Changi Airport

Singapore Changi Airport
Iconic control tower of Singapore Changi Airport
IATA: SIN ICAO: WSSS
Summary
Airport type	Public/Military
Owner	Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
Operator	Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore/ Republic of Singapore Air Force
Serves	Singapore
Location	Changi, East Region
Elevation AMSL	7 m / 22 ft
Coordinates	01°21′33″N 103°59′22″E
Website	www.changiairport.com
Runways
Direction Length Surface m ft 02L/20R 4,000 13,123 Concrete 02C/20C 4,000 13,123 Concrete 02R/20L 2,750 9,022 Asphalt
Statistics (2006)
Passenger movements 35,033,000 Airfreight movements in tonnes 1,911,000 Aircraft movements 214,000
Sources: airport website, CAAS AIP.

Singapore Changi Airport (IATA: SIN, ICAO: WSSS) (Malay: Lapangan Terbang Changi Singapura; Chinese: 新加坡樟宜机场; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō Zhāngyí Jīchǎng; Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் சாங்கி விமானநிலையம) or simply Changi Airport, is a major aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian region, and is the main airport in Singapore. Located in Changi on a 13 km² (3,200 acre) site, it is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-east from the commercial centre.

The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) and is the home base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, SilkAir, Tiger Airways, Jetstar Asia Airways, Valuair, and Jett8 Airlines Cargo. It is a major hub for Garuda Indonesia and Qantas. As of June 2007, there are about 4,186 weekly flights operated by 81 airlines to over 185 cities in 58 countries. An important contributor to the Singapore economy, 13,000 people are employed at the airport. The airport accounts for over S$4.5 billion in output.

In 2006, the airport handled a record 35 million passengers, an 8% increase over the 2005 fiscal year. This made it the 22nd busiest airport in the world and the sixth busiest in Asia by passenger traffic. In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub, the airport is one of the busiest cargo airports in the world, handling 1,911,000 tonnes of cargo in 2006.. Incentives like the Air Hub Development Fund, first introduced in 2003, have proven effective in attracting airlines here. A new S$300 million fund to strengthen Changi's hub status will start in 2007 when the S$210 million fund expires in 2006. The new S$1.75 billion Terminal 3 is scheduled to open on 9 January 2008, and Terminal 1 will be upgraded along the lines of the renovated Terminal 2, with the latter costing S$240 million. Changi has been courting both premium and budget travellers with the opening of a commercially important persons terminal by JetQuay and a S$45 million Budget Terminal in 2006.

Since its opening in 1981, the airport has made its mark in the aviation industry as a benchmark for service excellence, winning over 250 awards up to 2006. Changi Airport's efforts to counter the onset of age include periodic physical upgrades to its existing terminals, building of new facilities and taking steps to provide a high level of customer service.

History

Growth in the global aviation transport was felt in Singapore, where Singapore International Airport at Paya Lebar, Singapore's third main civilian airport after Seletar Airport (main airport from 1930-37, still in use today for private aviation and limited commercial flights) and Kallang Airport (1937-55), was facing congestion problems. Opened in 1955 with a single runway and a small passenger terminal, its inability to cope with the rising traffic became critical by the 1970s, when passenger numbers rose dramatically from 300,000 to 1,700,000 passengers annually in 1970 and 4,000,000 annually in 1975.

The government had two options available: expand the existing airport at Paya Lebar or build a completely new airport at another location. After extensive study, a decision was made in 1972 to keep the airport at Paya Lebar as recommended by a British aviation consultant. Plans were created for the building of a second runway and an extensive redevelopment and expansion to the passenger terminal building. A year later, however, the plans were reviewed again due to the 1973 oil crisis.

Concerned that the existing airport was located in an area with potential for urban growth which would physically hem it in on all sides and limit its physical growth, the government subsequently decided in 1975 to build a new airport at the eastern tip of the main island at Changi at the site of Changi Airbase that was renamed from RAF Changi post-independence, and in turn renamed Changi Airbase(West), where the new airport would be easily expandable by land reclamation. However, the airport still had to be expanded during that period of time as there was an increase in traffic at that time. In addition, airplanes could fly over the sea, avoiding noise pollution issues within residential areas like those at Paya Lebar and helping to avoid disastrous consequences on the ground in the event of an air mishap. The airport in Paya Lebar was subsequently converted for military use as the Paya Lebar Airbase.

Departure hall of Terminal 1

Construction

The airport was one of the largest single development projects in its history. The original master plan involved constructing a dual-terminal and dual-runway configuration over two phases with provisions for another two passenger terminals in the future. Phase 1 included the construction for the first passenger terminal, the first runway, 45 aircraft parking bays, support facilities and structures, including a large maintenance hangar, the first fire station, workshops and administrative offices, an airfreight complex, two cargo agents buildings, in-flight catering kitchens and an 80 metre (262 ft) control tower. Construction for the second phase would commence immediately after the completion of Phase 1 and include the second runway, 23 new aircraft parking bays in addition to the existing 45 bays, a second fire station and a third cargo agent building.

Land reclamation works involving over 52,000,000 cubic meters (68,000,000 yd³) of landfill and seafill began in June 1975, even as the airport at Paya Lebar was still in the midst of expansion works. About 2 square kilometers (494 acres) of swamp land was cleared and filled with 12,000,000 cubic meters (15,700,000 yd³) of earth from the nearby hills, while another 40,000,000 cubic meters (52,300,000 yd³) of sand from the seabed were used to reclaim land. Canals were built to drain water from three rivers, Sungei Tanah Merah Besar, Sungei Ayer Gemuroh and Sungei Mata Ikan. In total, 8.7 km² (2,2 acre) were reclaimed, raising the total site area to 13 km². Of this, landfill accounted for 2 km² (500 acre (2 km²)) while seafill represented 6.7 km² (1,700 acre). The construction also demolished 558 buildings, exhuming around 4100 graves, a 15-inch (381 mm) gun emplacement at Changi, and diverting the three streams to the western side of the former Royal Air Force runway, which was to be used for the new 4,000 metre runway. All of these works were completed in May 1977. From 1977 to 1979, it was used to pile-driving the foundation of Terminal 1 and other buildings as well. The foundation stone for Terminal 1 was laid in August 1979. The 78-m high control tower is built on reclaimed land, with its design becoming an icon for the airport. The original name of the control tower was "Aitropolis", but was seldom used. The column-free hangar with an area almost as large as the Padang could hold three Boeing 747s. Its roof was constructed in Batam, and was shipped to Singapore in four separate sections by barge. A special jetty was build on the coast to obtain fuel from the Western Islands by shipping it round the coast. The fuel is pumped for a mile to the airport fuel station run by six oil companies on the north-eastern perimeter. The pipelines then leads to all the parking bays through a pipe some five meters below ground level.

The first phase costing about S$1.3 billion opened on July 1, 1981 with the first flight, Singapore Airlines Flight 101, touching down at 0700 hours Zulu with 140 passengers from Kuala Lumpur. Officially opened with much fanfare five months later on December 29, 1981, the airport ended its first year operations with 12.1 million passengers, close to 200,000 tonnes of air freight handled and 63,100 aircraft movements. Despite the airport opening in 1981, some sections of the airport were not fully completed. The big aircraft hangar was only completed in 1982, and the first runway was fully completed only in 1983. It was then when the now defunct government department, the Public Works Department then decided to focus on the construction of the second runway on the reclaimed land east of the Terminal 1. The sections of phase 2 opened progressively over the next few years with the completion of a second runway as well as other facilities. In 1985, the construction work on Terminal 2 started, south of Terminal 1. Terminal 2 was completed in 1989, and was opened in November 1990 with its official opening on June 1 1991 by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. The opening of the second terminal was way ahead of passenger demand.

Expansions

The air-conditioned low-cost terminal opened in March 2006.

The airport has a development policy of always building years ahead of demand to help to avoid congestion problems common in major airports and maintain high service standards. While the original master plan details plans for two passenger terminals, there have been provisions to provide for long-term expansion initiatives, including the allocation of space for a third terminal planned to have a physical configuration mirroring that of Terminal 2.

Plans for Terminal 3 were reviewed, resulting in a new design concept which departs from the largely utilitarian architecture in the first two terminals. The terminal is designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and CPG Corporation and topped by a unique roof feature, the terminal is equipped with a full-service nine-story Crowne Plaza Hotel on its premises. Officials commenced construction in 1999 after receiving the green light in December 1996. Originally planned for completion in 2006, the date was postponed by two years after global terrorism concerns delayed growth of air traffic in the airport. On 30 May 2006, a topping out ceremony for the terminal was conducted, and when opened on 9 January 2008, will increase the airport's total capacity to 70 million passengers.

Changing needs in the aviation industry led to reviews in the masterplan, resulting in the decision to cater to the high-end as well as budget sectors of the air travel industry. Although the pioneering airport to conceptualise and construct a Budget Terminal in Asia, it became operational on 26 March 2006 a few days after the opening of a similar terminal in Kuala Lumpur, and was officially opened on 31 October 2006. A dedicated stand-alone CIP terminal opened by JetQuay on 29 September 2006 is a first in Asia. The name of the Budget Terminal was decided as a result of a naming contest open to the public. The terminal is not included in the numbering scheme even though it is the third terminal to be opened and Terminal 3 will actually be the fourth terminal to be opened at the airport.

Even as new terminals are being built, the airport continuously upgrades and expands its existing terminals. Terminal 1 went through its first major refurbishment in 1995 at a cost of S$ 170 million, prior to the commencement of expansion works a year later to add 14 aerobridges at a cost of S$420 million, which was completed in 1999. Terminal 2 was similarly expanded almost immediately after its opening in 1990, with the addition of two piers of aerobridges costing S$330 million and completed in 1996. In 2002, work commenced on the new Changi Airport Skytrain as well as the Terminal 2 building, and on 13 September 2006, the airport marked the completion of an extensive upgrade costing S$240 million in Terminal 2, which included an updated glass-fronted facade, interior decor, and terminal layout modifications.

With the impending arrival of the Airbus A380, the airport put into place modifications works costing S$60 million, which it has planned for since the late 1990s. These included the building of 19 gates capable of handling the large aircraft, eight of which are in Terminal 3. Baggage claim carousels, runways, and taxiways were expanded, and two new freighter aircraft stands and two remote aircraft parking stands built. 2 aircraft taxiway bridges spanning Airport Boulevard leading to the terminals also had shields installed on either side to shield the road from the jet blast. On November 11 2005, the airport became the first outside Europe to receive the A380 for airport compatibility verification tests, and was the first in the world to have an operational triple-passenger loading bridge fit for trials.

Future plans

Given limited land resources, the airport was first conceptualised to function as the country's sole airport for the foreseeable future without the need for relocation or the building of another airport when passenger figures increased. Long-term plans for the airport thus gave physical provisions in the form of reclaimed land nearly equal in size to that of the existing airport, with enough space for two more runways and at least two new passenger terminal buildings. In 2006, a short runway was opened for Changi Airbase (East) on the site, an interim measure in preparation for its eventual expansion for passenger flights.

Extensive upgrading works in Terminal 1 similar in scale to the recently completed works at Terminal 2 will commence in September 2007. Resurfacing works costing S$50m on its dual runways and older taxiways will also be conducted. Terminal 3 will be tested later in 2007 to prepare for its 2008 opening. Changi Airport will also continue to improve the security systems of Changi Airport such as access controls and surveillance systems to make the airport safer for travellers. Transport Minister Raymond Lim also added that the "software" of the airport had to be improved as well.

Awards and accolades

Main article: Singapore Changi Airport awards and accolades

Changi Airport is a top airport in terms of customer service and security and has won over 250 awards and accolades as best airport since its opening in 1981, from organizations such as International Air Transport Association and Business Traveller.

Infrastructure and services

Infrastructure[1]
Departure Hall of Terminal 1
Taxiways
Length	25,300 meters (83,000 ft)
Width	30 m (98 ft)
Passenger terminal buildings
Totals	(current)	(Inc. Terminal 3)
Floor area	683,020 m²) (7,351,966 ft²)	1,063,020 m² (11,442,252 ft²)
Handling capacity	48 million passengers	70 million passengers
Parking bays	68 (aerobridge) 10 (contact) 30 (remote)	92 (aerobridge) 10 (contact) 42 (remote)
Terminal One
Opened	1 July 1981 (operational) 29 December 1981 (official)
Floor area	280,020 m² (3,014,110 ft²)
Handling capacity	21 million passengers
Parking bays	32 (aerobridge) 16 (remote)
Terminal Two
Opened	22 November 1990 (operational) 1 June 1991 (official)
Floor area	358,000 m² (3,853,480 ft²)
Handling capacity	23 million passengers
Parking bays	35 (aerobridge) 9 (remote)
Terminal Three
Opened	9 January 2008 (operational)
Floor area	380,000 m² (4,090,286 ft²)
Handling capacity	22 million passengers
Parking bays	28 (aerobridge) 1 (remote)
Budget Terminal
Opened	26 March 2006 (operational) 31 October 2006 (official)
Floor area	25,000 m² (269,098 ft²)
Handling capacity	4 million passengers
Parking bays	10 (contact)
JetQuay (CIP Terminal)
Opened	29 September 2006 (official)
Floor area	20,000 m² (215,278 ft²)
Handling capacity
Parking bays	0

Air traffic control tower

The ATC was constructed as part of the phase one of the Changi Airport redevelopment plan.

ATC frequencies:

• Changi Runway Control - 118.60 MHz
• Changi Ground - 124.30 MHz
• Changi Tower - 118.60 MHz, 121.50 MHz
• Changi Approach - 120.30 MHz
• ATIS - 128.60 MHz

Runways

Changi Airport has two parallel runways, 02L/20R and 02C/20C, each 60 m wide and 4000 m (13,123 ft) long. 02L/20R was completed and opened in 1981 as part of the airport's first phase. 02C/20C, formerly 02R/20L, was built completely on reclaimed land and opened with phase 2, 1.6 kilometers (1.0 mi) apart from 02L/20R. Both runways are equipped with four sets of Instrument Landing Systems to guide landing aircraft safely under all weather conditions. Runway 20R has a displaced threshold of Template:M to ft making it Template:M to ft long.

A new parallel runway 02R/20L (named 01/19 when opened in 2004) was built 1.8 kilometers (1.1 mi) to the east of 02C/20C, currently used only by Republic of Singapore Air Force aircraft as part of Changi Airbase (East). The new runway is expected to be extended and eventually be turned into a third runway for the airport in future expansion plans.

Passenger terminals

Swimming pool within the transit area of Terminal 1

Changi Airport has three terminals, two of which are connected by a people mover system, with a fourth terminal (Terminal 3) under construction and due to become operational on 9 January 2008. A terminal for low-cost carriers (Budget Terminal) has been completed and started operation in late March 2006. In September 2006, JetQuay was opened for the high-end spectrum of the air traveling public, bringing the total handling capacity to 48 million passengers a year spread over an area of 683,020 square metres (7,351,966 ft²).

With Changi-based Singapore Airlines being the launch customer for the Airbus A380, works to ensure full capability in handling the large aircraft was given priority in time for its planned introduction in October 2007. On August 16, 2005, Changi Airport unveiled the first of 11 specially-built gates capable of handling the giant aircraft. Costing S$15 million, the gates or 'fingers' enable passengers to get on the upper cabin of the new 555-seater aircraft directly from the gate holdrooms. The holdrooms themselves have been enlarged and appointed to cater for the larger number of passengers flying the A380s. Beside the 11 new gates at Terminal 1 and 2, there will be eight more A380-capable gates at the new Terminal 3, ready on January 9 2008.

The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore spent S$60 million in upgrading the terminals and airport infrastructure ahead of the arrival of the first A380. In the terminals, besides enlarged gate holdrooms and new fingers, the baggage belt carousels at the A380 gates were extended from the normal 70 metres (230 ft) to 90 meters (295 ft). With these new carousels in place, the airport does not expect embarking and disembarking passengers and baggage from the A380 to take longer than it does for the Boeing 747-400s, which carry significantly fewer passengers.

Changi Airport was the second in Asia (after Kuala Lumpur International Airport) to open a dedicated terminal catering to the budget traveller. In order to offer lower landing fees, handling fees and airport taxes, it cuts back on amenities such as aerobridges, elaborate physical structures and decorations in the passenger terminal building. Air-conditioning, a range of duty-free shops and food & beverage outlets, and free internet terminals are available. There is no transfer facility at the Budget Terminal. Passengers who need to make transfers need to clear immigration, collect their luggage, clear customs, make their way to the main terminal by taking the free shuttle buses and re-checkin with the respective airline.

Terminal facilities

Extensive foliage in Terminal 2 provides relaxation for passengers in the transit area.

The airport has over 30,000 square metres (322,900 ft²) of space spread between its two terminals for shopping and eating outlets. In terms of sales, it outstrips other shopping malls in Singapore, including those in top tourist-spot Orchard Road. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore derives 60% of its total annual revenue (over US$500 million in the year ending March 2005) from non-aeronautical sources, with 30% from commercial space rental and a percentage of sale receipts. Liquor and perfumes are particularly popular, accounting for over half of total retail sales, followed by watches and tobacco products.

Extensive upgrading work on existing retail areas and their expansion since 2004 has increased sales 13.3% in the first half of 2005 year-on-year over 2004, and as much as 67% compared to the same period in 2003, with brands such as Prada, Gucci, Bulgari and Hermès opening outlets during this period. The airport enjoys "one of the highest concession revenues per passenger in the world" compared to other major international airports according to Jeffrey Loke, CAAS' assistant commercial director.

In addition to a wide array of duty-free shops and eating outlets, Changi Airport has six open-air garden areas. Open to customers of the airport, each garden represents a different group of plants: cacti, bamboo, heliconia, sunflower, fern and orchid. Changi Airport has numerous business centers located around the airport. Within the international transit area of the interconnected Terminals 1 and 2, internet and games facilities, prayer rooms, showers, spas, gym, swimming pool and a hotel are provided. Various lounge areas are provided, some including children's play areas or televisions showing news, movie and sport channels.

Airfreight

The Air Cargo Division of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore manages the Changi Airfreight Centre located in the north of the airport premises. Fueled by high economic growth in China, the airport handled 1,854,610 tonnes of air cargo in 2005, an increase of 3.3% over the 2004 fiscal year, making it the 10^th busiest airfreight hub in the world and the fifth busiest in Asia. Due to Singapore's large electronics sector, electrical components constitute a significant part of the total cargo traffic handled at the airport, although it has initiated attempts to diversify into the perishable air cargo market.

Relying on extensive use of Information Technology, the Air Cargo Division introduced various IT systems such as the Air Cargo EDI System (ACES), the Advance Clearance for Courier and Express Shipments System (ACCESS) and the Electronic Payment and Invoicing for Cargo (EPIC) to ease customs clearance procedures and movement. It pioneered the TradeNet System, allowing for traders to conduct trade declarations over the internet and speeding the approval process by controlling authorities. TradeNet will be linked to the country-wide Integrated Trade and Logistics IT platform.

Airline services

Ground handling

Ground handling of an Emirates Boeing 777-300 by CIAS in Terminal 1

Ground handling services are handled by three companies: Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS), Changi International Airport Services (CIAS) and Swissport. SATS, a subsidiary of Singapore Airlines, is the dominant player with close to 80% of the market in the airport. CIAS was formed in 1981 by the Port of Singapore Authority and five airlines (Air France, China Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and Lufthansa. It handles the remaining market share.

In the early 2000s, the government decided to introduce competition into the market by offering an additional license. Swissair's Swissport successfully won the license (valid for 10 years) and commenced operations on March 2, 2005. As Swissair folded and was subsequently taken over by Swiss International Air Lines, the latter became the company's first customer. Adam Air chose Swissport as its ground handler in 2005, while Tiger Airways followed suit in 2006. Other customers of Swissport include Australian Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Swiss World Cargo, Thai AirAsia and Cardig Air.

CIAS underwent restructuring when its shareholding was bought over by Dubai's Dnata group and Temasek Holdings, being relaunched in June 2005 with a new branding. Its security services were amalgamated into the new Temasek-owned Aetos Security Management Private Limited.

Aircraft maintenance

Five hangars house facilities to provide aircraft maintenance support by SIA Engineering Company and ST Aviation Services Company. This includes a 20,000 square meters (215,000 ft²) column-free hangar which was the world's largest when opened in 1981.

Security

An Aetos auxiliary police officer controlling access to the runway side of the Departure Hall at Terminal 1, Singapore Changi Airport

The airport's security comes under the purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore Police Force. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks and naming of the airport as a terrorism target by the Jemaah Islamiyah, the airport's security has been stepped up. Roving patrol teams consisting of two soldiers and a police officer, armed with assault rifles or sub-machine guns, patrol the terminals at random intervals. Officers from the Gurkha Contingent are also deployed to patrol the transit areas of the terminal buildings.

These measures come at a cost partly borne by travellers in the form of a "passenger security service charge," imposed since 2002. It is levied at S$6 on passengers in both main terminals and the Budget Terminal. In 2005, it became the first airport outside the United States to win the "Excellence in Airport Security Award".

Assisting the state organizations are the security services provided by the ground handlers, namely that of the Singapore Airport Terminal Services's SATS Security Services and Aetos Security Management. Both formed from a merger of the Changi International Airport Services's airport security unit and that of other companies to become a single, island-wide auxiliary police company. These officers man check-in counters to screen luggage, control movements into restricted areas, and so forth.

In 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to luggage-screening processes being conducted behind closed-doors, as opposed to them being done just before check-in previously within public view. Carry-on luggage and persons screening are conducted at the individual departure gates, while check-in luggage are screened in the backrooms and secured before loading. Plans are in place to install over 400 cameras around the airport to monitor passenger activity around the clock and check on suspicious parcels and activity. Tenders to incorporate such a system was called in late September 2005. A second perimeter fence to prevent unauthorised persons is due for construction, to be completed by 2008. The Airport Police plans to introduce a biometric identification system for access into restricted areas.

In view of the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot, security screening checks have been stepped up on passengers and their hand-carry luggage, as well as checked-in luggage on flights bound for destinations in the United Kingdom and the United States from Changi.

Air transportation

As all passenger traffic out of the airport is international in nature, the three terminals in operation are equipped with immigration processing facilities for international travel. Flights by Singapore Airlines, its regional subsidiary SilkAir, Etihad, Lufthansa, and some Southeast Asia-based carriers including Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines and Royal Brunei Airlines operate from the newer Terminal 2, while the majority of other airlines use Terminal 1. Two airlines, namely Tiger Airways and Cebu Pacific, utilize the Budget Terminal.

After recovering from a drop in passenger traffic as a result of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003, the airport saw rapid growth in traffic which hit the 30 million mark for the first time a year later in 2004. A monthly record was set in June 2006 with 2,980,106 passengers handled, an increase of 9.1% in its first six months of operations for 2006. The Budget Terminal handled about 657,000 passengers by October 26, 2006, six months after its opening in March, and constituted 11.3% of total flights in October 2006 compared to 9.6% in April the same year. The terminal handled its one-millionth passenger at the end of the 2006.

Airlines and destinations

The following is a list of airlines that serve Singapore Changi Airport.

Operations and Statistics
The Departure Hall of Terminal 2
Operational statistics [2]
Passenger movements
1998	23,803,180	2003	24,664,137
1999	26,064,645	2004	30,353,565
2000	28,618,200	2005	32,430,856
2001	28,093,759	2006	35,033,000
2002	28,979,344	2007
Airfreight movements in tonnes
1998	1,283,660	2003	1,611,407
1999	1,500,393	2004	1,775,092
2000	1,682,489	2005	1,833,721
2001	1,507,062	2006	1,911,000
2002	1,637,797	2007
Aircraft movements
1998	165,242	2003	154,346
1999	165,961	2004	184,932
2000	173,947	2005	204,138
2001	179,359	2006	214,000
2002	174,820	2007
Top destinations [3]
By flight frequencies (weekly one-way)
1	Jakarta		184
2	Bangkok		169
3	Kuala Lumpur		108
4	Hong Kong		101
5	Tokyo		63

Terminal 1

• Adam Air (Jakarta)
• AirAsia(Kuala Lumpur[begins February 2008][4],
  • Thai AirAsia (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Phuket)
• Air China (Beijing, Chengdu, Xiamen)
• Air France (Paris-Charles de Gaulle)
• Air India (Delhi, Hyderabad, Jakarta, Mumbai)
  • Air-India Express (Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai, Tiruchirapalli)
• Air Mauritius (Kuala Lumpur, Port Louis)
• Air Niugini (Port Moresby)
• Air Seychelles (Mahé)
• Air Zimbabwe (Beijing, Guangzhou, Harare)
• All Nippon Airways (Tokyo-Narita)
• Asiana Airlines (Seoul-Incheon)
• Bangkok Airways (Koh Samui)
• Biman Bangladesh Airlines (Bangkok, Dhaka)
• British Airways (London-Heathrow, Sydney)
• Cathay Pacific (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Hong Kong)
• China Airlines (Kaohsiung, Taipei-Taoyuan)
• China Eastern Airlines (Kunming, Shanghai-Pudong)
• China Southern Airlines (Guangzhou, Shenyang)
• Emirates (Auckland, Brisbane, Colombo, Dubai, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur,Melbourne)
• EVA Air (Taipei-Taoyuan)
• Garuda Indonesia (Beijing, Denpasar/Bali, Chennai [begins March 2008] Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Malang, Medan [begins March 2008], Pekanbaru, Semarang, Shanghai-Pudong, Surabaya)
• Indian Airlines (Bangalore, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune)
• Japan Airlines (Kuala Lumpur, Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita)
• Jet Airways (Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi)
• Jetstar Asia Airways (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur[begins February 2008][4], Manila, Macau[begins February 2], Phnom Penh, Phuket, Siem Reap, Taipei-Taoyuan, Yangon)
  • Valuair (Denpasar/Bali, Jakarta, Surabaya)
• KLM (Amsterdam)
• Korean Air (Seoul-Incheon)
• Mihin Lanka (Colombo)
• Northwest Airlines (Portland (OR), Tokyo-Narita)
• Lion Air (Jakarta, Surabaya)
• Qantas (Adelaide, Brisbane, Denpasar/Bali, Frankfurt, London-Heathrow, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney)
  • Jetstar Airways operated by Jetstar Asia Airways (Cairns, Darwin)
• Qatar Airways (Doha, Jakarta)
• Saudi Arabian Airlines (Jakarta, Jeddah, Riyadh)
• SriLankan Airlines (Colombo)
• Swiss International Airlines (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Zürich)
• Thai Airways International (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Jakarta)
• Transaero (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Denpasar/Bali, Moscow-Domodedovo)
• Turkish Airlines (Istanbul-Atatürk)
• United Airlines (Chicago-O'Hare, Hong Kong, Tokyo-Narita, Washington-Dulles)
• Vietnam Airlines (Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City)
• Xiamen Airlines (Fuzhou, Hangzhou, Xiamen)

Terminal 2

A Singapore Airlines A380 and a Northwest Airlines Boeing 747 at Changi Airport.

• Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi, Brisbane)
• Lufthansa (Frankfurt, Jakarta, Munich [begins June 8])
• Malaysia Airlines (Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Langkawi, Penang)
• Philippine Airlines (Jakarta, Manila)
• Royal Brunei Airlines (Bandar Seri Begawan)
• Singapore Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Adelaide, Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Amsterdam, Athens, Auckland, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangalore, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Beijing, Brisbane, Cairo, Cape Town, Chennai, Christchurch, Colombo, Copenhagen, Denpasar, Delhi, Dhaka, Dubai, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Houston-Intercontinental [begins March 20] , Hyderabad, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jakarta, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Karachi, Kolkata, Kuala Lumpur, Lahore, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Malé, Manchester, Manila, Melbourne, Milan-Malpensa, Moscow-Domodedovo, Mumbai, Nagoya-Centrair, Nanjing, New York-JFK, Newark, Osaka-Kansai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Penang, Perth, Rome-Fiumicino, San Francisco, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Surabaya, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita, Vancouver, Zürich)
  • SilkAir (Balikpapan, Cebu, Chengdu, Chiang Mai, Chongqing, Christmas Island [scheduled charter every Thursday by AustAsia Airlines[5]], Coimbatore, Da Nang, Davao, Kaohsiung, Kathmandu, Kochi, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Kunming, Langkawi, Manado, Mataram, Medan, Palembang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Shenzhen, Siem Reap, Solo, Surabaya, Thiruvananthapuram, Xiamen, Yangon)

Terminal 3

Brightly-lit check-in counters at Terminal 3; the round holes are the air-conditioning vents—they are placed at a lower level to diffuse cool air more efficiently.

Baggage collection point; the Green Wall (right) spans 300 metres and comprises 25 species of climbing plants.

Construction of Terminal 3 began in 1999, and it is scheduled to open on 9 January 2008. Construction is expected to cost about S$1.75 billion. It will increase the airport's maximum passenger capacity annually by 22 million, bringing the total annual capacity up to 70 million passengers.

Like other new airports in the region, it has a structure mainly made of glass, with big transparent spaces inside the terminal. However, unlike these newer airports, it incorporates "natural" features and "warm" tone extensively to balance the sterile feel of glass and steel. For example, the column is given a wood-like cladding and the floor of the terminal is mostly cream/ beige colour. The roof has been designed to allow natural light to enter the building, with 900 skylights. A five-metre-high "Green Wall" with hanging creepers and waterfall has been constructed to make the place feel tropical. The Green Wall also helps to regulate the internal temperature of the terminal with the occasional misting. The terminal will have 28 aerobridge gates, with eight capable of handling the Airbus A380. While the other 2 terminals uses separate waiting areas for different gates, Terminal 3 has common waiting areas for some of the gates.

An open house has been scheduled to last from 12 November to 9 December 2007, to coincide with the year-end school holidays. The testing of systems is currently ongoing with trial flights commencing in the later part of the year. 100 retail and 30 food and beverage outlets are planned for the terminal. It will have more automation than the two older terminals with a fast-moving baggage tunnel allowing passengers to connect within the three terminals within an hour. It was topped out on 30 May 2006, with interior design images released for public viewing in the same month.

Singapore Airlines is a confirmed tenant, routing its long-haul flights bound for North America, Europe (excluding Moscow), Japan (excluding flights routed through Bangkok), South Korea, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand through the new terminal.

Singapore Airlines flights may arrive at either Terminal 2 or Terminal 3, depending on where the inbound aircraft is next scheduled to fly to. For example, a flight from Hong Kong may arrive at Terminal 2 (even though Hong Kong is a departing Terminal 3 destination) if the aircraft used to operate the inbound Hong Kong flight will next be used to operate a flight to a Terminal 2 destination (for example Moscow). This means that those awaiting flight arrivals will need to check the arrivals information carefully to ensure they proceed to the correct terminal to meet the relevant flight. This is different from most other airports with split-terminal operations, where terminal allocations are made strictly on the arriving and departing city (for example, at Heathrow, all of British Airways' Hong Kong flights arrive and depart from Terminal 1, even though the aircraft used for the inbound Hong Kong flight may next be allocated to, for example, an outbound Lagos flight which departs from Terminal 4).

SilkAir flights will also remain at Terminal 2.

Star Alliance carriers, which includes Singapore Airlines, are likely to move to Terminal 3 subsequently. Airlines such as Air China, Jet Airways, United Airlines, Lufthansa, Qatar Airways, Asiana Airlines, Korean Air and All Nippon Airways have also expressed interest in using the new terminal. On 25 October 2007, four airlines, namely China Eastern Airlines, Jet Airways, Qatar Airways and United Airlines confirmed their move to the new terminal. CAAS is still in talks to move other airlines to the Terminal, although several airlines expressed concern over the dedicated SIA passenger lounge and unique check-in system not open to other airlines to be introduced in Terminal 3. CAAS clarified that a common check-in system may be used by any airline in half of the Terminal space.

In the lead-up to the terminal's opening, trial flights will be operated into and out of the terminal on 12 November 2007, involving Singapore Airlines flights SQ322, SQ638, SQ334 and SQ602 departing and SQ222, SQ228, SQ861 and SQ961 arriving at the terminal[6]. The terminal will also hold an open house to the general public from 12 November to 9 December 2007[7].

• China Eastern Airlines (Kunming, Shanghai-Pudong) [begins end March 2008]
• Jet Airways (Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi) [begins end March 2008]
• Qatar Airways (Doha, Jakarta) [begins end March 2008]
• Singapore Airlines (Departure destinations: Adelaide, Amsterdam, Athens, Auckland, Barcelona, Beijing, Brisbane, Christchurch, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Houston-Intercontinental [begins 20 March], London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Manchester, Melbourne, Milan-Malpensa, Moscow-Domodedovo [non-stop begins 20 March], Nagoya-Centrair, Nanjing, New York-JFK, Newark, Osaka-Kansai [except SQ626], Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Perth, Rome-Fiumicino, San Francisco, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita [except SQ632], Vancouver, Zürich) [begins 9 January/aircraft will arrive at Terminal 3 if its next outbound destination is to any of the destinations listed above]
• United Airlines (Chicago-O'Hare, Hong Kong, Tokyo-Narita, Washington-Dulles) [begins end March 2008]

Budget Terminal

• Cebu Pacific (Cebu, Davao [begins May 8], Manila)
• Tiger Airways (Bandar Seri Begawan [begins 2008], Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Chennai, Chiang Mai, Darwin, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Haikou, Ho Chi Minh City, Kochi, Krabi, Kuala Lumpur[begins February 2008][8] Manila-Clark, Macau, Padang, Perth, Phuket, Shenzhen, Xiamen)

Airfreight Centre

• Air Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
• Asiana Cargo (Seoul-Incheon)
• Cargolux (Auckland, Baku, Kuala Lumpur, Los Angeles, Luxembourg, Melbourne)
• Cathay Pacific Cargo (Hong Kong)
• China Airlines Cargo (Taipei-Taoyuan)
• DHL Air
• Emirates SkyCargo (Bangalore, Chennai, Dubai)
• EVA Air Cargo (Taipei-Taoyuan)
• FedEx Express (Anchorage, Cebu, Jakarta, Newark, Penang, Subic, Tokyo-Narita)
• JAL Cargo (Tokyo-Narita)
• Jett8 Airlines Cargo (Dubai, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Luxembourg, Manchester)
• KLM Cargo (Amsterdam, Dubai, Kuala Lumpur, Penang)
• Korean Air Cargo (Seoul-Incheon)
• Lufthansa Cargo (Bahrain, Cologne/Bonn, Leipzig, New Delhi)
• Nippon Cargo Airlines (Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita)
• NWA Cargo (Anchorage, Los Angeles, Tokyo-Narita, Wilmington)
• Republic Express Airlines
• Shanghai Airlines Cargo (Shanghai-Pudong)
• Singapore Airlines Cargo (See Singapore Airlines Cargo destinations)
• Tri-MG Intra Asia Airlines (Jakarta-Halim, Jakarta)
• United Parcel Service (Bangkok, Colonge/Bonn, Dubai, Hong Kong, Manila-Clark, Mumbai, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan)

Prospective users

• AirAsia associate Awair planned to commence flights from 19 January 2005, but was forced to abandon its plans at the last minute due to administrative issues.[9] Air Asia plans to commence flights once bilaterial agreements are liberalised.[10] In October 2007, the airline was granted a maximum of two flights a day on the Singapore-Kuala Lumpur route, which are expected to commence in February 2008.[11]
• Delta Air Lines (Plans for flights in recent expansion efforts) [12]
• East Star Airlines (Plans for flights from Wuhan-Singapore) [13]
• Lao Airlines (Charter flights from Vientiane)
• Oman Air (Plans for flights with long haul destination expansion)[14]
• Royal Jordanian (Has been planning to add four new destinations in South-East Asia)
• Shenzhen Airlines (Charter flights from Shenzhen)
• Skywest Airlines (Plans to launch flights by end of 2007) [15]
• South East Asian Airlines (planned to operate using Tiger Airways' planes to Manila-Clark from February 2007, but has yet to materialise) [16]
• Uzbekistan Airways (Cargo charter flights from Tashkent)

Former users

• Aeroflot (Terminated flights due to poor loads)
• Air Bagan (Yangon) (Suspended since 4 Nov 2007 due to US sanction)
• Air Canada (Code share agreement with *Singapore Airlines)
• Air Macau
• Air Madagascar
• Air New Zealand (Auckland; terminated from 2 October 2006. Codeshares with Singapore Airlines on flights to Auckland) [17]
• Air Sahara (Merge with Jet Airways and has since stop operations to Singapore)
• Alitalia (Codeshares with KLM from Amsterdam)
• Angel Airlines
• Ansett Australia (Due to bankruptcy and liquidation)
• Australian Airlines (terminated from 1 July 2006 after merger into Qantas network)
• Austrian Airlines (services to Vienna and Melbourne terminated in March 2007)
• Bouraq Indonesia Airlines (Terminated flights March 2006)
• Canadian Airlines (Merger with Air Canada in 2001)
• China Southwest Airlines (Merged into Air China in 2002)
• China Yunnan Airlines (Merge into China Eastern Airlines)
• Evergreen International Airlines (From April 12 2000)
• EgyptAir
• First Cambodia Airlines (Company ceased operations on 25 February 2004 due to financial problems)
• Finnair (via Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi to Helsinki; terminated 16 May 2007)
• Gulf Air (flew Bahrain-Singapore-Sydney route prior to restructuring of company)
• Hainan Airlines (Haikou from 31 March 2002[18], subsequently terminated. Plans to restart flights in December 2004 did not materialise [19]. Currently Charter flights only)
• Jatayu Airlines
• JAT Airways (Belgrade to Sydney via Dubai, Singapore and Melbourne; Terminated flights in 1992 due to UN sanctions on Yugoslavia; never resumed flights)
• Kuwait Airways (Consolidated flights to Jakarta via Bangkok & Kuala Lumpur, maintained cargo services)
• Lauda Air (Taken over by fellow Austrian Airlines Group member Austrian Airlines)
• Mekong Airlines
• Merpati Nusantara Airlines (flights to Singapore from Bandung were terminated in 2007)
• Myanmar Airways International (Codeshares with Jetstar Asia Airways)
• Nepal Airlines
• Olympic Airways
• Pakistan International Airlines (flights via Kuala Lumpur to Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore terminated in July 2007)
• Pan American World Airways (flights via Hong Kong. Route sold to United Airlines on 22 April 1985)
• PB Air
• Riau Airlines
• Royal Air Cambodge (Due to bankruptcy)
• Royal Jordanian (Suspended in the late 90's due to finical reasons, but is considering starting flights in 2008.)
• Sabena
• Scandinavian Airlines System (Terminated from March 26 2006, serves Singapore with codeshare service with Thai Airways International from Bangkok)
• Sempati Air (Due to bankruptcy)
• Shandong Airlines
• South African Airways (Now codeshare with Singapore Airlines)
• Swissair (Ceased operations on March 31 2002 and services restored by Swiss International Air Lines)

Ground transportation

Changi Airport was built with ground transportation considerations in mind from the onset, with the East Coast Parkway built and opened in tendem with the airport, providing a direct link to the city center. At a distance of about 20 kilometers (12 mi), the expressway was built almost entirely on reclaimed land, thus minimising disruptions to the existing road network in Singapore's East Coast.

While configured in a compact configuration such that the two main passenger terminal buildings and the upcoming Terminal 3 are sited adjacent to each other, allowing for travellers to venture between terminals on foot, a short people mover system was added to facilitate quicker and more convenient transfers. This system is being replaced by a newer system, which will connect the three main terminals in 2007 and will introduce greater security features by separating checked-in passengers from the general public on distinct tracks. This rail system is not extended to the Budget Terminal, which is served by free shuttle buses to minimize operational costs.

Inter-terminal transportation

Skytrain

Main article: Changi Airport Skytrain

The Changi Airport Skytrain

Skytrain services are available at the Skytrain stations located at the departure halls of both Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. The system has been revamped with a new fleet of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover Cars, replacing the former Bombardier CX-100 Cars built in the early 1990s. It runs between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 with no fares, operating between 6:00am and 1:30am daily. The Skytrain may be accessed both airside (accessible to ticketed passengers) and landside (accessible to visitors). Separate cars open to only one side of the terminal (either airside or landside). When Terminal 3 opens in 9 January 2008, five other skytrain stations will open and the operation hours change to 24 hours.

Shuttle bus

Shuttle buses run between Terminal 2 and the Budget Terminal. As with the Skytrain, no fares are charged and it operates 24 hours per day.

Connections to city

Train

Main article: Changi Airport MRT Station

Entrance to Changi Airport Station

The airport is connected to the Mass Rapid Transit network, with Changi Airport Station underground between Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. Trains operate between CG2 Changi Airport Station and EW4 Tanah Merah Station, with cross-platform transfer to EW27 Boon Lay Station. The standard fare is S$1.90 on a standard ticket or adult EZ-Link card. The MRT operates between 5:31am (5:59am on Sunday/Public holiday) and 11:18pm daily, the trip taking 27 minutes, excluding waiting and transfer times.

A direct, one-train service to the downtown and western parts of Singapore was initially in operation when the station opened on 8 February 2002. This was replaced with a shuttle service between Tanah Merah and Changi Airport stations on 22 July 2003, when it was found that few passengers actually use this route, compared to the number of commuters who need to travel from the city to Tampines and Pasir Ris.

Bus

Main article: Changi Airport PTB 1, 2 & 3 Bus Terminal

Buses were the main transport mode for cost-conscious travellers and local airport staff until the opening of Changi Airport MRT Station due to their relative affordability and reliability. Services operated by SBS Transit and SMRT Buses use bus terminals in the basement level of both terminals. Bus routes serve both terminals by first entering Terminal 3 and continuing to Terminal 1 & 2 and back to their points of origin.

Service	Destination	Notes
SBS Transit Trunk Services
24	Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange
27	Hougang Central Bus Interchange
34	Punggol Bus Interchange
36	Tomlinson Road (Loop)
53	Bishan Bus Interchange
SMRT Buses Trunk Services
858	Woodlands Regional Bus Interchange

Taxi

Taxi stands are within the arrival halls of all terminals. Prices are the fare shown on meter, plus a S$5.00 surcharge (Fri-Sun, 1700 to midnight) or S$3.00 surcharge (all other times) for trips leaving the airport.

Limousine taxi

Limousine taxi services are available at the limousine taxi counters in the arrival halls of terminals 1, 2 & 3. Similar to taxis, they run to anywhere in Singapore. Fares are S$35.00, plus applicable surcharges.

Airport shuttle

Six-seater MaxiCabs are used on the airport shuttle service that goes to anywhere within the Central Business District and to hotels in Singapore, except hotels in Changi Village and Sentosa Island, with bookings at the counters in the arrival hall. The fare paid to the driver, in cash,is S$7.00 per adult and S$5.00 per child. The service leaves every 30 minutes 6:00am - 6:00pm, every 15 minutes 6:15pm - midnight and every 30 minutes 12:30am - 2:00am.

Car rental

Car rental services are provided at the car rental counters in Terminal 2.

Accidents and incidents

Aircraft en route from Singapore

• On 31 October 2000, Singapore Airlines Flight 006, a Boeing 747-400 from Singapore to Los Angeles via Taipei collided with runway equipment at Chiang Kai Shek International Airport, killing 83 out of 179 people on board.

• On July 12, 1988, a North American Rockwell CT-39E Sabreliner of the United States Navy departing for Subic Bay International Airport, the Philippines, crashed into the South China Sea. The crew were rescued by a Vietnamese fishing boat.

Aircraft en route to Singapore

• On October 17, 2007, an Antonov An-12BP operated by Imtrec Aviation crash-landed in a flooded rice field while attempting to return to Phnom Penh's Pochentong Airport, due to a problem encountered during the flight.

• On October 11, 2007, a stowaway, Osama R.M. Shublaq fell out of the undercarriage of Singapore Airlines Flight 119 from Kuala Lumpur. Airport police arrested him and was deported back to Malaysia a week later.

• On March 12, 2003, a Boeing 747-412 operated by Singapore Airlines departing Auckland International Airport struck its tail on the runway on liftoff and it scraped for some 490 metres until it became airborne.

• On December 13, 2002, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-62F operated by Arrow Air flying from Yokota Air Base was approaching runway 20R. Due to a miscommunication between the First Officer and Captain during landing, when the aircraft touched down where only about 1,500 m of the runway remained available. The aircraft overran the runway and came to rest about 300 m from its end.

• On January 30, 2001, a Boeing 777-31H operated by Emirates Airline Flight 69 aborted its take-off run on runway 16 of Melbourne Airport, at low speed as a result of a failure within the left (No.1) engine.

• On December 19, 1997, a Boeing 737-36N operated by SilkAir (SilkAir Flight 185) that took off from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta started a rapid descent, then broke up in flight and crashed into the Musi river delta. It has been suggested by the US NTSB that the captain may have committed suicide by switching off both flight recorders and intentionally putting the Boeing 737 in a dive, possibly when the first officer had left the flight deck.

• On March 25, 1991, an Airbus A310 operated by Singapore Airlines (Singapore Airlines Flight 117) that departed from Kuala Lumpur was hijacked by four men en route to Singapore. The hijackers wanted the plane refuelled so that they could fly to Australia. When the plane landed in Singapore, elite Commandos stormed the plane, killing the four Pakistani hijackers.

External links

• Singapore Changi Airport Official Site
• Singapore Changi Airport Official Site, Terminal 3
• Singapore Changi Airport Article
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