrorist organization.<ref>http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=183</ref>


In addition, the JDL has often expressed support for acts of vengeance in reprisal to Arab terrorist attacks on Jews. On October 26, [[1981]] after two firebombs damaged the [[Egypt]]ian Tourist Office at [[Rockefeller Center]], JDL Chairman Meir Kahane said at a press conference: "I'm not going to say that the JDL bombed that office. There are laws against that in this country. But I'm not going to say I mourn for it either." The next day, an anonymous caller claimed responsibility on behalf of the JDL. A JDL spokesman later denied his group's involvement, but said "We support the act."[http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp]
In addition, the JDL has often expressed support for acts of vengeance in reprisal to Arab terrorist attacks on Jews. On October 26, [[1981]] after two firebombs damaged the [[Egypt]]ian Tourist Office at [[Rockefeller Center]], JDL Chairman Meir Kahane said at a press conference: "I'm not going to say that the JDL bombed that office. There are laws against that in this country. But I'm not going to say I mourn for it either." The next day, an anonymous caller claimed responsibility on behalf of the JDL. A JDL spokesman later denied his group's involvement, but said "We support the act."<ref>http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp</ref>


Similarly, when Arab-American and Palestinian activist [[Alex Odeh]] was killed by a bomb in his offices, chairman Irv Rubin was suspected and went on record stating that "Odeh got what he deserved."<ref>http://rickross.net/reference/jewish_defense/jewish_defense6.html</ref> The case against the JDL and Rubin was subsequently dropped when the primary suspects fled to Israel, but was renewed again when {{cquote | After years of legal delays Israel consented to the extradition of Robert Manning to the U.S., where he is serving a life sentence for his role in a murder-for-hire plot in which a Manhattan Beach, CA secretary was killed by the explosion of a package bomb mailed to her employer. The Israelis claim Rochelle Manning died of a heart attack just before she, too, was to be extradited to California.<ref>http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0497/9704067.htm</ref>}}
Similarly, when Arab-American and Palestinian activist [[Alex Odeh]] was killed by a bomb in his offices, chairman Irv Rubin was suspected and went on record stating that "Odeh got what he deserved."<ref>http://rickross.net/reference/jewish_defense/jewish_defense6.html</ref> The case against the JDL and Rubin was subsequently dropped when the primary suspects fled to Israel, but was renewed again when {{cquote | After years of legal delays Israel consented to the extradition of Robert Manning to the U.S., where he is serving a life sentence for his role in a murder-for-hire plot in which a Manhattan Beach, CA secretary was killed by the explosion of a package bomb mailed to her employer. The Israelis claim Rochelle Manning died of a heart attack just before she, too, was to be extradited to California.<ref>http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0497/9704067.htm</ref>}}


=== Hebron massacre ===
== Hebron massacre ==
On 25 February 1994, a JDL member opened fire on Palestinian Muslims kneeling in prayer at mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron, killing 29. The incident is referred to as the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]]. A statement on the official website of the JDL glorifies [[Baruch Goldstein]] and his crime, claiming him as one of their own:
On 25 February 1994, a JDL member opened fire on Palestinian Muslims kneeling in prayer at mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron, killing 29. The incident is referred to as the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]]. A statement on the official website of the JDL glorifies [[Baruch Goldstein]] and his crime, claiming him as one of their own:


"Dr. Goldstein was a brilliant surgeon, a mild-mannered Yeshiva-educated man who was promoted to the rank of major in the IDF. He was warned by his superiors in the military to prepare an open field hospital in anticipation of another murderous attack by the hostile Arab population of Hevron during the Jewish festival of Purim. Many of these Arabs were standing outside Goldstein's synagogue in the Cave of the Patriarchs and yelling "Slaughter the Jew." Goldstein had lost 30 close friends in the last few years; they were murdered by Arabs in the Hevron-Kiryat Arba area. One of those was the son of his best friend, Mordechai Lapid; as Goldstein rushed to give the young man medical aid, he was held back by the Arabs on the scene and the young man died. Additionally, as there is proof that the Arabs were hoarding food and supplies in response to a Muslim call for a massacre on the Jewish holiday of Purim, we feel that Goldstein took a preventative measure against yet another Arab attack on Jews. We understand his motivation, his grief and his actions. And we are not ashamed to say that Goldstein was a charter member of the Jewish Defense League." [http://www.jdl.org/information/faq.shtml]
"Dr. Goldstein was a brilliant surgeon, a mild-mannered Yeshiva-educated man who was promoted to the rank of major in the IDF. He was warned by his superiors in the military to prepare an open field hospital in anticipation of another murderous attack by the hostile Arab population of Hevron during the Jewish festival of Purim. Many of these Arabs were standing outside Goldstein's synagogue in the Cave of the Patriarchs and yelling "Slaughter the Jew." Goldstein had lost 30 close friends in the last few years; they were murdered by Arabs in the Hevron-Kiryat Arba area. One of those was the son of his best friend, Mordechai Lapid; as Goldstein rushed to give the young man medical aid, he was held back by the Arabs on the scene and the young man died. Additionally, as there is proof that the Arabs were hoarding food and supplies in response to a Muslim call for a massacre on the Jewish holiday of Purim, we feel that Goldstein took a preventative measure against yet another Arab attack on Jews. We understand his motivation, his grief and his actions. And we are not ashamed to say that Goldstein was a charter member of the Jewish Defense League."<ref>http://www.jdl.org/information/faq.shtml</ref>


Goldstein is revered as a saint by extreme right-wingers in Israel and his tomb was converted into a shrine by his supporters until its dismantlement by the Israeli authorities in 1999.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/newsid_4167000/4167929.stm</ref>
Goldstein is revered as a saint by extreme right-wingers in Israel and his tomb was converted into a shrine by his supporters until its dismantlement by the Israeli authorities in 1999.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/newsid_4167000/4167929.stm</ref>


=== Relationship with Death Row Records ===
== Relationship with Death Row Records ==
During [[Dr.Dre]]’s defection from [[Ruthless Records]] (during which time [[Eazy-E]] was allegedly physically harmed by [[Suge Knight]]), there was a fear of further violence. [[Ruthless Records]] executives, Mike Klein and [[Jerry Heller]] sought assistance from the Jewish Defense League (JDL).<ref>http://www.jdl.org/misc/fbi.shtml</ref> Mike Klein, former Ruthless Records director of business affairs said "The Defense League offered to provide bodyguards to Eazy-E when Knight allegedly threatened him in the early 1990s." This provided Ruthless Records with muscle to enter into negotiations with [[Death Row Records]] over Dr. Dre’s departure. While Suge Knight violently sought an outright release from Ruthless Records for Dr. Dre, the JDL and Ruthless records management were able to sit down with Death Row and negotiate a release in which the record label would continue to receive money and publishing rights from future Dr. Dre projects. It was under these terms Dr. Dre left Ruthless Records and formed Death Row Records with Suge Knight.
During [[Dr.Dre]]’s defection from [[Ruthless Records]] (during which time [[Eazy-E]] was allegedly physically harmed by [[Suge Knight]]), there was a fear of further violence. [[Ruthless Records]] executives, Mike Klein and [[Jerry Heller]] sought assistance from the Jewish Defense League (JDL).<ref>http://www.jdl.org/misc/fbi.shtml</ref> Mike Klein, former Ruthless Records director of business affairs said "The Defense League offered to provide bodyguards to Eazy-E when Knight allegedly threatened him in the early 1990s." This provided Ruthless Records with muscle to enter into negotiations with [[Death Row Records]] over Dr. Dre’s departure. While Suge Knight violently sought an outright release from Ruthless Records for Dr. Dre, the JDL and Ruthless records management were able to sit down with Death Row and negotiate a release in which the record label would continue to receive money and publishing rights from future Dr. Dre projects. It was under these terms Dr. Dre left Ruthless Records and formed Death Row Records with Suge Knight.


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The JDL states it is not a racist organization; as evidence, it mentions the aid it has given Arab immigrants to the United States. It has commented that {{cquote |It has always been a JDL priority to encourage as many Arabs as possible to leave Israel to make new homes in America or wherever they wish to live.<ref>http://www.jdl.org/information/faq.shtml</ref>}}
The JDL states it is not a racist organization; as evidence, it mentions the aid it has given Arab immigrants to the United States. It has commented that {{cquote |It has always been a JDL priority to encourage as many Arabs as possible to leave Israel to make new homes in America or wherever they wish to live.<ref>http://www.jdl.org/information/faq.shtml</ref>}}




==Reactions to the JDL==
==Reactions to the JDL==

Revision as of 16:56, 5 September 2007

File:JDLlogo.jpg
JDL logo. The motto "Never Again" refers to the victims of the Holocaust, and those who fought against it

The Jewish Defense League (JDL) is a militant Jewish organization whose stated goal is to protect Jews from anti-Semitism.[1] It was founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City in 1968, with a self-described purpose of protecting Hasidic Jews from harassement in Brooklyn, and to protest against local manifestations of anti-Semitism.[2][3] In its report Terrorism 2000/2001, the FBI referred to the organization as a "violent extremist Jewish organization."[4] The Anti-Defamation League likewise characterize the JDL as extremist,[1] and the Terrorism Knowledge Base refers to it as an "active terrorist organization based in the U.S."[2]

Assassination of Kahane

In 1990 the JDL's founder, Meir Kahane, was assassinated [5] by a gunman during a Zionist conference in New York City. The police shot and apprehended the suspected perpetrator, El Sayyid Nosair, an Egyptian-born Muslim extremist, but Nosair was acquitted by the jury.[6] The murder investigation remains open.[7]

Imprisonment and deaths of Irv Rubin and Earl Krugel

On December 12, 2001, Irv Rubin, JDL International Chairman, and Earl Krugel, a member of the organization, were charged with conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism. Authorities claimed that the two planned attacks on Arab-American Congressman Darrell Issa's office, and on the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California.

Rubin maintained that he was innocent, and was reportedly eager to wage a vigorous court battle in his defense. On November 4, 2002, at the federal Metropolitan Detention Center in Los Angeles, California, Rubin fell 18 feet to the concrete floor below. He was in a coma for 10 days before dying on November 13. The prison's official report was that he slashed his own neck before throwing himself over the railing.[8] Many have noted that this was an unusual method of committing suicide, and although the incident has been ruled a suicide, some of Rubin's supporters have alleged murder.

On February 4, 2003, Earl Krugel pled guilty to conspiracy and weapons charges stemming from the terrorist plot, and was expected to serve up to 20 years in prison. He was murdered by another inmate while at the Federal Correctional Institution in north Phoenix, Arizona on November 4, 2005.

Schism, and its immediate aftermath

After Rubin's death in November 2002, Bill Maniaci was appointed interim chairman by Shelley Rubin. Around two years later, the Jewish Defense League became mired in a state of modest upheaval over legal control of the organization.

In October 2004, Maniaci rejected Shelley Rubin's call for him to resign; as a result, Maniaci was stripped of his title and membership. At that point the JDL split into two separate factions, each vying for legal control of the associated "intellectual property." During that period the sides operated as separate organizations with the same name, while a lengthy legal battle ensued.

In April 2005, the original domain name of the organization, jdl.org, was suspended by Network Solutions due to allegation of infringement; the organization went back online soon thereafter at domain name jewishdefenseleague.org.

In April 2006, news of a settlement was announced in which signatories agreed to not object to "Shelley Rubin's titles of permanent chairman and CEO of JDL."[9] The agreement also confirmed that "the name 'Jewish Defense League,' the acronym 'JDL,' and the 'Fist and Star' logo are the exclusive intellectual property of JDL." (Opponents of both groups claim that these symbols are Kahanist symbols and not the exclusive property of JDL. Others point out that the logo is no longer in general use by the Kahanist groups.) The agreement also states: "Domain names registered on behalf of JDL, including but not limited to jdl.org and jewishdefenseleague.org, are owned and operated by JDL." Meanwhile, the opposing group formed B'nai Elim. B'nai Elim is the latest of many JDL splinter groups to have formed over the years, a list which also includes Victor Vancier's Jewish Task Force.

In France there exists an organization, Ligue de Défense Juive (LDJ), that is similar to the original JDL. It is not connected in any way to the current JDL organization. [citation needed]

Anti-Soviet activities

The Jewish Defense League during the early seventies campaigned to allow the emigration of Soviet Jews from the Soviet Union. The organization was linked with a 1970 bomb explosion outside of Aeroflot's New York City office, and a 1971 detonation outside of Soviet cultural offices in Washington, D.C. Also in 1971, a JDL member allegedly fired a rifle into the Soviet Union's mission office at the United Nations. In 1972 two JDL members were arrested and charged with bomb possession and burglary in a conspiracy to blow up the Long Island residence of the Soviet Mission to the UN. The two JDL members pleaded guilty and were sentenced to serve 3 years in prison for one, and a year and a day for the other.

In 1975, JDL leader Meir Kahane was accused of conspiring to kidnap a Soviet diplomat, to bomb the Iraqi Embassy in Washington, and to ship arms abroad from Israel. A hearing was held to revoke Kahane's probation for a 1971 firebomb-making incident. He was found guilty of violating probation and served a one year prison sentence. JDL activities were condemned by Moscow refuseniks who felt that the group's actions were making it less likely that the Soviet Union would relax restrictions on Jewish emigration. On April 6, 1976, six prominent refuseniks, Vladimir Slepak, Alexander Lerner, Anatoly Shcharansky, and Iosif Begun condemned the JDL's activities as "terrorist acts," stating "Such actions constitute a danger for Soviet Jews... as they might be used by the authorities as a pretext for new repressions and for instigating anti-Semitic hostilities."[10]

During the 1980s, the then JDL Chairman and current Jewish Task Force Chairman Victor Vancier [citation needed] led a campaign of bombing Soviet targets which he credits as the reason for the complete removal of the ban of Jewish emigration from the Soviet Union and as well as the reason for the fall of the Soviet Union. He has said that the bombings brought strains in US-Soviet relations which he says helped the cause.

Canadian branch activities

Meir Weinstein, also known as Meir Halevi, is the longtime chairman of the JDL in Canada. The Canadian group resumed activities in 2006 after a long absence.[11] Since their reactivation, they have counter-protested against pro-Palestinian activists, picketed a conference on "Israeli apartheid" at the University of Toronto, protested the Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation for considering support of a boycott of Israel, and protested the construction of a mosque led by an alleged "Islamist."[12][13][14][15] In April 2007, JDL Canada organized a picket outside of Paul Fromm's disciplinary hearing at the Ontario College of Teachers. This led to two arrests after JDL activists were accused of assaulting the controversial far-right figure.[16]

Terrorism

The Federal Bureau of Investigation has described the Jewish Defense League in Congressional testimony as a "violent" and "extremist" group.[17] It identified the group in a 1999 terrorism report as the perpetrator of several bombing and arson incidents that took place between 1980 and 1989. Mary Doran, an FBI street agent, described the JDL in 2004 Congressional testimony as "a proscribed terrorist group," although Doran also acknowledged that she is not involved in "policy and administrative decision-making processes."[18] In 2001, JDL leaders Irv Rubin and Earl Krugel were charged with planning a terror attack against the office of Arab-American Congressman Darrell Issa.[19]

The Jewish Defense League denies that it is a terrorist organization or a sponsor of terror. Its website states: "The Jewish Defense League unconditionally condemns terrorism of all forms. Terrorism is never a legitimate means to the furtherance of political goals."[20]

In a 1984 interview with Washington Post correspondent Carla Hall, Meir Kahane admitted that the JDL "bombed the Russian mission in New York, the Russian cultural mission here [Washington] in 1971, the Soviet trade offices."[21]

According to the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs,

In a 1986 study of domestic terrorism, the Department of Energy concluded: “For more than a decade, the Jewish Defense League (JDL) has been one of the most active terrorist groups in the United States....Since 1968, JDL operations have killed 7 persons and wounded at least 22. Thirty-nine percent of the targets were connected with the Soviet Union; 9 percent were Palestinian; 8 percent were Lebanese; 6 percent, Egyptian; 4 percent, French, Iranian, and Iraqi; 1 percent, Polish and German; and 23 percent were not connected with any states. Sixty-two percent of all JDL actions are directed against property; 30 percent against businesses; 4 percent against academics and academic institutions; and 2 percent against religious targets. (Department of Energy, Terrorism in the United States and the Potential Threat to Nuclear Facilities, R-3351-DOE, January 1986, pp. 11-16) [22]

Similarly, the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (or MIPT) maintains a database of identified terrorist organizations compiled by official contractors and consultants to the United States government wherein the JDL is identified as a terrorist organization.[23]

In addition, the JDL has often expressed support for acts of vengeance in reprisal to Arab terrorist attacks on Jews. On October 26, 1981 after two firebombs damaged the Egyptian Tourist Office at Rockefeller Center, JDL Chairman Meir Kahane said at a press conference: "I'm not going to say that the JDL bombed that office. There are laws against that in this country. But I'm not going to say I mourn for it either." The next day, an anonymous caller claimed responsibility on behalf of the JDL. A JDL spokesman later denied his group's involvement, but said "We support the act."[24]

Similarly, when Arab-American and Palestinian activist Alex Odeh was killed by a bomb in his offices, chairman Irv Rubin was suspected and went on record stating that "Odeh got what he deserved."[25] The case against the JDL and Rubin was subsequently dropped when the primary suspects fled to Israel, but was renewed again when

After years of legal delays Israel consented to the extradition of Robert Manning to the U.S., where he is serving a life sentence for his role in a murder-for-hire plot in which a Manhattan Beach, CA secretary was killed by the explosion of a package bomb mailed to her employer. The Israelis claim Rochelle Manning died of a heart attack just before she, too, was to be extradited to California.[26]

Hebron massacre

On 25 February 1994, a JDL member opened fire on Palestinian Muslims kneeling in prayer at mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron, killing 29. The incident is referred to as the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre. A statement on the official website of the JDL glorifies Baruch Goldstein and his crime, claiming him as one of their own:

"Dr. Goldstein was a brilliant surgeon, a mild-mannered Yeshiva-educated man who was promoted to the rank of major in the IDF. He was warned by his superiors in the military to prepare an open field hospital in anticipation of another murderous attack by the hostile Arab population of Hevron during the Jewish festival of Purim. Many of these Arabs were standing outside Goldstein's synagogue in the Cave of the Patriarchs and yelling "Slaughter the Jew." Goldstein had lost 30 close friends in the last few years; they were murdered by Arabs in the Hevron-Kiryat Arba area. One of those was the son of his best friend, Mordechai Lapid; as Goldstein rushed to give the young man medical aid, he was held back by the Arabs on the scene and the young man died. Additionally, as there is proof that the Arabs were hoarding food and supplies in response to a Muslim call for a massacre on the Jewish holiday of Purim, we feel that Goldstein took a preventative measure against yet another Arab attack on Jews. We understand his motivation, his grief and his actions. And we are not ashamed to say that Goldstein was a charter member of the Jewish Defense League."[27]

Goldstein is revered as a saint by extreme right-wingers in Israel and his tomb was converted into a shrine by his supporters until its dismantlement by the Israeli authorities in 1999.[28]

Relationship with Death Row Records

During Dr.Dre’s defection from Ruthless Records (during which time Eazy-E was allegedly physically harmed by Suge Knight), there was a fear of further violence. Ruthless Records executives, Mike Klein and Jerry Heller sought assistance from the Jewish Defense League (JDL).[29] Mike Klein, former Ruthless Records director of business affairs said "The Defense League offered to provide bodyguards to Eazy-E when Knight allegedly threatened him in the early 1990s." This provided Ruthless Records with muscle to enter into negotiations with Death Row Records over Dr. Dre’s departure. While Suge Knight violently sought an outright release from Ruthless Records for Dr. Dre, the JDL and Ruthless records management were able to sit down with Death Row and negotiate a release in which the record label would continue to receive money and publishing rights from future Dr. Dre projects. It was under these terms Dr. Dre left Ruthless Records and formed Death Row Records with Suge Knight.

The FBI launched a money laundering investigation, assuming the JDL was extorting money from Ruthless Records. This led to JDL spokesperson Irv Rubin to issue a press release stating "there was nothing but a close, tight relationship" between Eazy-E and the League.

Jerry Heller has explained JDL’s involvement with Ruthless Records for even more reasons than the FBI investigated. Heller has acknowledged that Eazy E received death threats, and it was discovered that he was on hit list by some white power skinheads. The FBI never bothered to inform Eazy that his life was in danger. Heller has speculated that it may have been because of the song "Fuck Tha Police". Heller said "It was no secret that in the aftermath of the Suge Knight shake down incident where Eazy was forced to sign over Dr. Dre, Michele and DOC, that Ruthless was protected by Israeli trained/ connected security forces."[30] Heller maintains that Eazy E admired the group for their slogan Never Again, and that he had plans to do a movie about the group.

Official JDL positions

The JDL espouses the official doctrine that outside of Jews there is historically no people corresponding to the Palestinian ethnicity. Writing on its official website, the JDL claims:

...[T]he first mention of a "Palestinian people" dates from the aftermath of the 1967 war, when the local Arabic-speaking communities...were retrospectively endowed with a contrived "nationhood"...taken from Jewish history....[31]

and that

Clearly, since Roman times "Palestinian" had meant Jews until the Arab's recent adoption of this identity in order to claim it as their land.[32]

On this basis, the JDL argues that "Zionism [should be] under no obligation to accommodate a separate "Palestinian" claim, there being no historical evidence or witness for any such Arab category,"[33], and considers Palestinian claims to be "Arab usurpation" of proper Jewish title.[34]

These official positions of the JDL run contrary to widely accepted historical evidence which shows that the usage of "Filasteeni" (Arabic pronunciation of Palestini, derived from Herodous' usage Palaestina, or Παλαιστινη) goes back to at least c. C.E. 700[35] and was still a widely used term for the people in the greater Jerusalem area as of 1911.[36]

The JDL adheres to five fundamental principles, which as of July 2007 were listed on its website as:

  • LOVE OF JEWRY: pride in and knowledge of Jewish tradition, faith, culture, land, history, strength, pain and peoplehood
  • DIGNITY AND PRIDE: the need to both move to help Jews everywhere and to change the Jewish image through sacrifice and all necessary means -- even strength, force and violence.
  • IRON: the need to both move to help Jews everywhere and to change the Jewish image through sacrifice and all necessary means -- even strength, force and violence.
  • DISCIPLINE AND UNITY: the knowledge that he (or she) can and will do whatever must be done, and the unity and strength of willpower to bring this into reality.
  • FAITH IN THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE: Faith in the greatness and indestructibility of the Jewish people, our religion and our Land of Israel.

The JDL further encourages, per its principle of the "Love of Jewry", that

...[I]n the end...the Jew can look to no one but another Jew for help and that the true solution to the Jewish problem is the liquidation of the Exile and the return of all Jews to Eretz Yisroel -- the land of Israel.[37][emphasis added]

The JDL further elaborates on this fundamental principle by insisting upon an "immediate need to place Judaism over any other 'ism' and ideology and...use of the yardstick: 'Is it good for Jews?'"[38]

Similarly, the JDL considers Evangelical Christian attempts to convert Jews as "perhaps the most dangerous form of anti-Semitism present in the United States today".[39]

The JDL is officially "against inter-racial marriage",[40] which it defines as any marriage between a Jew and a non-Jew.

The JDL states it is not a racist organization; as evidence, it mentions the aid it has given Arab immigrants to the United States. It has commented that

It has always been a JDL priority to encourage as many Arabs as possible to leave Israel to make new homes in America or wherever they wish to live.[41]

Reactions to the JDL

The JDL has been criticized] by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) for presenting a "gross distortion" of the real situation of American Jews.[42] The ADL also states that JDL's founder, Meir Kahane, "preached a radical form of Jewish nationalism which reflected racism, violence and political extremism" and that those attitudes "were replicated" by Irv Rubin, the successor to Kahane. [43][44]

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has added the JDL to its list of watched "hate groups" in its "general hate groups" section.[45]

JDL chairmen

  • 1968-71- Rabbi Meir Kahane.
  • 1971-73- David Fisch, a religious Columbia University student, who later wrote articles for Jewish magazines, and who wrote at least one book, "Jews for Nothing."
  • 1973-74- No Chairman. There was infighting and chaos until Rabbi Kahane returned in August 1974 to straighten things out.
  • 1974-76- Russel Kelner, originally from Philadelphia. Formerly a US Army lieutenant trained in counter-guerrilla warfare, he moved to New York to direct the JDL's paramilitary camp JEDEL, and later to run the national office as chairman.
  • 1976-78- Bonnie Pechter.
  • September 1978-December 1978- Victor Vancier, imprisoned for bombing Egyptian targets in a failed effort to stop Israel's withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.
  • 1979-81- Brett Becker, originally from South Florida. He came to New York to become Chairman.
  • 1981-83- Meir Jolowitz, originally from Arizona. He also came to New York.
  • 1983-84- Fern Sidman, National Director.
  • 1984-1987- Victor Vancier. In 1985 Irv Rubin also claimed to be Chairman but none of the JDL chapters outside of Los Angeles supported him.[citation needed]
  • 1987-2002- Irv Rubin.
  • 2002-present- Shelley Rubin. (For more information on the period of disputed leadership, October 2004 through April 2006, see Section 2.3: Schism and its immediate aftermath.)

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Anti-Defamation League on JDL
  2. ^ a b JDL group profile from MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  3. ^ http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp
  4. ^ Terrorism 2000/2001
  5. ^ Terror Label No Hindrance To Anti-Arab Jewish Group New York Times, 19 December 2000
  6. ^ http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20616FA3C540C778EDDAB0994D9494D81
  7. ^ http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70B14F83C580C7B8CDDAE0894D1494D81
  8. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/West/11/14/obit.irv.rubin.ap/
  9. ^ http://www.jewishdefenseleague.org/information/settlement.shtml
  10. ^ http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp
  11. ^ ‘JDL is back in business,’ says national director at Kahane memorial by Atara Beck, Jewish Tribune, November 23, 2006, page 9
  12. ^ "Jewish Defense League protests Israel boycott conference at U of T", Toronto Star, page B2, October 7, 2006
  13. ^ http://www.bnaibrith.ca/article.php?id=1146
  14. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2007/01/18/motion.html
  15. ^ "MOSQUE BATTLE JUST WON'T GO AWAY", Newmarket Era-Banner, February 8, 2007
  16. ^ Mahoney, Jill, "Activists confront controversial educator: Demonstrators charged as scuffle erupts over ex-teacher tied to white supremacists", Globe and Mail, April 20, 2007[1]
  17. ^ http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress04/pistole041404.htm
  18. ^ http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress04/doran061604.htm
  19. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2001/LAW/12/12/jdl.arrests
  20. ^ http://www.jdl.org/
  21. ^ http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/159817982.html?dids=159817982&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&date=Sep+11%2C+1984&author=By+Carla+Hall&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C1&desc=The+Message+of+Meir+Kahane
  22. ^ http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0799/9907081.html
  23. ^ http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=183
  24. ^ http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp
  25. ^ http://rickross.net/reference/jewish_defense/jewish_defense6.html
  26. ^ http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0497/9704067.htm
  27. ^ http://www.jdl.org/information/faq.shtml
  28. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/newsid_4167000/4167929.stm
  29. ^ http://www.jdl.org/misc/fbi.shtml
  30. ^ http://odeo.com/audio/1987369/view
  31. ^ http://www.jdl.org/israel/israel_or_palestine.shtml
  32. ^ http://www.jdl.org/israel/israel_or_palestine.shtml
  33. ^ http://www.jdl.org/israel/israel_or_palestine.shtml
  34. ^ http://www.jdl.org/israel/israel_or_palestine.shtml
  35. ^ http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/IAS/HP-e2/eventreports/Lecker.html
  36. ^ http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/14001962.htm
  37. ^ http://www.jdl.org/information/five_principles.shtml
  38. ^ http://www.jdl.org/information/five_principles.shtml
  39. ^ http://www.jdl.org/enemies/quiet_holocaust/
  40. ^ http://www.jdl.org/information/faq.shtml
  41. ^ http://www.jdl.org/information/faq.shtml
  42. ^ http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp
  43. ^ http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp
  44. ^ http://www.adl.org/presrele/extremism_72/4016_72.asp
  45. ^ http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?T=34&m=5

See also

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