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Reverted to revision 327681448 by Laws dr; Reverted disruptive (but "generally" good faith if said editor's POV) string of edits to last clean version. Good grief, I have no idea why you'd all risk blocks over this..
rv by Datheisen The inserted material is from a BLOG and such massive quoting is not acceptable. The dispute seems to be ongoing and unsettled
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| publisher = Korean National Commission for UNESCO
| publisher = Korean National Commission for UNESCO
| issn = 0023-3900
| issn = 0023-3900
| quote = ...''t'aegwondo'' was first brought into Korea from Japan in the form of Japanese ''karate'' around the time of the liberation of Korea from Japanese colonial rule...
| quote = {{Dubious|date=November 2009}} "...t'aegwondo was first brought into Korea from Japan in the form of Japanese karate around the time of the liberation of Korea from Japanese colonial rule...".

}}</ref><ref name="Madis">{{cite book
}}</ref><ref name="Madis">{{cite book
| last = Madis
| last = Madis
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| isbn = 0275981533
| isbn = 0275981533
| chapter = The Evolution of Taekwondo from Japanese Karate
| chapter = The Evolution of Taekwondo from Japanese Karate
| quote = {{Dubious|date=November 2009}} ...providing further evidence of Japanese influence.
| quote = The following essay links the origins of taekwondo to twentieth-century Shotokan, Shudokan, and Shitō-ryū karate and shows how the revised history was developed to support South Korean nationalism.
}}</ref><ref name=leeint>[http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200204/nd2002040010.html 이종우 국기원 부원장의 ‘태권도 과거’충격적 고백!]('The Shocking Confession from Taekwondo’s Past by Chong Woo Lee, the Vice-President of Kukkiwon ') {{Dubious|date=November 2009}}[[Dong-a Ilbo]] "...At an early stage in the course of our introducing Taekwondo to foreign countries, when we said ‘Taekwondo was a Korean traditional martial art’, it [setting the time of Taekwondo’s beginnings as the pre-Three-Kingdoms Period] was well justified and accepted. However, although there was a resemblance, it is in fact different. Should we consult [Taekwondo’s] historical origins, it could be persuasive to say that Japan adopted their martial arts form from the Chinese martial arts, and it flowed into Korea later..."
}}</ref><ref name=leeint>[http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200204/nd2002040010.html 이종우 국기원 부원장의 ‘태권도 과거’충격적 고백!]{{Dubious|date=November 2009}} Shindonga Magazine. (Note : Kukkiwon state that Mr. Lee interviewed with Shindonga magazine in 2002 was not official of Kukkiwon but just individual point of view talk. Therefore Kukkiwon state that it's not proper to use that report as the reference of the history of Taekwondo) [http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/english/etc/etc01.jsp?nowBlock=0&page=1&keyField=&keyWord= kukkiwon notice no.30] According to korean taekwondo club, Mr. Lee denied shindonga interview and he said "[http://tkdbible.com/bbs/view.php?id=toron&page=3&sn1=&divpage=1&sn=off&ss=on&sc=on&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=103&PHPSESSID=563b7d544e4fc1f1350afa88de70f9c1 it was distorted]".{{ko}}
<br> According to [http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?cntn_cd=A0000051695 his another interview from other newspaper]{{ko}}, "...Taekwondo 'partly' influenced by karate. however, we must know where is the Japanese Karate came from. Karate was not made by Japanese. it came from China. Karate was heavily influenced by China. before Chinese wushu created, Korean have their own marital arts..." </ref>
"...All the masters who taught Karate got together and formulated basic Taekwondo forms, and I took a central role...."
(Note : Kukkiwon state that Mr. Lee interviewed with Shindonga magazine in 2002 was not official of Kukkiwon but just individual point of view talk. Therefore Kukkiwon state that it's not proper to use that report as the reference of the history of Taekwondo) [http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/english/etc/etc01.jsp?nowBlock=0&page=1&keyField=&keyWord= kukkiwon notice no.30] According to korean taekwondo club, Mr. Lee denied shindonga interview and he said "[http://tkdbible.com/bbs/view.php?id=toron&page=3&sn1=&divpage=1&sn=off&ss=on&sc=on&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=103&PHPSESSID=563b7d544e4fc1f1350afa88de70f9c1 it was distorted]". </ref>{{ko}}

According to [[Jhoon Rhee]], early Tae Kwon Do was totally based on Karate, while the fancy kicks developed later on.<ref>
:▶초창기 태권도는 사실 일본의 가라테를 그대로 본뜬 것 아닙니까. [Isn't the original TKD something that copied Karate?]

:“청도관 초대 관장인 이원국 선생이 일본에서 대학 다닐 때 배운 '''가라테를 귀국해서 보급했으니''', 맞는 말이에요. 역사는 거짓말하면 안 되죠.” [Since Chung Do Kwan's first master Lee Won Guk brought Karate that he learned from Japan while attending college, it's true. History shouldn't lie.

:::'''“다 가라테를 기본으로 한 것”''' [All was based on Karate]

:▶주먹을 허리춤에 댔다가 지르는 것도 '''가라테 동작'''이죠? [Is even the punching starting from the waistline a Karate move?]

:“맞아요. 그래서 내가 독특한 동작을 만든 거예요. 준리 태권도에서는 주먹이 가슴에서 나가죠.” [Right. That's why I made an original move. In Jhoon Rhee TKD the fist shoots from the chest.
...
:“우리가 하는 게 좀더 과학적이라 할 수 있죠.... what we do can be seen as more scientific]

::광복 직후 서울에는 태권도장이라는 게 없었다. '''청도관을 비롯한 무술도장의 대부분은 가라테'''를 가르치는 곳이었다. 이들은 가라테의 한자어 표기인 당수(唐手), 혹은 공수(空手)도장으로 불렸다. [After Independence there were no TKD dojos in Seoul. Chung Do Kwan and other dojos were mostly places that taught Karate. They called it by the Korean pronunciation of the Kanji for Karate.]

:▶9개 관에서 가르치는 기술은 다 비슷했습니까. [Were the techniques taught in the nine kwans similar?]

:“그럼요. '''다 가라테를 기본으로 한 것인데.”''' [Of course, all had it's basis in Karate]

:▶관마다 특징이 있지 않았나요. [Wasn't there characteristics for each Kwan?]

:“굳이 말하자면, 청도관이 옆차기로 유명했고, 무덕관은 앞차기를 잘했다는 정도죠.” [If you had to say, it would be that Chung Do Kwan was famed for side kicks,and Moo Duk Kwan was good at front kicks.]

:▶가라테 기술과 차이가 없다고 봐야 합니까. [Would you have to see that there is no difference with Karate techniques?]

:'''“가라테를 가르친 거니까. 당수니 공수니 다 같은 거예요.”''' [Since it was teaching Karate, TangSoo or DangSoo,(Korean readings for Japanese Kanji for Karate) it's all the same.]


:▶발차기에서 차이가 없었나요. [Wasn't there difference in kicks?]

:“태권도의 발차기 기술이 가라테보다 더 발전했지. 일본은 전통을 따지기 때문에 지금도 옛날 것 거의 그대로 가르쳐요. 그런데 한국은 그런 의식이 없어 뒤돌려차기니 뭐니 해서 제멋대로 만들어냈어요. 그게 뒷날 다 복이 된 거요.” [Indeed, TKD kick techniques are more advanced than Karate. Japan likes tradition, so they teach almost exactly same as olden times. But Korea doesn't have that concept, so they made up back spin kick or whatnot. All that became advantageous later on.

:▶당시엔 뒤돌려차기가 없었습니까. [Was there no back spin kick at the time?]

:“그랬지. 나도 그때 뒤돌려차기는 못 배웠어요. 기본 동작만 배웠지. 지금은 뛰어앞차기 등 기술이 얼마나 화려해요. 가라테보다 훨씬 앞서 있지. 상대가 안 되죠. 쿵푸도 그렇고. 그러니 올림픽에 들어갈 수 있었던 거야. 대중이 좋아하니까.” [Yes, even I didn't learn back spin kick at that time. Only learned basic movements. Now with the jump front kick etc, how fancy are the techniques? Far advanced than Karate. Karate is not a match. Same with Kung Fu. That's why it could go into the Olympics. Since the mass like it.]
[http://www.taekwonmaru.com/2510750 75세에 송판 깨는 美 태권도 황제 이준구]</ref>


The oldest Korean martial art was an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by the three rival Korean kingdoms of [[Goguryeo]], [[Silla]] and [[Baekje]],<ref name="SPIRIT">{{cite book
The oldest Korean martial art was an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by the three rival Korean kingdoms of [[Goguryeo]], [[Silla]] and [[Baekje]],<ref name="SPIRIT">{{cite book

Revision as of 16:11, 25 November 2009

Taekwondo
A WTF taekwondo sparring match
Also known asTaekwon-Do, Tae Kwon-Do, Tae Kwon Do
FocusStriking (Kicking)
Country of origin South Korea
Olympic sportSince 2000 (WTF regulations)
Taekwondo
Hangul
태권도
Hanja
跆拳道
Revised RomanizationTaegwondo
McCune–ReischauerT'aekwŏndo

Template:KoreanText Taekwondo (태권도; 跆拳道; Korean pronunciation: [tʰɛkwʌndo]) is a Korean martial art and the national sport of South Korea. In Korean, tae (태, 跆) means "to strike or break with foot"; kwon (권, 拳) means "to strike or break with fist"; and do (도, 道) means "way," "method," or "art." Thus, "taekwondo" may be loosely translated as "the way of the foot and fist" or "the way of kicking and punching."

Taekwondo is the world's most popular martial art in terms of the number of practitioners.[1] Its popularity has resulted in the varied development of the martial art into several domains: as with many other arts, it combines combat techniques, self-defense, sport, exercise, meditation and philosophy. Taekwondo is also used by the South Korean military as part of its training.[2] Gyeorugi (pronounced [ɡjʌɾuɡi]), a type of sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000.

Formally, there are two main styles of taekwondo. One comes from the Kukkiwon, the source of the sparring system sihap gyeorugi which is now an event at the summer Olympic Games and which is governed by the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF). The other comes from the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF). There is also a more recent form called Songham Taekwondo or the American Taekwondo Association (ATA) and other variations of it such as STF (Songham Taekwondo Federation) and WTTU (World Traditional Taekwondo Union).[3]

Separate from the various taekwondo organizations, there have been two general branches of taekwondo development: traditional and sport. The term "traditional taekwondo" typically refers to the martial art as it was established in the 1950s and 1960s; in particular, the names and symbolism of the traditional patterns often refer to elements of Korean history. Sport taekwondo has evolved in the decades since then and has a somewhat different focus, especially in terms of its emphasis on speed and competition (as in Olympic sparring), whereas traditional taekwondo tends to emphasize power and self-defense. The two are not mutually exclusive, and the distinctions between them are often blurred.

Although there are doctrinal and technical differences between the two main styles and among the various organizations, the art in general emphasizes kicks thrown from a mobile stance, employing the leg's greater reach and power (compared to the arm). The greatest difference between various styles, or at least the most obvious, is generally accepted to be the differing styles and rules of sport and competition. Taekwondo training generally includes a system of blocks, kicks, punches, and open-handed strikes and may also include various take-downs or sweeps, throws, and joint locks. Some taekwondo instructors also incorporate the use of pressure points, known as jiapsul, as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other martial arts, such as Hapkido and Judo.

History

See also: Korean martial arts

The history of taekwondo has been a matter of contention. Taekwondo organizations officially state that taekwondo was derived from earlier Korean martial arts.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Others state that taekwondo is derived from native Korean martial arts with influences from neighboring countries[10][11][12][13][14] or that it was partially affected by karate during the Japanese occupation.[15][16][17]

The oldest Korean martial art was an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by the three rival Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla and Baekje,[18] where young men were trained in unarmed combat techniques to develop strength, speed, and survival skills. The most popular of these techniques was subak, with taekkyeon being the most popular of the segments of subak.

Those who demonstrated strong natural aptitude were selected as trainees in the new special warrior corps, called the Hwarang. It was believed that young men with a talent for the liberal arts may have the grace to become competent warriors. These warriors were instructed in academics as well as martial arts, learning philosophy, history, a code of ethics, and equestrian sports. Their military training included an extensive weapons program involving swordsmanship and archery, both on horseback and on foot, as well as lessons in military tactics and unarmed combat using subak. Although subak was a leg-oriented art in Goguryeo, Silla's influence added hand techniques to the practice of subak.

During this time a few select Sillan warriors were given training in taekkyeon by the early masters from Koguryo. These warriors then became known as the Hwarang. The Hwarang set up a military academy for the sons of royalty in Silla called Hwarang-do, which means "the way of flowering manhood." The Hwarang studied taekkyeon, history, Confucian philosophy, ethics, Buddhist morality, social skills and military tactics. The guiding principles of the Hwarang warriors were based on Won Gwang's five codes of human conduct and included loyalty, filial duty, trustworthiness, valor and justice. Taekkyeon was spread throughout Korea because the Hwarang traveled all around the peninsula to learn about the other regions and people.

In spite of Korea's rich history of ancient and traditional martial arts, Korean martial arts faded into obscurity during the Joseon Dynasty. Korean society became highly centralized under Korean Confucianism and martial arts were poorly regarded in a society whose ideals were epitomized by its scholar-kings.[19] Formal practices of traditional martial arts such as subak and taekkyeon were reserved for sanctioned military uses. However folks practice of taekkyeon as a kicking game still persisted into the 19th century.[18]

Modern development

During the Japanese occupation of Korea, all facets of Korean identity including folk culture, language and history were banned in an attempt to erase Korean culture.[20] Koreans were forced to take Japanese names and to worship at Shinto shrines; Korean-language newspapers and magazines were banned; and during the war, hundreds of thousands of Koreans were forced into service to support Japanese war efforts.[21] Martial arts such as taekkyeon (or subak) were also prohibited during this time;[22] however, taekkyeon survived through underground teaching and folk custom.[4][23][24][25] During the occupation Koreans who were able to study in Japan were exposed to Japanese martial arts in some cases receiving black belts[26]. Others were exposed to martial arts in China and Manchuria.[12][27][28]

When the occupation ended in 1945, Korean martial arts schools (kwans) began to open in Korea under various influences.[12][29] There are differing views on the origins of the arts taught in these schools. Some believe that they taught martial arts that were based primarily upon the traditional Korean martial arts taekkyon and subak[4][6][29][30], or upon a variety of martial arts such as taekkyon, kungfu and karate.[31] Others believe that these schools taught arts that were almost entirely based upon karate.[17][32][33]

In 1952, at the height of the Korean War, there was a martial arts exhibition in which the kwans displayed their skills. In one demonstration, Nam Tae Hi smashed thirteen roof tiles with a forefist punch. Following the demonstration, South Korean President Syngman Rhee instructed Choi Hong Hi to introduce the martial arts to the Korean army.[34]

By the mid-1950s, nine kwans had emerged. Syngman Rhee ordered that the various schools unify under a single system. The name "taekwondo" was either submitted by Choi Hong Hi, or Song Duk Son of Chung Do Kwan and was accepted on April 11, 1955. As it stands today, the 9 kwans are the founders of taekwondo.[35] The Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) was formed in 1959/1961 to facilitate the unification.[6][26][36][37][38] Shortly thereafter, taekwondo made its début worldwide. Standardization efforts in South Korea stalled, as the kwans continued to teach differing styles. Another request from the Korean government for unification resulted in the formation of the Korea Tae Soo Do Association, which changed its name back to the Korea Taekwondo Association in 1965 following a change of leadership.

Currently, taekwondo is practiced in 123 countries, with over 30 million practitioners and 3 million individuals with black belts throughout the world.[39] It is now one of only two Asian martial arts that are included in the Olympic Games; it became a demonstration event starting with the 1988 games in Seoul, and became an official medal event starting with the 2000 games in Sydney.

Features

Stretching to increase flexibility is an important aspect of taekwondo training.
See also: List of Taekwondo techniques and Kick

Taekwondo is known for its emphasis on kicking techniques, which distinguishes it from martial arts such as karate or southern styles of kung fu. The rationale is that the leg is the longest and strongest weapon a martial artist has, and kicks thus have the greatest potential to execute powerful strikes without successful retaliation. Historically, the Koreans thought that the hands were too valuable to be used in combat.

Taekwondo as a martial art is popular with people of both genders and of many ages. Physically, taekwondo develops strength, speed, balance, flexibility, and stamina. An example of the union of mental and physical discipline is the breaking of boards, which requires both physical mastery of the technique and the concentration to focus one's strength.

A taekwondo student typically wears a uniform (dobok 도복), often white but sometimes black or other colors, with a belt (tti 띠) tied around the waist. The belt indicates the student's rank. The school or place where instruction is given is called the dojang 도장.

Although each taekwondo club or school will be different, a taekwondo student can typically expect to take part in most or all of the following:

  • Learning the techniques and curriculum of taekwondo
  • Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching
  • Self-defense techniques (hosinsul 호신술)
  • Patterns (also called forms, pumsae 품새, teul 틀, hyeong 형)
  • Sparring (called gyeorugi 겨루기, or matseogi 맞서기 in the ITF), which may include 7-, 3-, 2- and 1-step sparring, free-style sparring, arranged sparring, point sparring, and other types
  • Relaxation and meditation exercises
  • Throwing and/or falling techniques (deonjigi 던지기 and tteoreojigi 떨어지기)
  • Breaking (gyeokpa 격파 or weerok), using techniques to break boards for testing, training and martial arts demonstrations. Demonstrations often also incorporate bricks, tiles, blocks of ice or other materials. Can be separated into three types:
    • Power breaking - using straightforward techniques to break as many boards as possible
    • Speed breaking - boards are held loosely by one edge, putting special focus on the speed required to perform the break
    • Special techniques - breaking fewer boards but using jumping or flying techniques to attain greater heights, distances, or to clear obstacles
  • Exams to progress to the next rank
  • A focus on mental and ethical discipline, justice, etiquette, respect, and self-confidence

Some schools teach the use of the "sine wave" when performing patterns; this involves raising one's center of gravity between techniques, then lowering it as the technique is performed, producing the up-and-down movement from which the term "sine wave" is derived. Other schools teach that one's center of gravity should remain generally constant throughout the performance of a pattern except where the pattern's description states otherwise.

Organizations

Two of the most popular systems of taekwondo are named solely after their respective organizations, the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) and the World Taekwondo Federation WTF (Kukkiwon). The ITF was founded in 1966 by General Choi Hong Hi. After his death in 2002, a number of succession disputes splintered the ITF into three different groups, all claiming to be the original. These three organizations are private. Two are located in Austria, and one in Canada. The unofficial training headquarters of the International Taekwon-Do Federation is located at the Taekwondo Palace in Pyongyang, North Korea and was founded in the mid-1990s.

File:Breaking concrete.jpg
Four concrete paving bricks broken with a knife-hand strike. Breaking techniques are often practiced in taekwondo.

The Korea Taekwondo Association Central Dojang was opened in South Korea in 1972. A few months later, the name was changed to the Kukkiwon. The following year, the World Taekwondo Federation was formed. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WTF and taekwondo sparring in 1980.

Although the terms "WTF" and "Kukkiwon" are often mistakenly used interchangeably, the Kukkiwon is a completely different organization which trains and certifies instructors and issues official dan and pum certificates worldwide. The Kukkiwon has its own unique physical building that contains the administrative offices of Kukkiwon (World Taekwondo Headquarters) in Seoul, South Korea and is the system of taekwondo. The WTF is a tournament committee and is not technically a style or a system.

There are many other private organizations, such as, for instance, the World Traditional Taekwondo Union promoting the Songahm style of Taekwondo. Events and competitions held by private organizations are mostly closed to other taekwondo students. However, the WTF-sanctioned events allow any person, regardless of school affiliation or martial arts style, to compete in WTF events as long as he or she is a member of the WTF Member National Association in his or her nation, which is open to anyone to join. The major technical differences among these many organizations revolve around the patterns, called hyeong 형, pumsae 품새, or teul 틀, sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique, sparring rules for competition, and philosophy.

In addition to these private organizations, the original schools (kwans) that formed the organization that would eventually become the Kukkiwon continue to exist as independent fraternal membership organizations that support the WTF and the Kukkiwon. The official curriculum of the kwans is that of the Kukkiwon. The kwans also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon dan and pum certification (black belt ranks) for their members.

Ranks, belts and promotion

Taekwondo ranks are typically separated into "junior" and "senior" or "student" and "instructor" sections. The junior section typically consists of ten ranks indicated by the Korean word geup 급 (also Romanized as gup or kup). The junior ranks are usually identified by belts of various colors, depending on the school, so these ranks are sometimes called "color belts". Geup rank may be indicated by stripes on belts rather than by colored belts. Students begin at tenth geup (often indicated by a white belt) and advance toward first geup (often indicated by a red belt with a black stripe).

The senior section is typically made up of nine ranks. These ranks are called dan 단, also referred to as "black belts" or "degrees" (as in "third dan" or "third-degree black belt"). Black belts begin at first degree and advance to second, third, and so on. The degree is often indicated on the belt itself with stripes, Roman numerals, or other methods; but sometimes black belts are plain and unadorned regardless of rank.

To advance from one rank to the next, students typically complete promotion tests in which they demonstrate their proficiency in the various aspects of the art before a panel of judges or their teacher. Promotion tests vary from school to school, but may include such elements as the execution of patterns, which combine various techniques in specific sequences; the breaking of boards, to demonstrate the ability to use techniques with both power and control; sparring and self-defense, to demonstrate the practical application and control of techniques; and answering questions on terminology, concepts, history, and so on, to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the art. For higher dan tests, students are sometimes required to take a written test or to submit a research paper in addition to taking the practical test.

Promotion from one geup to the next can proceed fairly rapidly in some schools, since schools often allow geup promotions every two, three, or four months. Students of geup rank learn the most basic techniques first, then move on to more advanced techniques as they approach first dan. Many of the older and more traditional schools will often take longer to earn rank than newer, more contemporary schools as they may not have standard testing intervals.

In contrast, promotion from one dan to the next can take years. The general rule is that a black belt may advance from one rank to the next only after the number of years equivalent to the current rank. For example, a newly-promoted third-degree black belt may not be allowed to promote to fourth-degree until three years have passed. Some organizations also have age requirements related to dan promotions, and may grant younger students pum 품 (junior black belt) ranks rather than dan ranks until they reach a certain age. Black belt ranks usually have titles associated with them, such as "master" and "instructor". Taekwondo organizations have their own rules and standards when it comes to ranks and the titles that go with them.

Philosophy

Since taekwondo developed in several different kwans, there are several different expressions of taekwondo philosophy. For example, the tenets of the ITF is said to be summed up by the last two phrases in the ITF Student Oath: "I shall be a champion of justice and freedom," "I shall build a better and peaceful world".[40] Alternatively, the Kukkiwon philosophy, the Han Philiosophy, is based on Eastern principles of samje (삼제, three elements), eum (음, yin; negative or darkness) and yang (양, positive or brightness) with samjae referring to cheon (천, sky or heaven), ji (지, the earth), and in (인, a man or a person). The origins of these concepts originate from the Chinese classic "Book of Changes" which is considered to be one of the main canons of East Asian Philosophy.[41]

Competition

Taekwondo competition typically involves sparring, breaking, patterns, and self-defense (hosinsul). However, in Olympic taekwondo competition, only sparring is contested; and in Olympic sparring WTF competition rules are used.[42]

WTF

Under WTF (World Taekwondo Federation) and Olympic rules, sparring is a full-contact event and takes place between two competitors in an area measuring 10 meters square. Each match consists of three semi-continuous rounds of contact with rest between rounds. 14-17 and 18 and over black belt fighters fight in 2-minute rounds with a one minute break. Points are awarded for permitted, accurate, and powerful techniques to the legal scoring areas; light contact to a scoring area does not score any points. In most competitions, points are awarded by four corner judges using electronic scoring tallies. However, several A-Class tournaments are now trying out electronic scoring equipment contained within body protectors. This limits corner judges to scoring only attacks to the head. Recent controversy concerning judging decisions has prompted this to an extent, but this technology is still not universally preferred. Beginning in 2009 a kick or punch that makes contact with the opponent's hogu (The body guard that functions as a scoring target) scores one point; if a kick to the hogu involved a technique which includes fully turning the body so that the back is to the opponent an additional point is awarded; a kick to the head scores three points. Valid attacks that knock an opponent down are awarded an extra point. Punches to the head are not allowed. If a competitor is knocked down by a scoring technique and the referee counts down, then an additional point is awarded to the opponent.

At the end of three rounds, the competitor with the most points wins the match. In the event of a tie at the end of three rounds, a fourth "sudden death" overtime round will be held to determine the winner after a one minute rest period.

Until 2008, if one competitor gains a 7-point lead over the other, or if one competitor reaches a total of 12 points, then that competitor was immediately declared the winner and the match ended. These rules were abolished by the WTF at the start of 2009.[43]

Blows are full force and if one player is knocked out by a legal attack, the attacker is declared the winner as the WTF allows knockouts in sparring competition. But there are certain rules that they must follow. Some rules condemn name calling, punches to the head, grabbing, and more.

ITF

The ITF sparring rules are similar, but differ from the WTF rules in several respects. Hand attacks to the head are allowed; kicks to the body gives two point and kicks to the head give three; the competition area is slightly smaller (9 meters square instead of 10 meters); and competitors do not wear the hogu used in Olympic-style sparring (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment). A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Full force blows are not allowed and will result in deduction of points. Knock out is not allowed. At the end of 2 minutes (or specified time) the competitor with the most scoring techniques wins. The ITF competition rules and regulations are available at the ITF information website.[44]

Common styles of ITF Sparring Gear

ITF competitions also feature performances of patterns, breaking and "special techniques", a category where competitors perform prescribed board breaks at great heights.

AAU competitions are very similar, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed. Any gear that has the Olympic symbol and not the WTF logo on it is approved.

Safety

Although taekwondo competitors have a substantial risk of injury, most injuries appear to be minor. The leg is the most common location for injuries, and bruising is the most common injury type. A 2008 meta-analysis reported that an average of about 8% of competitors are injured, per exposure to competition; age, gender, and level of play did not significantly affect the injury rate.[45]

Korean commands

Official WTF trunk protector (hogu), forearm guards and shin guards

In taekwondo, Korean language commands are often used. For words used in counting, see Korean numerals. Often, students count in Korean during their class, and during tests they are usually asked what certain Korean words used in class mean.

Romanization Hangul Hanja Meaning
Charyeot 차렷 Attention
Gyeong rye 경례 敬禮 Bow
Baro 바로 Return
Swieo 쉬어 At ease, relax
Kihap 기합 氣合 Yell
Junbi 준비 準備 Ready
Sijak 시작 始作 Begin, start
Gallyeo 갈려 Break (separate)
Gyesok 계속 繼續 Continue
Guman 그만 Finish (stop)
Dwiro dora 뒤로 돌아 Turn around (about turn)
Haesan 해산 解散 Dismiss

See also

References

  1. ^ Park Yeon Hee (1989). Tae Kwon Do: The Ultimate Reference Guide to the World's Most Popular Martial Art. Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0816038398. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Sung Il Oh. "What is the "World Taekwondo Federation"?". Korean Military Arts Federation. Taekwondo is the basis for the physical fitness program of the Korean army.
  3. ^ "General Choi Hong Hi". The Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group. 2002-06-26. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
  4. ^ a b c "Kukkiwon: Taekwondo History". Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  5. ^ "About Tae Kwon Do". The World Taekwondo Federation.
  6. ^ a b c "Historical Background of Taekwondo". The Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA).
  7. ^ "Tae Kwon Do". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.
  8. ^ "Tae Kwon Do". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
  9. ^ "Comparing Styles of Taekwondo, Taekkyon and Karate(Video)". TaekwondoBible.com.
  10. ^ Lawler, Jennifer (1999). "The History of Tae Kwon Do". The Secrets of Tae Kwon Do. Chicago: Masters Press. ISBN 1-57028-202-1. Tae Kwon Do itself developed in Korea from Chinese origins.
  11. ^ 허인욱 (In Uk Heo) (2004). "형성과정으로 본 태권도의 정체성에 관하여 (A Study on Shaping of the Taekwondo)". 체육사학회지 (Korean Journal of History for Physical Education) (in Korean with English abstract). 14 (1): 79–87. Retrieved 2008-06-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ a b c Glen R. Morris. "The History of Taekwondo".
  13. ^ Patrick Zukeran (2003). "The Origins and Popularity of the Martial Arts". Probe Ministries.
  14. ^ Henning, Stanley E. (1981). "The Chinese Martial Arts in Historical Perspective". Military Affairs. 45 (4). Society for Military History: 173–179. ISSN 0899-3718. The Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) was a period during which conscript armies, trained in the martial arts, expanded the Chinese empire to Turkestan in the west and Korea in the northeast, where commanderies were established. It is possible that Chinese shoubo was transmitted to Korea at this time, and that it was the antecedent to Korean Taekwondo. According to one recent Korean source, "Taekwondo is known to have had its beginning in the period 209-427 A.D. ..." {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Capener, Steven D. (1995). "Problems in the Identity and Philosophy of T'aegwondo and Their Historical Causes". Korea Journal. Korean National Commission for UNESCO. ISSN 0023-3900. [dubious – discuss] "...t'aegwondo was first brought into Korea from Japan in the form of Japanese karate around the time of the liberation of Korea from Japanese colonial rule...". {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Madis, Eric (2003). "The Evolution of Taekwondo from Japanese Karate". In Green, Thomas A. and Joseph R. Svinth (ed.). Martial Arts in the Modern World. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275981533. [dubious – discuss] ...providing further evidence of Japanese influence.
  17. ^ a b 이종우 국기원 부원장의 ‘태권도 과거’충격적 고백![dubious – discuss] Shindonga Magazine. (Note : Kukkiwon state that Mr. Lee interviewed with Shindonga magazine in 2002 was not official of Kukkiwon but just individual point of view talk. Therefore Kukkiwon state that it's not proper to use that report as the reference of the history of Taekwondo) kukkiwon notice no.30 According to korean taekwondo club, Mr. Lee denied shindonga interview and he said "it was distorted".Template:Ko
    According to his another interview from other newspaperTemplate:Ko, "...Taekwondo 'partly' influenced by karate. however, we must know where is the Japanese Karate came from. Karate was not made by Japanese. it came from China. Karate was heavily influenced by China. before Chinese wushu created, Korean have their own marital arts..."
  18. ^ a b Capener, Steven D. (2000). Taekwondo: The Spirit of Korea (portions of). Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Korea. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Cummings, B. (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
  20. ^ "Culture of Resistance". Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  21. ^ Han, Woo-Keun (1970). The History of Korea. Korea: The Eul-Yoo Publishing Company. ISBN 978-8932450827.
  22. ^ Kyungji Kim (1986). "Taekwondo: a brief history". Korea Journal. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ History of Taekkyon. Taekkyon KoreaTemplate:Ko
  24. ^ Yong-bok, Lee. Taekkyon: Traditional Korean Martial Art (2005). "Korea Taekkyon Association". Taekkyon is a native Korean martial art that was nearly lost forever during the early 1900s. Preserved by Grandmaster Song Duk-ki until his death, it is considered a Cultural Asset by the Korean government
  25. ^ Antonio Graceffo. "Korean Taekkyon: Tradition Martial Art Dance Form". Escape from America magazine.
  26. ^ a b Park, S. W. (1993): About the author. In H. H. Choi: Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence, 3rd ed. (Vol. 1, pp. 241–274). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation.
  27. ^ Cook, Doug (2006). "Chapter 3: The Formative Years of Taekwondo". Traditional Taekwondo: Core Techniques, History and Philosophy. Boston: YMAA Publication Center. p. 19. ISBN 978-1594390661.
  28. ^ Choi Hong Hi (1999). "interviews with General Choi". The Condensed Encyclopedia Fifth Edition. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |copyright= ignored (help) Young Choi’s father sent him to study calligraphy under one of the most famous teachers in Korea, Mr. Han II Dong. Han, in addition to his skills as a calligrapher, was also a master of taekkyeon, the ancient Korean art of foot fighting. The teacher, concerned over the frail condition of his new student, began teaching him the rigorous exercises of taekkyeon to help build up his body.
  29. ^ a b Choi Young-ryul, Jeon Jeong-Woo (2006). "Comparative Study of the Techniques of Taekwondo and Taekkyon". Institution of physical exercise, Korea. pp. 197~206. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |type of publication= ignored (help)
  30. ^ "Brief History of Taekwondo". Long Beach Press-Telegram. 2005.
  31. ^ Jung Kun-Pyo, Lee Kang-Koo (2007). "An Analysis on the various views of Taekwondo History". Institution of Physical science, Korea. pp. 3~12(10 pages). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |type of publication= ignored (help)
  32. ^ Capener, Steven D. (Winter 1995). "Problems in the Identity and Philosophy of T'aegwondo and Their Historical Causes". Korea Journal. Retrieved 2008-01-14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ Burdick, Dakin (1997). "People and Events of Taekwondo's Formative Years". volume 6, issue 1. Journal of Asian Martial Arts. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ^ Oh Do Kwan (2006). "Taekwon-Do Pioneers". TaeKwon History. Oh Do Kwan. Retrieved 2008-03-25. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ , but not used by every Kwan until 1965. Sik, Kang Won (1999). A Modern History of Taekwondo. Seoul: Pogyŏng Munhwasa. ISBN 978-8935801244. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Shaw, S. (2001): The history of the Korean martial arts Retrieved on 23 July 2009.
  37. ^ Jewell, D. (2005): Rhee Taekwon-Do: A history of taekwondo Retrieved on 23 July 2009.
  38. ^ The official website of the Republic of Korea: Taekwondo Retrieved on 23 July 2009.
  39. ^ Boise state University taekwondo Club Retrieved on 20 October 2009.
  40. ^ TKD ITF. "ITF Philosophy". TKD ITF.
  41. ^ WTF. "WTF Philosophy". WTF.
  42. ^ World Taekwondo Federation (2004). "Kyorugi rules". Rules. www.wtf.org. Retrieved 2007-08-11. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  43. ^ "New WTF Competition Rules". European Taekwondo Union. 05-02-09. Retrieved 2009-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ International Taekwon-Do Federation (2000). "Competition Rules and Regulations". Rules. www.itf-information.com. Retrieved 2007-09-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  45. ^ Lystad RP, Pollard H, Graham PL (2008). "Epidemiology of injuries in competition taekwondo: a meta-analysis of observational studies". J Sci Med Sport. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2008.09.013. PMID 19054714.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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